Inhibition of Ras and STAT3 activity of 4-(tert-butyl)-N-carbamoylbenzamide as antiproliferative agent in HER2-expressing breast cancer cells
-
Aguslina Kirtishanti
, I Ketut Sudiana
Abstract
Objectives
Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-expressing breast cancer patients indicate poor prognosis in disease progression. HER2 overexpression can increase activities of Ras-mitogen activated protein kinase (Ras-MAPK) pathway and Janus Kinase (JAK)-STAT3, increasing breast cancer cell proliferation as demonstrated by marker Ki67. Therapeutic options for HER2-expressing breast cancer are limited and have major side effects, so anticancer development as an antiproliferative is needed. From previous research, synthetic chemical 4-(tert-butyl)-N-carbamoylbenzamide (4TBCB) compound has cytotoxic activity in vitro on HER2-expressing breast cancer cells. This study wanted to determine the mechanism 4TBCB compound in inhibiting HER2 signaling through Rat Sarcoma (Ras) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway in HER2-expressing breast cancer cells.
Methods
Breast cancer cells were isolated from the biopsy tissue of breast cancer patients. The isolated cells were cultured and given 4TBCB test compound with three concentrations (0.305, 0.61, and 1.22 mM) and lapatinib 0.05 mM as a comparison compound. Cancer cell cultures were stained with monoclonal antibodies phosphorylated HER2 (pHER2), phosphorylated Ras (pRas), phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), and Ki67. The expression of pHER2, pRas, pSTAT3, and Ki67 proteins was observed using the immunofluorescence method and the results were compared with control cells, namely cancer cells that were not given 4TBCB and lapatinib but stained with monoclonal antibodies.
Results
4TBCB compounds (0.61 and 1.22 mM) and lapatinib can reduce pHER2, pRas, pSTAT3, and Ki67 expressions compared to control cells.
Conclusions
4TBCB compounds (0.61 and 1.22 mM) can reduce pHER2, pRas, pSTAT3, Ki67 expressions and predicted to inhibit HER2 signaling through the Ras and STAT3 pathways in HER2-expressing breast cancer cells.
Funding source: Directorate General of Resources for Science, Technology and Higher Education of Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (KEMENRISTEK DIKTI)
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge Eryk Hendrianto and Aida Ariyanti from the Stem Cell Research Center for supporting the current research.
-
Research funding: Directorate General of Resources for Science, Technology and Higher Education of Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education (KEMRISTEK DIKTI).
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.
-
Ethical approval: Research involving human subjects complied with all relevant national regulations, institutional policies and is in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration (as revised in 2013), and has been approved by Ethical Commission of General Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia.
References
1. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Available from: https://www.who.int/cancer/PRGlobocanFinal.pdf [Accessed 18 Nov 2019].Search in Google Scholar
2. Li, HQ, Yan, T, Yang, Y, Shi, L, Zhou, CF, Zhu, HL. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of N-benzyl-N-(X-2-hydroxybenzyl)-N′-phenylureas and thioureas as antitumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2010;18:305–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2009.10.054.Search in Google Scholar
3. Adamczyk, A, Grela-Wojewoda, A, Domagala-Haduch, M, Ambicka, A, Harazin-Lechowska, A, Janecka, A, et al.. Protein involved in HER2 signalling pathway, their relations and influence on metastasis-free survival in HER2-positive breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab in adjuvant setting. J Canc 2017;8:131–9. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.16239.Search in Google Scholar
4. Sirkisoon, SR, Carpenter, RL, Rimkus, T, Miller, L, Barlow, LM, Lo, HW. EGFR and HER2 signaling in breast cancer brain metastasis. Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2016;8:245–63.10.2741/e765Search in Google Scholar
5. Igbal, N, Igbal, N. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in cancers: overexpression and therapeutic implications. Mol Biol Int 2014;2014:1–9.10.1155/2014/852748Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
6. Shah, D, Osipo, C. Cancer stem cells and HER2 positive breast cancer: the story so far. Gene Dis 2016;3:114–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2016.02.002.Search in Google Scholar
7. Eckert, LB, Repasky, GA, Ulku, AS, McFall, A, Zhou, H, Sartor, CI, et al.. Involvement of ras activation in human breast cancer cell signaling, invasion, and anoikis. Cancer Res 2004;64:4585–92. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0396.Search in Google Scholar
