Seleucid Babylonian “Official” and “Private” Seals Reconsidered: A Seleucid Archival Tablet in the Collection of the Mackenzie Art Gallery, Regina
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Ronald Wallenfels
Abstract
It has been convenient for scholars categorizing Hellenistic Babylonian seal impressions found on clay tablets and on clay parchment-sealings to distinguish “private” seals, those owned and used by private individuals acting on their own behalf in personal matters, from “official” seals, those used by office bureaucrats and high-ranking officers of the state or temple in the execution of their respective institution’s affairs. It has been argued on the basis of the tablets’ written contents, with but a single exception that proves the rule, that the tablet seal impressions, known to the field since the mid-nineteenth century, are those of private individuals, specifically the local urban elite, pursuing their personal interests. With the later publication of the clay parchment-sealings, two new seal types were distinguished by their Greek inscriptions and iconography and labeled official: (1) the largely aniconic seals identifying one of several different local Seleucid tax offices; (2) the large oval or rectangular seals with well-modeled intaglios depicting heads/busts and anthropomorphic figures of Greek style all identifying the chreophýlax, the local royal records officer. In the first comprehensive study of the parchment-sealings, Rostovtzeff (1932), expanded the definition of Seleucid official seals to include other large non-epigraphic impressions also displaying portraiture and figures obviously similar to the epigraphic seals, as well as those displaying the Seleucid anchor, certain that these too were all seals of the chreophýlakes. It is argued herein, in part on the basis of the appearance of two such large anepigraphic portrait seals on the edge of a previously unedited Seleucid cuneiform archival tablet, that such seals are not those of royal officers but rather those of preeminent members of urban elite families and their agents; it is also argued that the anchor seal impressions are those of the kings themselves.
Acknowledgements
An earlier version of this paper was read at “The Late Babylonian Workshop: City Administration in Neo-Babylonian Times” honoring Professor Muhammad Dandamayev during the 53e Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, St. Petersburg, 27 July 2007, and is offered to him here in appreciation.
Appendix
| MacKenzie Art Gallery 1983-031-080 | Uruk 4/III/149 S.E. |
| 9.0 × 10.8 × 2.8 cm | (17 June 163 BCE) |
Obverse
1- mde-’-mu-uq-ra-ṭe-e ùmdi-’-ú-pa-an-ṭú-su A.MEŠ šámqé-ep-lu-ú-ni A šá
2- md60-TIN-su-E A máḫ-’-ú-tú AŠ ḫu-ud ŠÀ-bi-šú-nu ki-šub-ba-a-{šá}-šú-nu šá AŠ KI-tì
3- É dLUGAL.IR9.RA šá qé-reb UNUGki 22 KÙŠ UŠ AN-ú IM.SI.SÁ DA
4- ki-šub-ba-a˹šá˺ kul-lum mra-um-mu-ma-a A šámi-dat-˹d˺na-na-a 22 KÙŠ
5- UŠ KI-ú˹IM.ULU3˺lu DA ki-šub-ba-a šámde-’-mu-uq-ra-ṭe-e˹ù˺
