Home Business & Economics The Odious Haitian Independence Debt
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

The Odious Haitian Independence Debt

  • Kim Oosterlinck EMAIL logo , Ugo Panizza , Mark Weidemaier and Mitu Gulati
Published/Copyright: September 19, 2022

Abstract

This article introduces the Haitian Independence Debt of 1825 to the odious debt and sovereign debt literatures. We argue that the legal doctrine of odious debt is surprisingly and perhaps indefensibly narrow, possibly because of historical contingency rather than any underlying logic or principle. The story of the Haitian Independence Debt of 1825 serves as an illustrative case study. In the context of telling that story, we provide estimates of the evolution of Haiti’s external debt-to-GDP ratio over 1825–2020, and discuss the implications of the independence debt for the economy of Haiti. We conclude by discussing the implications of Haiti’s Independence Debt for the doctrine of odious debt and the possibilities for Haiti to recover compensation.

JEL Classification: G15; H63; K34; O54

Corresponding author: Kim Oosterlinck, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium; and CEPR, E-mail:
Paper prepared for a special issue of the Journal of Globalization and Development. Thanks to Tracy Alloway, Joseph Blocher, Guy-Uriel Charles, Brian Concannon, Julia Rudolph, Juan Flores Zendejas, Gunther Handl, Ira Kurzban, Grégoire Mallard, Joe Weisenthal, Kevin Gallagher, Andrea Presbitero, two anonymous referees, and participants to a the special issue conference held on May 17–18, 2021 for comments and suggestions. Parts of this paper overlap with a companion paper (Oosterlink, Weidemaier, and Gulati 2022) which focuses more on the legal aspects of the Haitian Debt. The usual caveats apply.

References

Accominotti, O., M. Flandreau, and R. Rezzik. 2011. “The Spread of Empire: Clio and the Measurement of Colonial Borrowing Costs.” The Economic History Review 64 (2): 385–407, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00536.x.Search in Google Scholar

Alexander, L. 2011. A Pact with the Devil? The United States and the Fate of Modern Haiti Origins. Current Events in Historical Perspective 4(5).Search in Google Scholar

Annual Register, or a view of the History, Politics, and Literature of the Year 1825. 1826. London: Baldwin, Cradock and Joy.Search in Google Scholar

Bachelet, M. 2020. “Statement by Michelle Bachelet, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights 17 June 2020.” June 17, 2020. Statement. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25968.Search in Google Scholar

Barau, D. 2001. “La mobilisation des philhellènes en faveur de la Grèce, 1821–1829.” In Populations réfugiées: de l’exil au retour, edited by Cambrézy Luc and V. Lassailly-Jacob, 37–75. Les Migrations Forcées de Population: Réfugiés, Déplacés, Migrants: Séminaire, Paris, 1997–1999, Paris: IRD.10.4000/books.irdeditions.6650Search in Google Scholar

BBC. 2010. “France Urged to Pay Haiti’s Huge Independence Debt.” BBC. August 16, 2010. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-10988938.Search in Google Scholar

Beauvois, F. 2009. “L’indemnité De Saint-Domingue « Dette D’indépendance » Ou « Rançon De L’esclavage »?” French Colonial History 10 (1): 109–24, https://doi.org/10.1353/fch.0.0021.Search in Google Scholar

Beauvois, H. C., and T. Clarkson. 1952. A correspondence. Berkeley: University of California Press.Search in Google Scholar

Ben-Shahar, O., and M. Gulati. 2007. “Partially Odious Debts?” Law and Contemporary Problems 70: 47–82.Search in Google Scholar

Blancpain, F. 2001. Un siècle de relations financières entre Haïti et la France (1825–1922). Paris: L’Harmattan.Search in Google Scholar

Blancpain, F. 2003. “Note Sur Les « Dettes » De L’esclavage: Le Cas De L’indemnité Payée Par Haïti (1825–1883).” Outre-Mers. Revue d’histoire 90 (340): 241–5, https://doi.org/10.3406/outre.2003.4054.Search in Google Scholar

Blocher, J., K. Oosterlinck, and M. Gulati. 2020. “King Leopold’s Bonds and the Odious Debts Mystery.” Virginia Journal of International Law 60 (3): 487–530.10.2139/ssrn.3437528Search in Google Scholar

Block-Lieb, S., and W. M. C. Weidemaier. 2014. “Lenders’ Roles and Responsibilities in Sovereign Debt Markets.” University of Illinois Law Review 2019 (5): 1589–636.Search in Google Scholar

