Effects of Operational Factors on the Atrazine Degradation in a Fixed Nano-TiO2 Photocatalytic Reactor
-
Zhonghua Li
and
Dennis B. George
Abstract
Water quality monitoring throughout the United States has shown that atrazine is ubiquitous in surface and groundwater supplies. Once it is transported to adjacent streams and/or leaches to groundwater, it poses a potential threat to humans and wildlife. A photocatalytic reactor employing a highly pure nano-sized anatase TiO2 (7 nm) was designed for the photocatalysis of atrazine. Light was delivered to the reactor by an 8 mm corediameter, liquid core optical fiber (LCOF) from a light source. Radiation wavelengths varied from 305 nm to 450 nm. The LCOF was connected to a 40 cm long quartz tube, which was coated with DuraflectⓇ coating material that reflected > 90% of the light between 300 nm and 1,200 nm. Openings, 2 mm wide, were provided by removing the coating around the circumference of the quartz tube every 1.8 cm to allow illumination through the quartz tube into the reactor. A 23 factorial design was conducted to determine significant effects of three primary design factors, i.e., pH (6, 7, 10, 12), illumination intensity, and the surface-to-volume (S/V) ratio or diameter (D) of the reactor (5 cm, 7.5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm), and their interaction on atrazine removal rates. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the experimental data indicated that all three factors significantly (α = 0.05) affected the atrazine degradation rate. Increasing the illumination intensity (from 6.5 W/m2 to 65 W/m2) greatly enhanced the initial degradation rate of the atrazine from 0.2 ppb/min to 10.2 ppb/min. As the reactor surface-tovolume ratio increased from 0.27 cm-1 to 0.8 cm-1, there was an increase in kinetic rate from 0.23 ppb/min to 10.22 ppb/min. Solution pH influenced the TiO2 surface charge and the ionic form of atrazine in solution, which resulted in electrostatic repulsion of atrazine from the catalyst surface in the pH range of 5-10. Low initial degradation rates of 0.2-3 ppb/min were obtained at pH levels 10 and above. The adsorption isotherm experiments at pH levels from 5 to 10 indicated that no significant (α = 0.05) adsorption was observed on the TiO2 surface. The results indicated that atrazine photocatalytic degradation was not a surface phenomenon. Degradation products were also measured by the liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) with time at optimal operating conditions: pH = 7, I = 65 W/m2, and D = 5 cm.
© 2016 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston
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Articles in the same Issue
- Simple Models for the Control of Photo-Fenton by Monitoring H2O2
- Kinetic Model of the Nitrogen Oxide Removal Process by Ozone
- Dependency of Advanced Oxidation Performance on the Contaminated Water Feed Mode for Ozonation Combined with Electrolysis Using a Two-compartment Electrolytic Flow Cell
- Actinometry Measurement of Oxygen Dissociation Degree in a Microwave Discharge Plasma and Effect of Electron Energy Distribution Function
- Titanium Oxidation by Microwave Discharge Oxygen Plasma and Relationship with Plasma Parameters
- Preparation of TiO2/C Photocatalyst by Ethanol Modification of Hydrolysed Titania TiO(OH)2 in a Pressure Reactor
- Effect of TiO2 Precursor on the Photoactivity of Fe-C-TiO2 Photocatalysts for Acid Red (AR) Decomposition
- Enhancing the Reuse of Treated Effluent by Photocatalytic Process
- Effect of Reagent Addition Order in Catalyzed H2O2 Propagations (CHP) Treatment Systems
- Mass Transfer of Ozone in a Hybrid Ozonation-Membrane System
- Parametric Survey for Efficient DeNOx by Direct Decomposition of NO Using an Intermittent DBD Generated by a One-Cycle Sinusoidal Power Source
- Efficient NO Removal from Diesel Exhausts Gases by a Combination of Ozone Injection and Exhaust Gas Recirculation
- Duty Factor Effect on Ozone Production Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor Driven by IGBT Pulse Modulator
- Epoxidation of 1-butene-3-ol with Hydrogen Peroxide under Autogenic and Atmospheric Pressure
- Characterization of Oxygen-Fed Ozonizer Based on Pulsed Streamer Discharge
- Plasma-Catalytic Processes in Gliding Discharges
- New Method for the Synthesis of a Photocatalyst by Using Intercalation of Amines in K2Ti4O9
- Photocatalytic Oxidation of Pharmaceutical compounds: Kinetics and Pathways for Ibuprofen, Clofibric Acid, Diclofenac and Naproxen
- Photocatalytic Decolorization of Reclaimed Water Using Photocatalyst Coated Black Light with Spiral Fluid Flow System
- Characterization of Anodized Titanium Oxide Film and Photocatalytic Decomposition of Methylene Blue with Microcurrent
- Effect of Platinum on the Decomposition Efficiency and Apparent Quantum Yield of Photocatalysis of Isopropanol in an Annular Photoreactor
- Photocatalytic Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol Using TiO2 and Pt-TiO2 Nanoparticles Prepared by Sol-Gel Method
- Photocatalytic Oxidation of H2S on TiO2 and TiO2-ZrO2 Thin Films
- Degradation of Benzo[a]pyrene using TiO2 and Ag-loaded BiVO4 Photocatalysts: Evaluation by the Ames Mutagenicity Assay
- Effects of Operational Factors on the Atrazine Degradation in a Fixed Nano-TiO2 Photocatalytic Reactor
- Preparation of Crystalline Nanosized Titania by Microemulsion: Evaluation of Process Variables
- Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of CuO-SnO2 Nanocomposite Oxide Photocatalyst
- Factorial Design for the Photodegradation of Chloramphenicol with Immobilized TiO2
- Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Diacids and Their Decomposition Over Mixtures of TiO2 and Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes
- Preparation of TiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 Films on Polyester Granules for Photocatalytic Applications
- Ferric Reduction and Oxalate Mineralization with Fered-Fenton Method
- Inactivation of Waterborne Pathogens Using Solar Photocatalysis
- Gaseous Electrical Discharge-Induced Degradation of Organic Compound in Wastewater: UV Irradiation and Ozonation Effect
- Modeling the Diffusion Mechanism and the Reaction Kinetics for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Acid Red 151 Aqueous Solutions by ZnO: Comparison of Linear and Non-Linear Methods