6- mdi-’-ú-pa-an-ṭú-sulúna-din-na.MEŠ ki-šub-ba-a MU.MEŠ u DA mu-ṣu-ú
7- šá ki-šub-ba-a MU.MEŠ 8 KÙŠ SAG.KI AN-˹ta˺ IM.MAR.TU DA SILA SIG mu-taq UN.MEŠ
8- 8 KÙŠ ˹SAG.KI KI˺-ta IM.KUR.˹RA˺ DA 3 KÙŠ mu-ṣu-ú šá˹ki˺-šub-ba-a šá
9- mra-um-˹mu˺-ma-a A šámi-˹dat˺-dna-˹na˺-a ŠU.NIGIN 22 KÙŠ UŠ 8 KÙŠ SAG.KI
10- mi-šiḫ-tu4ki-šub-˹ba˺-a MU.˹MEŠ ki-šub˺-ba-a MU. MEŠ i-ṣi u ma-a-du
11- ma-la ba-šu-ú gab-bi a-na 4 GÍN KÙ.BABBAR qa-lu-ú is-˹ta˺-ter-ra-nu
12- šáman-ti-’-ú-˹ku-su bab-ba˺-nu-ú-tú a-na ŠÁM TIL.MEŠ a-nammi-in-dna-na-a
13- A šámi-dat-dna-na-a [A šá] mmat-tan-˹na-a˺a-na U4-mu ṣa-a-tú˹it˺-tan-nu-ú
14- KÙ.BABBAR-a4 4 GÍN ˹ŠÁM ˺ki-šub-˹ba-a˺ MU. MEŠ TIL.MEŠ mde-’-˹mu-uq-ra-ṭe˺-e
15- umdi-˹’˺-ú-pa-an-ṭú-su AŠ ŠUII m˹mi-in˺-dna-˹na-a maḫ˺-ru.MEŠ ˹e-ṭìr.MEŠ˺
16- U4-mu pa-qa-ri a-˹na UGU-ḫi˺ki-šub-ba-a MU.MEŠ ˹it˺-tab-šu-ú-ma
17- mde-’-mu-uq-˹ra-ṭe˺-e um˹di˺-’-˹ú˺-pa-an-˹ṭú˺-sulúna-din-na.MEŠ
Reverse
18- ki-šub-ba-a MU.MEŠ ú-mar-raq.MEŠ a-di 12-TA.ÀM a-˹na˺mmi-in-dna-˹na˺-[a]
19- a-na U4-mu ṣa-a-tú i-nam-din.MEŠ pu-ú-ut a-ḫa-a-meš a-na mu-ru-qu šá ki-šub-ba-a
20- MU.MEŠ mde-’-mu-uq-ra-ṭe-e umdi-’-ú-pa-an-ṭú-sulúna-din-na.MEŠ
21- ki-šub-ba-a MU.MEŠ a-nammi-in-dna-na-a a-na U4-mu ṣa-a-tú na-šu-ú
22- ki-šub-ba-a MU.MEŠ šámmi-˹in˺-dna-na-a A šámi-dat-dna-na-a A šá
23- mmat-tan-na-a a-na U4-mu ṣa-a-tú šu-ú
24- lúmu-kin7md60-NUMUN-MU A šámd˹60-AD˺-GUR A šámd60-˹NUMUN˺-MU A mḫun-zu!(su)-ú
25- md60-ŠEŠ-GÁL-ši A šámd60-TIN-su-E A šámd60-˹DUMU-MU˺-nu A mÉ.KUR-za-kir
26- mBÁR-d60 A šámdna-na-a-MU A šámd60-ŠEŠ.˹MEŠ˺-MU A mḫun-zu-ú
27- md60-NUMUN-GIŠ A šámd60- ŠEŠ-MU-nu A šám˹ta-nit-tu4˺-d60 A máḫ--ú-tú
28- md60-NUMUN- GIŠ A šámNÍG.SUM.MU-d60 A šám˹AŠ-qí-bit˺-d60 A mḫun-zu-ú
29- md60-DUMU-MU-nu A šámdna-na-a-MU ˹A šámBÁR˺-d60 A mḫun-zu-ú
30- md60- ŠEŠ-GÁL-ši A šámdUTU-SUR A šámAŠ-qí-bit-d60 A mÉ.KUR-za-kir
31- msu-ú-sa-an-dar A šámdi-’-du-ur-su A šámis-si-ra-tu-ú-nu
32- mAŠ-qí-bit-d60 lúŠID A šámNU-TÉŠ A mŠU-d60 UNUGki ITU.SIG.KÁM
33- ˹U4˺.4. KÁM MU.1 ME 49. KÁM man-ti-’-i-ku-su LUGAL
Upper Edge
| ˹un˺-qa | un-qa | un-qa |
| (T1) | (T2) | (T3) |
| msu-ú-sa-an-dar | mBÁR-d60 | md60-NUMUN-MU |
Lower Edge
| un-qa | un-qa | un-qa |
| (B1) | (B2) | (B3) |
| md60-ŠEŠ-GÁL-ši | md60-DUMU-MU-nu | md60-NUMUN-˹GIŠ˺ |
Left Edge
| un-qa | un-qa |
| (L1) | (L2) |
| md60- ŠEŠ-GÁL-ši | md60-NUMUN-GIŠ |
Right Edge
| un-qa | un-˹qa˺ |
| (R1) | (R2) |
| mdi-’-ú-pa-an-ṭú-su | mde-’-mu-uq-ra-ṭe-e |
Translation
(1) Dēmokrátēs and Dióphantos, sons of Kephálōn, son of Anu-balāssu-iqbi, descendant of Aḫ-ūtu, of their own free will, have sold their vacant lot which is in the district of the Lugal-Irra Temple, which is in Uruk – 22 cubits, the upper long side on the north is adjacent to the lot of…Ra’ummumâ, son of Idat-Nanâ; 22 cubits, (5) the lower long side on the south is adjacent to the lot of Dēmokrátēs and Dióphantos, the sellers of the aforementioned lot, and is adjacent to the right-of-way of that lot; 8 cubits, the upper