8. Zhang, W, Liu, HT. MAPK signal pathways in the regulation of cell proliferation in mammalian cells. Cell Res 2002;12:9–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cr.7290105.Search in Google Scholar
9. Scaltriti, M, Baselga, J. The epidermal growth factor receptor pathway: a model for targeted therapy. Clin Canc Res 2006;12:5268–72. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1554.Search in Google Scholar
10. Chung, SS, Giehl, N, Wu, Y, Vadgama, JV. STAT3 activation in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell traits. Int J Oncol 2014;44:403–11. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.2195.Search in Google Scholar
11. Ragab, HM, Samy, N, Afify, M, Maksoud, NAE, Shaaban, HM. Assessment of Ki-67 as a potential biomarker in patients with breast cancer. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018;16:479–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.03.002.Search in Google Scholar
12. D’Amato, V, Raimondo, L, Formisano, L, Giuliano, M, Placido, SD, Rosa, R, et al.. Mechanism of lapatinib resistance in HER2-driven breast cancer. Canc Treat Rev 2015;41:877–83.10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.08.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Eustace, AJ, Conlon, NT, McDermott, MSJ, Browne, BC, O’Leary, P, Holmes, FA, et al.. Development of acquired resistance to lapatinib may sensitise HER2-positive breast cancer cells to apoptosis induction by obatoclax and trail. BMC Canc 2018;18:965. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4852-1.Search in Google Scholar
14. Kesuma, D, Siswandono, Purwanto, BT, Rudyanto, M. Synthesis of N-(phenylcarbamothioyl)-benzamide derivatives and their cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells. J Chin Pharm Sci 2018;27:696–702.10.5246/jcps.2018.10.071Search in Google Scholar
15. Widiandani, T, Arifianti, L, Siswandono. Docking, synthesis and cytotoxicity test on human breast cancer cell line (T47D) of N-(allylcarbamothioyl)benzamide. IJPCR 2016;8:372–6.Search in Google Scholar
16. Kirtishanti, A, Siswandono, S, Sudiana, IK. Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of N-(4-bromo)-benzoyl-N′-phenylthiourea and 4-(tert-butyl)-N-carbamoylbenzamide on primary cells of HER2-positive breast cancer. Res J Pharm Technol 2021;14:1195–200.10.5958/0974-360X.2021.00213.4Search in Google Scholar
17. Dinaryanti, A, Karsari, D, Ertanti, N, Ihsan, I, Ariyanti, A, Rantam, FA, et al.. Isolation and characterization of skin derived mesenchymal stem cell (SMSCs) from New Zealand rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus: a in vitro study. Biochem Cell Arch 2019;19:4797–801.Search in Google Scholar
18. Handala, L, Fiore, T, Rouille, Y, Helle, F. QuantIF: an imageJ macro to automatically determine the percentage of infected cells after immunofluorescence. Viruses 2019;11:165. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11020165.Search in Google Scholar
19. Jensen, EC. Quantitative analysis of histological staining and fluorescence using imageJ. Anat Rec 2013;296:378–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.22641.Search in Google Scholar
20. Jing, X, Cui, X, Liang, H, Hao, C, Yang, Z, Li, X, et al.. CD24 is a potential biomarker for prognosis in human breast carcinoma. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018;48:111–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000491667.Search in Google Scholar
21. Lobba, ARM, Forni, MF, Carreira, ACO, Sogayar, MC. Differential Expression of CD90 and CD14 stem cell markers in malignant breast cancer cell lines. Cytometry 2012;81A:1084–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.22220.Search in Google Scholar
22. Siswandono. Medicinal chemistry, 2nd ed. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press; 2016:417–38, 447–51 pp.Search in Google Scholar
23. Simanshu, DK, Nissley, DV, McCormick, F. RAS proteins and their regulators in human disease. Cell 2017;170:17–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.009.Search in Google Scholar
24. Asati, V, Mahapatra, DK, Bharti, SK. K-Ras and its inhibitors towards personalized cancer treatment : pharmacological and structural perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2017;125:299–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.049.Search in Google Scholar
25. Sudiana, IK. Pathobiology of molecular cancer. Jakarta: Salemba Medika; 2011:53–60 p.Search in Google Scholar
26. Banerjee, K, Resat, J. Constitutive activation of STAT3 in breast cancer cells: a review. Int J Canc 2016;138:2570–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29923.Search in Google Scholar
27. Hashmi, AA, Hashmi, KA, Irfan, M, Khan, SM, Edhi, MM, Ali, JP, et al.. Ki67 index in intrinsic breast cancer subtypes and its association with prognostic parameters. BMC Res Notes 2019;12:605. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-019-4653-x.Search in Google Scholar