Boltax, M. 2021. “Injustice for Haiti: France’s Enduring Debt to the First Black Republic.” Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3805740.10.2139/ssrn.3805740Search in Google Scholar

Bolton, P., and D. Skeel. 2007. “Odious Debts or Odious Regimes.” 70 Law and Contemporary Problems 70: 83–108.10.1002/9781118267073.ch27Search in Google Scholar

Borchard, E. 2013. International contractual claims and their settlement. No. 13. American society for judicial settlement of international disputes, 1913.Search in Google Scholar

Brière, J.-F. 2004. “La France Et La Reconnaissance De L’Independence Haitienne: Le Debat Sur L’Ordonnance De 1825.” French Colonial History 5 (1): 125–38, https://doi.org/10.1353/fch.2004.0001.Search in Google Scholar

Brière, J.-F. 2006. “L’Emprunt De 1825 Dans La Dette De L’indépendance Haitienne Envers La France.” Journal of Haitian Studies 12 (2): 126–34.Search in Google Scholar

Brière, J.-F. 2008. Haïti et la France, 1804–1848: le rêve brisé. Paris: KARTHALA Editions.Search in Google Scholar

Buchheit, L. C., M. Gulati, and R. B. Thompson. 2007. “The Dilemma of Odious Debts.” Duke Law Journal 56 (1): 1201–62.Search in Google Scholar

Buffalo Republican. 1829. France and Hayti. United States Telegraph. March 18, 1829.Search in Google Scholar

Chander, A. 2004. “Odious Securitization.” Emory Law Journal 53 (2004): 923–7.Search in Google Scholar

Choi, A. H., and E. A. Posner. 2007. “A Critique of the Odious Debt Doctrine.” Law and Contemporary Problems 70 (3): 33–52.10.2139/ssrn.957346Search in Google Scholar

Collet, S., and K. Oosterlinck. 2018. “Denouncing Odious Debts.” Journal of Business Ethics 160 (1): 205–23, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3865-7.Search in Google Scholar

De Cordoba, J. 2004. “Impoverished Haiti Pins Hopes for Future on a Very Old Debt.” Wall Street Journal. January 2, 2004. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB107300144534788700.Search in Google Scholar

de Coninck, S. 2000. “Banquiers et philanthropes: la famille Delessert (1735–1868) aux origines des Caisses d’épargne françaises.” Economica.Search in Google Scholar

Daut, M. 2020. “When France Extorted Haiti: The Greatest Heist in History.” The Conversation. June 30, 2020. Available at: https://theconversation.com/when-france-extorted-haiti-the-greatest-heist-in-history-137949.Search in Google Scholar

Daut, M. 2021. “Haiti Paid France for Slavery’s Loss after Independence.” Miami Herald. July 15, 2021. Available at: https://account.miamiherald.com/paywall/subscriber-only?resume=252809873&intcid=ab_archive.Search in Google Scholar

Deforge, Q., and B. Lemoine. 2021. “Third World Project and the Battles of Debt: Macro Financial Agenda Versus Technical Assistance at UNCTAD.” In Sovereign Debt Diplomacies: Rethinking Sovereign Debt from Colonial Empires to Hegemony, edited by P. Pénet, and J. Flores Zendejas, 232–56. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198866350.003.0011Search in Google Scholar

Degive, N., and K. Oosterlinck. “Independence and the Effect of Empire: The Case of ‘Sovereign Debts’ Issued by British Colonies.” In Sovereign Debt Diplomacies: Rethinking Sovereign Debt from Colonial Empires to Hegemony, edited by P. Pénet, and J. Flores Zendejas, 94–118. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198866350.003.0005Search in Google Scholar

De Waresquiel, E. 2006. Talleyrand, le prince immobile. Paris: Fayard.10.3917/lcdd.065.0173Search in Google Scholar

Eberhardt, M., and A. Presbitero. 2015. “Public Debt and Growth: Heterogeneity and Non-linearity.” Journal of International Economics 97(1): 45–58, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2015.04.005.Search in Google Scholar

Esmangart, C. 1833. La vérité sur les affaires d’Haïti publiée par le comité des anciens propriétaires de Saint-Domingue. Paris: De Carpentier Méricourt.Search in Google Scholar