short side on the west is adjacent to a narrow street (which is) a public thoroughfare; 8 cubits, the lower short side on the east is adjacent to the 3 cubit-wide right-of-way of the lot of Ra’ummumâ, son of Idat-Nanâ: the total, 20 cubits (in) length, 8 cubits (in) width, (10) is the measured area of that lot – that lot, less or more, as much as there is, all of it, for 4 shekels of refined silver, staters of Antiochus (V) in good condition, as the full sale price, to Min-Nanâ, son of Idat-Nanâ, son of Mattanâ, in perpetuity. The money, 4 shekels, the full sale price of that lot, Dēmokrátēs (15) and Dióphantos have received from (and) were paid by Min-Nanâ. When a claim is brought concerning that lot, Dēmokrátēs and Dióphantos, the sellers of that lot will clear (it) and pay the 12-fold (penalty) to Min-Nanâ in perpetuity. Dēmokrátēs and Dióphantos, the sellers of that lot, mutually assume guaranty for the clearing of (20) (legal claims against) that lot for Min-Nanâ in perpetuity. That lot of Min-Nanâ, son of Idat-Nanâ, son of Mattanâ, is his in perpetuity.
Witness: Anu-zēr-iddin, son of Anu-ab-utir, son of Anu-zēr-iddin, descendant of Ḫunzû;
(25) Anu-aḫ-ušabši, son of Anu-uballissu, son of Anu-mār-ittannu, descendant of Ekur-zakir;
Kidin-Anu, son of Nanâ-iddin, son of Anu-aḫḫē-iddin, descendant of Ḫunzû;
Anu-zēr-līšer, son of Anu-aḫ-ittannu, son of Tanittu-Anu, descendant of Aḫ-ūtu;
Anu-zēr-līšer, son of Nidintu-Anu, son of Ina-qibīt-Anu, descendant of Ḫunzû;
Anu-mār-ittannu, son of Nanâ-iddin, son of Kidin-Anu, descendant of Ḫunzû;
(30) Anu-aḫ-ušabši, son of Šamaš-eṭir, son of Ina-qibīt-Anu, descendant of Ekur-zakir;
Sṓsandros, son of Diódōros, son of Strátōn.
Ina-qibīt-Anu, the scribe, son of Lā-bāši, descendant of Gimil-Anu. Uruk. Simānu, day 4, year 149, Antiochus (V), king.
Upper Edge
| Seal: Sṓsandros | Seal: Kidin-Anu | Seal: Anu-zēr-iddin |
Lower Edge
| Seal: Anu-aḫ-ušabši | Seal: Anu-mār-ittannu | Seal: Anu-zēr-līšer |
Left Edge
| Seal: Anu-aḫ-ušabši | Seal: Anu-zēr-līšer |
Right Edge
| Seal: Dióphantos | Seal: Dēmokrátēs |
Notes
1 et passim The reading mde-’-mu-uq-ra-ṭe-e, normalized here as Dēmokrátēs (Δημοκράτης), is suggested in the light of the writings de-e-mu-uq-ra-te-e (BRM 2 53: 1; Speleers Recueil 297: 22) and de-e-mi-qù-ra-te-e (YOS 20 79: o.16′, r.3) (see Monerie 2014, p. 138, s.v. Démokratès [1]–[5]). Nonetheless, also note the following writings for the name of his uncle – de/ṭi-’-mu-uq-ra-ṭe-e (BiMes 24 27: 4; cf. the duplicate BiMes 24 29: 4 ṭi!-’-uq-ra-ṭe!-e), d/ṭim-qì-ra-ṭe4-e (BRM 2 37: 17 = BiMes 24 23: r.2′; see Clay 1913: 77, s.v. Tim-gi-ra-te-e), and de/ṭi-im-qù-ur-ṭì-i (OECT 9 42: 7), normalized Timokrates by McEwan 1984: 239, perhaps to be read Timokrátēs (Τιμοκράτης) rather than Dēmokrátēs (e.g., Doty 1988: 113) (cf. Monerie 2014, pp. 172–73, s.v. Timokratès [1]–[4]). For a recent comprehensive survey on the writing of Greek personal names in cuneiform, see Monerie 2014.