28. Segovia-Mendoza, M, Gonzalez-Gonzalez, ME, Barrera, D, Diaz, L, Garcia-Becerra, R. Efficacy and mechanism of action of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib, lapatinib and neratinb in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer: preclinical and clinical evidence. Am J Cancer Res 2015;5:2531–61.Search in Google Scholar
29. Carpenter, RL, Lo, H. STAT3 target genes relevant to human cancers. Cancers 2014;6:897–925. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers6020897.Search in Google Scholar
30. Leslie, K, Lang, C, Devgan, G, Azare, J, Berishaj, M, Gerald, W, et al.. Cyclin D1 is transcriptionally regulated by and required for transformation by activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Cancer Res 2006;66:2544–53. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2203.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Articles
- Cost of illness of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia: a systematic review
- Social media health interventions to improve diabetes mellitus patient outcome: a systematic review
- Developing pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics model of valproic acid syrup based on prediction of population pharmacokinetics parameter and seizure frequency in Indonesian pediatric epilepsy outpatients
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of extract and fractions from the root of Rauvolfia serpentina(L.) Bth.ex Kurz
- Green tea and its active compound epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibit neuronal apoptosis in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model
- The effects of quercetin on nicotine-induced reward effects in mice
- Resveratrol ameliorates physical and psychological stress-induced depressive-like behavior
- Translation and cross-cultural adaption of an instrument measuring patient’s well-being under treatment for schizophrenia
- Quercetin promotes behavioral recovery and biomolecular changes of melanocortin-4 receptor in mice with ischemic stroke
- Knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals on prescribing errors
- Inhibition of Ras and STAT3 activity of 4-(tert-butyl)-N-carbamoylbenzamide as antiproliferative agent in HER2-expressing breast cancer cells
- Predicting the molecular mechanism of glucosamine in accelerating bone defect repair by stimulating osteogenic proteins
- Larvicidal toxicity and parasporal inclusion of native Bacillus thuringiensis BK5.2 against Aedes aegypti
- Synthesis, ADMET predictions, molecular docking studies, and in-vitro anticancer activity of some benzoxazines against A549 human lung cancer cells
- Thymoquinone and its derivatives against breast cancer with HER2 positive: in silico studies of ADMET, docking and QSPR
- Assessment of patient understanding of their conventional cardiac medicines and herbal prepared/derived products: preliminary survey and interviews with selected community-dwelling elderly patients in the Philippines
- The development and validation of the health belief model questionnaire for measuring factors affecting adherence in the elderly with hypertension
- Analysis of the side effect of QTc interval prolongation in the bedaquiline regimen in drug resistant tuberculosis patients
- Shallot skin profilling, computational evaluation of physicochemical properties, ADMET, and molecular docking of its components against P2Y12 receptor
- Analysis of HMGB-1 level before and after providing atorvastatin standard therapy in coronary artery disease patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus compared to without type-2 diabetes mellitus
- Analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels among acute heart failure patients with ACE inhibitor therapy (Dr. Soetomo Regional General Hospital, Surabaya)
- The correlation between self-related adherence, asthma-related quality of life and control of asthma in adult patients
- Providing counseling through home pharmacy care (HPC) for hemodialysis patients with hypertension in lowering blood pressure
- Community knowledge and attitude in recognizing asthma symptoms and using medication for asthma attacks: a cross-sectional study
- A study of anticoagulant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease
- The association of FKBP5 polymorphism with asthma susceptibility in asthmatic patients
- Gastroprotective effect of fluvoxamine and ondansetron on stress-induced gastric ulcers in mice
- Osteoblast iron genes: real time PCR and microarray hybridization approach under hyperoxia
- Attenuation of hyperplasia in lung parenchymal and colonic epithelial cells in DMBA-induced cancer by administering Andrographis paniculata Nees extract using animal model
- N-nitrosodiethylamine induces inflammation of liver in mice