Eugène, I. 2003. “La normalisation des Relations Franco-Haïtiennes (1825–1838).” Outre-Mers. Revue d’histoire 90 (340): 139–54, https://doi.org/10.3406/outre.2003.4049.Search in Google Scholar

Faber, K.-G. 1970. “Aristokratie und Finanz. Das Pariser Bankhaus Paravey et Compagnie (1819–1828).” Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 57 (H. 2): 145–230.Search in Google Scholar

Farmer, P. 2004. “Who Removed Aristede?” London Review of Books. April 15, 2004. Available at: https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v26/n08/paul-farmer/who-removed-aristide.Search in Google Scholar

Fatás, A., A. Ghosh, U. Panizza, and A. Presbitero. 2020. “The Motives to Borrow.” In Sovereign Debt: A Guide for Economists and Practitioners, edited by S. Ali Abbas, A. Pienkowski, and K. Rogoff, 102–50. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198850823.003.0004Search in Google Scholar

Feibelman, A. 2007. “Contract, Priority, and Odious Debt.” North Carolina Law Review 85 (2): 727–72.Search in Google Scholar

Feis, H. 1930. Europe, the World’s Banker, 1870–1914: An Account of European Foreign Investment and the Connection of World Finance with Diplomacy Before the War. New Haven: Yale University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Fernandez, K., K. Casey, and N. Nikova. 2021. “France’s Overdue Debt to Haiti.” Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3798841.10.2139/ssrn.3798841Search in Google Scholar

Flandreau, M., and J. H. Flores. 2009. “Bonds and Brands: Foundations of Sovereign Debt Markets, 1820–1830.” The Journal of Economic History 69 (3): 646–84, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050709001089.Search in Google Scholar

Franklin, J. 1828. The Present State of Haiti (Saint Domingo) with Remarks on its Agriculture, Commerce, Laws, Religion, Finances, Population, etc. etc. London: John Murray.Search in Google Scholar

Gille, B. 1965. Histoire de la maison Rothschild, 1. Paris: Des origines à 1848 Librairie Droz.Search in Google Scholar

Ginsburg, T., and T. S. Ulen. 2007. “Odious Debt, Odious Credit, Economic Development and Democratization.” Law and Contemporary Problems 70 (3): 115–36.10.4324/9781315084572-15Search in Google Scholar

Granitz, P. 2015. “Hollande Promises to Pay ’Moral Debt’ to Former Colony Haiti.” Reuters. May 12, 2015. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-haiti-hollande/hollande-promises-to-pay-moral-debt-to-former-colony-haiti-idUSKBN0NX2LJ20150512.Search in Google Scholar

Gaffield, J. 2015. Haitian Connections in the Atlantic World: Recognition after Revolution. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press.10.5149/northcarolina/9781469625621.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Gelpern, A. 2005. “What Iraq and Argentina Might Learn from Each Other.” Chicago Journal of International Law 6 (1): 391–414.Search in Google Scholar

Gontard, M. 2000. La Bourse de Paris (1800–1830). Edisud.Search in Google Scholar

Grand, C. 1991. Trois siècles de banque de Neuflize Schlumberger Mallet 1667–1991. EPA Editions.Search in Google Scholar

Guillen, P. 1970. “La Résistance du Maroc à l’Emprise Française au Lendemain des Accords Franco-Anglais d’Avril 1904.” Revue de l’Occident Musulman et de la Mediterranee 115: 8.10.3406/remmm.1970.1036Search in Google Scholar

Hanlon, J. 2006. “’Illegitimate Debt’: When Creditors Should Be Liable for Improper Loans.” In Sovereign Debt at the Crossroads: Challenges and Proposals for Resolving the Third World Debt Crisis, edited by C. Jochnick, and P. Fraser, 109–30. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/0195168003.003.0006Search in Google Scholar

Hart, A. 2021. “The Haitian Independence Debt: A Memorandum to the Haitian Government.” Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3796331.10.2139/ssrn.3796331Search in Google Scholar

Hinrichsen, S. 2021. “The Iraq Sovereign Debt Restructuring.” Capital Markets Law Journal 16 (1): 95–114, https://doi.org/10.1093/cmlj/kmaa031.Search in Google Scholar

Hudson, P. J. 2012. “The National City Bank of New York and Haiti, 1909–1922.” Radical History Review 2013 (115): 91–114.10.1215/01636545-1724733Search in Google Scholar

Hudson, P. J. 2018. Bankers and Empire: How Wall Street Colonized the Caribbean. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226459257.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