- AST/ALT levels, MDA, and liver histopathology of Echinometra mathaei ethanol extract on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
- Development, characterization, molecular docking, and in vivo skin penetration of coenzyme Q10 nanostructured lipid carriers using tristearin and stearyl alcohol for dermal delivery
- The effect of Camellia sinensis (green tea) with its active compound EGCG on neuronal cell necroptosis in Rattus norvegicus middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model
- Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) leaves
- Correlation between the exposure time to mobile devices and the prevalence of evaporative dry eyes as one of the symptoms of computer vision syndrome among Senior High School students in East Java, Indonesia
- The effect of various high-fat diet on liver histology in the development of NAFLD models in mice
- Fabrication and characterization of bovine hydroxyapatite-gelatin-alendronate scaffold cross-linked by glutaraldehyde for bone regeneration
- Health related quality of life among postmenopausal woman with hormone responsive HER2− breast cancer in Indonesia
- Gender differences in the blood glucose type 2 diabetes patients with combination rapid and long acting insulin therapy
- Correlation of dietary iron intake and serum iron with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels in adult hyperthyroid patients
- The effect of pillbox use and education by pharmacist toward medication adherence in diabetes mellitus patients in a Primary Health Care Center in Mataram
- Variation concentration effect of propyleneglycol, glycerin, and polyethyleneglycol 400 to physical properties and dissolution rate of loratadine liquisolid tablet
- Role of Centella asiatica and ceramide in skin barrier improvement: a double blind clinical trial of Indonesian batik workers
- Secondary metabolite and antipyretic effects of Maja (Crescentia cujete L.) in fever-induced mice
- Hydration effect on kidney function and serum electrolyte in children with tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and risk of TLS
- Drug utilization study and cost analysis of adult β-thalassemia major patient therapy at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya
- The role of hyperbaric oxygen to platelet aggregation in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
- Cocrystal formation of loratadine-succinic acid and its improved solubility
- The role of chondroitin sulfate to bone healing indicators and compressive strength
- The effects of quercetin on the expression of SREBP-1c mRNA in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD in mice
- Analysis of stress ulcer prophylaxis drug regimentation in surgical patients
- The stability and irritability study of the chitosan–Aloe vera spray gel as wound healing
- Effectiveness of citicoline in pediatric patients with refractive amblyopia in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- The thermodynamic study of p-methoxycinnamic acid inclusion complex formation, using β-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin
- The effect of chitosan type and drug-chitosan ratio on physical characteristics and release profile of ketoprofen microparticles prepared by spray drying
- The maximum dose and duration in the therapy single use methotrexate to achieve remission by rheumatoid arthritis patients through disease activity score 28 (DAS28)
- Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19 among university students in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study
- The impact of glutaraldehyde on the characteristics of bovine hydroxyapatite-gelatin based bone scaffold as gentamicin delivery system
- Analysis of the use of antibiotics profile and factors of surgical site infections study on digestive and oncology surgeries
- Second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) as genetic marker for molecular characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei in rabbits from several areas of East Java, Indonesia
- Design of gossypetin derivatives based on naturally occurring flavonoid in Hibiscus sabdariffa and the molecular docking as antibacterial agents
- Discovery of new targeting agents against GAPDH receptor for antituberculosis drug delivery
- The effect of red passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) fermentation time on its activity against Extended Strain Methicillin-Resistant (ESBL) Escherichia coli and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Antibiotic use on acute respiratory tract infection nonpneumonia and nonspecific diarrhea in Primary Health Care Centre in Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
- Screening of anti-HIV activities in ethanol extract and fractions from Ficus fistulosa leaves
- The characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented food as potential probiotics
- Profile of gyrA gene mutation in clinical isolate of levofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli
- Antimicrobial activity of Centella asiatica and Gigantochloa apus
- Drug-related problems of antibiotic use in gastroenteritis related to patient therapy outcomes at Universitas Gadjah Mada Hospital
- The impact of suitability of empirical antibiotics use on therapeutic outcome of respiratory tract infection patients at inpatient wards of Universitas Gadjah Mada Academic Hospital
- Genetic profile mutation rpoB in clinical isolate of rifampicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- Hematological side effect analysis of linezolid in MDR-TB patients with individual therapy
- Adverse drug reaction and its management in tuberculosis patients with multidrug resistance: a retrospective study
- Analysis of prophylactic antibiotic use and risk factor of postoperative infection in urological surgery patients
- Molecular docking studies of Nigella sativa L and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb secondary metabolites against histamine N-methyltransferase with their ADMET prediction
- Prediction of compounds with antiosteoporosis activity in Chrysophyllum cainito L. leaves through in silico approach
- Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin, the isolated compounds of Phyllanthus niruri inhibit protein receptor of corona virus (COVID-19) through in silico approach
- Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark exhibited antimalarial activity by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assay
- Endophytic fungi inhabiting Physalis angulata L. plant: diversity, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of their ethyl acetate extracts
- Exploration of several plants from Baung Forest on bone formation cell models
- In vitro antimalarial activity of Garcinia parvifolia Miq. Stem extracts and fractions on Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay
- Antioxidant and antiviral potency of Begonia medicinalis fractions
- Artocarpus sericicarpus stem bark contains antimalarial substances against Plasmodium falciparum
- Formulation and characterization of Eleutherine palmifolia extract-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS)
- Analytical method for the determination of curcumin entrapped in polymeric micellar powder using HPLC
- Challenges in the provision of natural medicines by community pharmacists in East Java Province, Indonesia
- In vitro and in silico analysis of phytochemical compounds of 96% ethanol extract of semanggi (Marsilea crenata Presl.) leaves as a bone formation agent
- Inhibitory activity of Urena lobata leaf extract on alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase: in vitro and in silico approach
- Case Report
- Effect of hydrocortisone on hypocorticolism caused by pituitary adenoma
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Articles
- Cost of illness of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia: a systematic review
- Social media health interventions to improve diabetes mellitus patient outcome: a systematic review
- Developing pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics model of valproic acid syrup based on prediction of population pharmacokinetics parameter and seizure frequency in Indonesian pediatric epilepsy outpatients
- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of extract and fractions from the root of Rauvolfia serpentina(L.) Bth.ex Kurz
- Green tea and its active compound epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG) inhibit neuronal apoptosis in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model
- The effects of quercetin on nicotine-induced reward effects in mice
- Resveratrol ameliorates physical and psychological stress-induced depressive-like behavior
- Translation and cross-cultural adaption of an instrument measuring patient’s well-being under treatment for schizophrenia
- Quercetin promotes behavioral recovery and biomolecular changes of melanocortin-4 receptor in mice with ischemic stroke
- Knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals on prescribing errors
- Inhibition of Ras and STAT3 activity of 4-(tert-butyl)-N-carbamoylbenzamide as antiproliferative agent in HER2-expressing breast cancer cells
- Predicting the molecular mechanism of glucosamine in accelerating bone defect repair by stimulating osteogenic proteins
- Larvicidal toxicity and parasporal inclusion of native Bacillus thuringiensis BK5.2 against Aedes aegypti
- Synthesis, ADMET predictions, molecular docking studies, and in-vitro anticancer activity of some benzoxazines against A549 human lung cancer cells
- Thymoquinone and its derivatives against breast cancer with HER2 positive: in silico studies of ADMET, docking and QSPR