IMF. 1949. Financial Institutions in Haiti. Washington: IMF. Available at: https://archivescatalog.imf.org/Details/ArchiveExecutive/125060371.Search in Google Scholar

IMF. 1950. Economic Survey of Haiti. Washington: IMF. Available at: https://archivescatalog.imf.org/Details/ArchiveExecutive/125057650.Search in Google Scholar

IMF. 1962. Haiti – 1962 Article VIII Consultation. Washington: IMF. Available at: https://archivescatalog.imf.org/Details/ArchiveExecutive/125029601.Search in Google Scholar

IMF. 1968. Haiti – 1969 Article VIII Consultation. Washington: IMF. Available at: https://archivescatalog.imf.org/Details/ArchiveExecutive/125041823.Search in Google Scholar

IMF. 1970. Haiti – Staff Report for the 1970 Article VIII Consultation. Washington: IMF. Available at: https://archivescatalog.imf.org/Details/archive/125034760.Search in Google Scholar

Jaramillo, L., and C. Sancak. 2009. “Why Has the Grass Been Greener on One Side of Hispaniola? A Comparative Growth Analysis of the Dominican Republic and Haiti.” IMF Staff Papers 56 (2): 323–49, https://doi.org/10.1057/imfsp.2008.40.Search in Google Scholar

Jayachandran, S., and M. Kremer. 2002. “Odious Debt.” Finance & Development 39 (2): 36–9.10.1093/0195168003.003.0011Search in Google Scholar

Jayachandran, S., and M. Kremer. 2006. “Odious Debt.” The American Economic Review 96 (1): 82–92.10.1093/0195168003.003.0011Search in Google Scholar

Jayachandran, S., M. Kremer, and J. Shafter. 2006. “Applying the Odious Debts Doctrine while Preserving Legitimate Lending.” Paper Discussed at the Global Justice Workshop, Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law, Stanford, California. November 3, 2006.Search in Google Scholar

Joachim, B. 1971. “L’indemnité coloniale de Saint-Domingue et la question des rapatriés.” Revue historique 246 2 (500): 359–76.Search in Google Scholar

King, J. 2007. “Odious Debt: The Terms of the Debate.” North Carolina Journal of International Law 32 (4): 605–68.Search in Google Scholar

King, J. 2016. The Doctrine of Odious Debt in International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316422809Search in Google Scholar

La vérité. 1875. La vérité sur l’emprunt d’Haiti. Paris: Casimir Pont.Search in Google Scholar

Laurent. 1842. La vérité sur l’emprunt perçu par le gouvernement français pour le compte de la République d’Haïti. Paris: Impr. de A.-T. Breton.Search in Google Scholar

Lipson, C. 1989. “International Debt and National Security: Comparing Victorian Britain and Postwar America.” In The International Debt Crisis in Historical Perspective, edited by B. Eichengreen, and P. Lindert, 189–226. Cambridge: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar

Ludington, S., and M. Gulati. 2008. “A Convenient Untruth: Fact and Fantasy in the Doctrine of Odious Debts.” Virginia Journal of International Law 48 (3): 595–639.Search in Google Scholar

Ludington, S., M. Gulati, and A. Brophy. 2010. “Applied Legal History: Demystifying the Doctrine of Odious Debts.” Theoretical Inquiries in Law 11 (1): 247–81, https://doi.org/10.2202/1565-3404.1242.Search in Google Scholar

Macaulay, Z. 1835. Haïti ou renseignements authentiques sur l’abolition de l’esclavage et de ses résultats, à Saint Domingue et à la Guadeloupe. Paris: Hachette.Search in Google Scholar

Macgregor, J. 1847. The Progress of America from the Discovery by Columbus to the Year 1846, Vol. 2. London: Whittaker & Company.Search in Google Scholar

Mallard, G. 2021. “We Owe You Nothing: Decolonization and Sovereign Debt Obligations in International Public Law.” In Sovereign Debt Diplomacies: Rethinking Sovereign Debt from Colonial Empires to Hegemony, edited by P. Pénet, and J. Flores Zendejas, 189–212. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198866350.003.0009Search in Google Scholar

Mancina, E. F. 2004. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God: Resurrecting the Odious Debt Doctrine in International Law.” George Washington Law Review 36 (5): 1239–62.Search in Google Scholar

Marichal, C. 1989. A Century of Debt Crises in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Marquant, R. 1959. “Thiers: et le baron Cotta: étude, sur la collaboration de Thiers à la Gazette d’Augsbourg.” Presses universitaires de France 7: 382–83.Search in Google Scholar

Mitchener, K. J., and M. Weidenmier. 2005. “Empire, Public Goods, and the Roosevelt Corollary.” The Journal of Economic History 65 (3): 658–92, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050705000240.Search in Google Scholar

Mitchener, K. J., and M. D. Weidenmier. 2010. “Supersanctions and Sovereign Debt Repayment.” Journal of International Money and Finance 29 (1): 19–36, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2008.12.011.Search in Google Scholar

Munshi, N. 2021. “Fate of Looted Benin Bronzes Intensifies Debate over Restitution.” Financial Times. March 26, 2021. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/ee754d39-e171-4c36-a101-eaf208c00ee1.Search in Google Scholar

Nonay, L. J.-P. 1828. La vérité sur Haïti, ses deux emprunts, ses agens, ses finances, son crédit et ses ressources. Réponse à la lettre d’un colon, à l’usage de son exc. le ministre des finances et des capitalistes, par un subrécargue. Paris: Imprimerie Moreau.Search in Google Scholar

Obregón, L. 2018. “Empire, Racial Capitalism and International Law: The Case of Manumitted Haiti and the Recognition Debt.” Leiden Journal of International Law 31 (3): 597–615, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0922156518000225.Search in Google Scholar

Ochab, E. U. 2021. “Germany Recognizes the Atrocities against the Herero and Nama People as Genocide and Offers Assistance.” Forbes. May 28, 2021. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2021/05/28/germany-recognizes-the-atrocities-against-the-herero-and-nama-people-as-genocide-and-offers-assistance/?sh=39202bea78ed.Search in Google Scholar

Oosterlinck, K. 2016. Hope Springs Eternal: French Bondholders and the Repudiation of Russian Sovereign Debt. Translated by Anthony Bulger. New Haven: Yale University Press.10.12987/yale/9780300190915.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Oosterlinck, K., L. Ureche-Rangau, and J.-M. Vaslin. 2014. “Baring, Wellington and the Resurrection of French Public Finances Following Waterloo.” The Journal of Economic History 74 (4): 1072–102, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022050714000862.Search in Google Scholar

Oosterlinck, K., L. Ureche, and J.-M. Vaslin. 2019. “Aristocratic Privilege. Exploiting ‘Good’ Institutions.” CEPR Discussion Paper DP 14071.Search in Google Scholar

Oosterlink, K. 2018. “The Historical Context of Sovereign Debt.” In Sovereign Debts and Human Rights, edited by I. Bantekas, and C. Luminas, 13–27. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198810445.003.0002Search in Google Scholar

Oosterlink, K. U. P., M. Weidemaier, and M. Gulati. 2022. “A Debt of Dishonor.” Boston University Law Review 102: 1247–75.Search in Google Scholar

Panizza, U., and A. Presbitero. 2013. “Public Debt and Economic Growth in Advanced Economies: A Survey.” Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics 149 (2): 175–204, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03399388.Search in Google Scholar

Pattillo, C., H. Poirson, and L. Ricci. 2011. “External Debt and Growth.” Review of Economics and Institutions 2 (3): 1–30, doi:https://doi.org/10.5202/rei.v2i3.45.Search in Google Scholar

Paulus, C. G. 2005. “‘Odious Debts’ vs. Debt Trap: A Realistic Help?” Brooklyn Journal of International Law 31 (1): 83–102.Search in Google Scholar

Philipps, A. 2009. “Haiti’s Independence Debt and Prospects for Restitution.” Available at: http://www.ijdh.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Haiti_RestitutionClaimArticlePhilipps05-09.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Piketty, T. 2020. “Confronting Racism, Repairing history.” Le Monde. June 16, 2020. Available at: https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/piketty/2020/06/16/confronting-racism-repairing-history.Search in Google Scholar

Platt, D. C. M. 1968. Finance, Trade, and Politics in British Foreign Policy: 1815–1914. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Search in Google Scholar

Plummer, B. G. 1988. Haiti and the Great Powers, 1902–1915. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Plummer, B. G. 1992. Haiti and the United States: The Psychological Moment. Athens: University of Georgia Press.Search in Google Scholar

Rajan, R. 2004. “Odious or Just Malodorous?: Why the Odious Debt Proposal is Likely to Stay in Cold Storage.” Finance & Development 41 (4): 54–5.Search in Google Scholar