- Assessment of patient understanding of their conventional cardiac medicines and herbal prepared/derived products: preliminary survey and interviews with selected community-dwelling elderly patients in the Philippines
- The development and validation of the health belief model questionnaire for measuring factors affecting adherence in the elderly with hypertension
- Analysis of the side effect of QTc interval prolongation in the bedaquiline regimen in drug resistant tuberculosis patients
- Shallot skin profilling, computational evaluation of physicochemical properties, ADMET, and molecular docking of its components against P2Y12 receptor
- Analysis of HMGB-1 level before and after providing atorvastatin standard therapy in coronary artery disease patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus compared to without type-2 diabetes mellitus
- Analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels among acute heart failure patients with ACE inhibitor therapy (Dr. Soetomo Regional General Hospital, Surabaya)
- The correlation between self-related adherence, asthma-related quality of life and control of asthma in adult patients
- Providing counseling through home pharmacy care (HPC) for hemodialysis patients with hypertension in lowering blood pressure
- Community knowledge and attitude in recognizing asthma symptoms and using medication for asthma attacks: a cross-sectional study
- A study of anticoagulant therapy in patients with coronary artery disease
- The association of FKBP5 polymorphism with asthma susceptibility in asthmatic patients
- Gastroprotective effect of fluvoxamine and ondansetron on stress-induced gastric ulcers in mice
- Osteoblast iron genes: real time PCR and microarray hybridization approach under hyperoxia
- Attenuation of hyperplasia in lung parenchymal and colonic epithelial cells in DMBA-induced cancer by administering Andrographis paniculata Nees extract using animal model
- N-nitrosodiethylamine induces inflammation of liver in mice
- AST/ALT levels, MDA, and liver histopathology of Echinometra mathaei ethanol extract on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
- Development, characterization, molecular docking, and in vivo skin penetration of coenzyme Q10 nanostructured lipid carriers using tristearin and stearyl alcohol for dermal delivery
- The effect of Camellia sinensis (green tea) with its active compound EGCG on neuronal cell necroptosis in Rattus norvegicus middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model
- Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum Linn.) leaves
- Correlation between the exposure time to mobile devices and the prevalence of evaporative dry eyes as one of the symptoms of computer vision syndrome among Senior High School students in East Java, Indonesia
- The effect of various high-fat diet on liver histology in the development of NAFLD models in mice
- Fabrication and characterization of bovine hydroxyapatite-gelatin-alendronate scaffold cross-linked by glutaraldehyde for bone regeneration
- Health related quality of life among postmenopausal woman with hormone responsive HER2− breast cancer in Indonesia
- Gender differences in the blood glucose type 2 diabetes patients with combination rapid and long acting insulin therapy
- Correlation of dietary iron intake and serum iron with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels in adult hyperthyroid patients
- The effect of pillbox use and education by pharmacist toward medication adherence in diabetes mellitus patients in a Primary Health Care Center in Mataram
- Variation concentration effect of propyleneglycol, glycerin, and polyethyleneglycol 400 to physical properties and dissolution rate of loratadine liquisolid tablet
- Role of Centella asiatica and ceramide in skin barrier improvement: a double blind clinical trial of Indonesian batik workers
- Secondary metabolite and antipyretic effects of Maja (Crescentia cujete L.) in fever-induced mice
- Hydration effect on kidney function and serum electrolyte in children with tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and risk of TLS
- Drug utilization study and cost analysis of adult β-thalassemia major patient therapy at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya
- The role of hyperbaric oxygen to platelet aggregation in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
- Cocrystal formation of loratadine-succinic acid and its improved solubility
- The role of chondroitin sulfate to bone healing indicators and compressive strength
- The effects of quercetin on the expression of SREBP-1c mRNA in high-fat diet-induced NAFLD in mice
- Analysis of stress ulcer prophylaxis drug regimentation in surgical patients
- The stability and irritability study of the chitosan–Aloe vera spray gel as wound healing
- Effectiveness of citicoline in pediatric patients with refractive amblyopia in Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