Reinhart, C., and K. Rogoff. 2010. “Growth in a Time of Debt.” NBER WP 15639.10.3386/w15639Search in Google Scholar

Rietsch, C. 2007. “Le ‘Milliard des Emigrés’ et la création de la rente 3%.” In Le Marché financier français au XIXe siècle. Volume 2. Aspects quantitatifs des acteurs et des instruments à la bourse de Paris, edited by G. Gallais-Hamonno and P.-C. Hautcoeur, 209–60. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.Search in Google Scholar

Sands, P. 2020. “Britain’s Colonial Legacy on Trial at the Hague.” The New York Review. June 23, 2020. Available at: https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2020/06/23/britains-colonial-legacy-on-trial-at-the-hague/.Search in Google Scholar

Shafter, J. 2007. “The Due Diligence Model: A New Approach to the Problem of Odious Debts.” Ethics and International Affairs 21 (1): 49–67, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.2007.00060.x.Search in Google Scholar

Sperling, D. 2017. “In 1825, Haiti Paid France $21 Billion to Preserve its Independence – Time for France to Pay it Back.” Forbes. Dec. 16, 2017. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2017/12/06/in-1825-haiti-gained-independence-from-france-for-21-billion-its-time-for-france-to-pay-it-back/?sh=698a132b312b.Search in Google Scholar

Stiglitz, J. 2003. “Odious Rulers, Odious Debts.” The Atlantic Monthly. November, 2003. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/11/odious-rulers-odious-debts/302831/.Search in Google Scholar

Ternaux, L. G. 1825. Considérations sur l’Emprunt d’Haiti. Paris: Les marchands de nouveautés.Search in Google Scholar

Todd, D. 2021. A Velvet Empire: French Informal Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.10.23943/princeton/9780691171838.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Toussaint, E., and S. Perchellet. 2010. “Haiti’s Odious Debt.” Counterpunch. January 19, 2010. Available at: https://www.counterpunch.org/2010/01/19/haiti-s-odious-debt/.Search in Google Scholar

Waibel, M. 2021. “Decolonization and Sovereign Debt: A Quagmire.” In Sovereign Debt Diplomacies: Rethinking Sovereign Debt from Colonial Empires to Hegemony, edited by P. Pénet, and J. Flores Zendejas, 213–31. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198866350.003.0010Search in Google Scholar

Weidemaier, W. C. M., and M. Gulati. 2020. “Episode 24—Haiti’s Odious ‘Independence Debt.’” January 20, 2021. Clauses and Controversies. Featuring Julia Rudolph. Podcast, Apple Podcasts 38:10. Available at: https://podcasts.apple.com/lu/podcast/ep-24-ft-julia-rudolph/id1528208049?i=1000506004138.Search in Google Scholar

Weidemaier, W. C. M., and M. Gulati. 2021. “Episode 30—Post-Colonial Odious Debt.” March 22, 2021. Clauses and Controversies. Featuring Grégoire Mallard. Podcast, Apple Podcasts 48:36. Available at: https://podcasts.apple.com/lu/podcast/ep-30-ft-gregoire-mallard/id1528208049?i=1000514005446.Search in Google Scholar

World Bank. 1954. The Economy of Haiti. Washington: World Bank Group. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/474741468031538781/pdf/multi0page.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

World Bank. 1956. Recent Economic Developments in Haiti. Washington: World Bank Group. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/996321468034848598/pdf/multi0page.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

World Bank. 1957. Current Economic Position and Prospects of Haiti. Washington: World Bank Group. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/132531468034848347/pdf/multi0page.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

World Bank. 1961. Current Economic Position and Prospects of Haiti. Washington: World Bank Group. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/347921468037127117/pdf/multi0page.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

World Bank. 1965. Current Economic Position and Prospects of Haiti. Washington: World Bank Group. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/148511468034147837/pdf/multi0page.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

World Bank. 1972. Situation Economique Actuelle et Perspectives d’Avenir d’Haiti. Washington: World Bank Group. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/137861468035431807/pdf/CA170ESW0French0Box2635B0PUBLIC.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

World Bank. 1974. Current Economic Position and Prospects of Haiti. Washington: World Bank Group. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/534981468249657459/pdf/multi0page.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2021-07-27
Accepted: 2022-06-06
Published Online: 2022-09-19

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 21.1.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/jgd-2021-0057/html
Scroll to top button