- The thermodynamic study of p-methoxycinnamic acid inclusion complex formation, using β-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin
- The effect of chitosan type and drug-chitosan ratio on physical characteristics and release profile of ketoprofen microparticles prepared by spray drying
- The maximum dose and duration in the therapy single use methotrexate to achieve remission by rheumatoid arthritis patients through disease activity score 28 (DAS28)
- Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19 among university students in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study
- The impact of glutaraldehyde on the characteristics of bovine hydroxyapatite-gelatin based bone scaffold as gentamicin delivery system
- Analysis of the use of antibiotics profile and factors of surgical site infections study on digestive and oncology surgeries
- Second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) as genetic marker for molecular characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei in rabbits from several areas of East Java, Indonesia
- Design of gossypetin derivatives based on naturally occurring flavonoid in Hibiscus sabdariffa and the molecular docking as antibacterial agents
- Discovery of new targeting agents against GAPDH receptor for antituberculosis drug delivery
- The effect of red passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) fermentation time on its activity against Extended Strain Methicillin-Resistant (ESBL) Escherichia coli and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
- Antibiotic use on acute respiratory tract infection nonpneumonia and nonspecific diarrhea in Primary Health Care Centre in Banjarbaru City, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
- Screening of anti-HIV activities in ethanol extract and fractions from Ficus fistulosa leaves
- The characteristics of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented food as potential probiotics
- Profile of gyrA gene mutation in clinical isolate of levofloxacin resistant Escherichia coli
- Antimicrobial activity of Centella asiatica and Gigantochloa apus
- Drug-related problems of antibiotic use in gastroenteritis related to patient therapy outcomes at Universitas Gadjah Mada Hospital
- The impact of suitability of empirical antibiotics use on therapeutic outcome of respiratory tract infection patients at inpatient wards of Universitas Gadjah Mada Academic Hospital
- Genetic profile mutation rpoB in clinical isolate of rifampicin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- Hematological side effect analysis of linezolid in MDR-TB patients with individual therapy
- Adverse drug reaction and its management in tuberculosis patients with multidrug resistance: a retrospective study
- Analysis of prophylactic antibiotic use and risk factor of postoperative infection in urological surgery patients
- Molecular docking studies of Nigella sativa L and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb secondary metabolites against histamine N-methyltransferase with their ADMET prediction
- Prediction of compounds with antiosteoporosis activity in Chrysophyllum cainito L. leaves through in silico approach
- Phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin, the isolated compounds of Phyllanthus niruri inhibit protein receptor of corona virus (COVID-19) through in silico approach
- Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark exhibited antimalarial activity by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assay
- Endophytic fungi inhabiting Physalis angulata L. plant: diversity, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of their ethyl acetate extracts
- Exploration of several plants from Baung Forest on bone formation cell models
- In vitro antimalarial activity of Garcinia parvifolia Miq. Stem extracts and fractions on Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay
- Antioxidant and antiviral potency of Begonia medicinalis fractions
- Artocarpus sericicarpus stem bark contains antimalarial substances against Plasmodium falciparum
- Formulation and characterization of Eleutherine palmifolia extract-loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS)
- Analytical method for the determination of curcumin entrapped in polymeric micellar powder using HPLC
- Challenges in the provision of natural medicines by community pharmacists in East Java Province, Indonesia
- In vitro and in silico analysis of phytochemical compounds of 96% ethanol extract of semanggi (Marsilea crenata Presl.) leaves as a bone formation agent
- Inhibitory activity of Urena lobata leaf extract on alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase: in vitro and in silico approach
- Case Report
- Effect of hydrocortisone on hypocorticolism caused by pituitary adenoma