4 The sign group kul-lum here in this position is without parallel; if the sign group was intended to indicate that the neighbor was a brewer (sirāšû), it would ordinarily be preceded by the lú-determinative and would not precede the personal name but rather follow it or, more often, the full patronymic.
Comments
Six other sales of property in the Lugal-Irra district of Uruk during the Seleucid period include TCL 13 229 = VAT 7845 (unpubl.) [73] (≤ 20 S.E. [74]), YOS 20 14 (26 S.E.), BiMes 24 36 (ca. 19–31 S.E.), OECT 9 6 (ca. 19–31 S.E.), Speleers Recueil 293 (101 S.E.), and BiMes 24 31 (n.d.) in which one of the present sellers, Dióphantos, was the buyer (ca. 90–125 S.E.). Other portions in this district also figure in two divisions of property, BiMes 24 45 (92 S.E.) and VAS 15 50 (94 S.E.); an exchange of properties, BIN 2 135 (95 S.E.); and a quitclaim, BiMes 24 25 (155 S.E.), in which the main parties to the quitclaim are all grandchildren of Anu-uballiṭ–Níkarchos, the former šaknu or governor of Uruk during the reign of Seleucus II (see Doty 1988).
Of the thirteen people named in this text, eight may be identified in seventeen other transactions, of which eleven concern real estate. In just a single transaction do two of the present participants occur again in concert.
The sellers, the brothers Dēmokrátēs (seal: R2) and Dióphantos (seal: R1), who also served as guarantors to the transaction, are sons of Anu-uballiṭ– Kephálōn, rab ša rēš āli ša Uruk, the son of Anu-balāssu-iqbi//Aḫ-ūtu. Dēmokrátēs is not otherwise attested to in the corpus. Dióphantos, whose other name was Anu-balāssu-iqbi, and was rab ša rēš āli ša Uruk in 139 S.E. (Corò 2012, p. 157 [BM 114408]: 3–4), was the buyer of shares in the prebend for those who may enter the temple and in the butcher’s prebend, ca. 120–124 S.E. [75] (BRM 2 55(+)Sarkisian FuB 16 36 21+Sarkisian AoF 5 86f. 13), and the buyer of a ruined house adjacent to the Ištar Canal in the Lugal-Irra district, ca. 90–125 S.E. (BiMes 24 31 [76]).
The buyer, Min-Nanâ/Idat-Nanâ/Mattanâ, and the neighbor, Ra’ummumâ/Idat-Nanâ are otherwise unattested to in the corpus. The name Ra’ummumâ may be rooted in Akk. ra’ῑmu “beloved.” The name Min-Nanâ has been interpreted as a Mischname containing the West Semitic preposition min “from,” i.e., “(gift) from Nanâ” [77]; Mattanâ is easily recognized as a hypocoristic name formed from the West Semitic word for “gift,” i.e., “gift (of DN).”
Among the witnesses:
#1, Anu-zēr-iddin/Anu-ab-utir/Anu-zēr-iddin//Ḫunzû (seal: T3), also witnessed the sale of a storage facility (bīt qātē) in Irigal in 126 S.E. (OECT 9 53).
#2, Anu-aḫ-ušabši/Anu-uballissu/Anu-mār-ittannu//Ekur-zakir (seal: B1), also witnessed: the sale of a building in the Adad City Gate district in 128 S.E. (YOS 20 66; seal, cf. Wallenfels 1994, nos. 692, 706); the sale of a house in 149 S.E. (BM 114414, unpubl.; seal, Mitchell and Searight 2008, no. 740e); the sale of shares in a butcher’s prebend in 150 S.E. (BRM 2 40 = Sarkisian FuB 16 30f. 9; seal, Wallenfels 1994, no. 150 = Lindström 2003, no. *42-1), in which witness #8 was also a witness; the sale of a house in the Ištar City Gate district in 153 S.E. (CM 12 IX; seal, Wallenfels 1998, no. 12); the sale of another house in the Ištar City Gate district, also in 153 S.E. (BRM 2 43 = YOS 20 74; seal, Wallenfels 1994, no. 150); and a fragmentary donatio mortis causa[78] from the reign of Demetrius I (151–161 S.E.) (BiMes 24 49).
#3, Kidin-Anu/Nanâ-iddin/Anu-aḫḫē-iddin//Ḫunzû (seal: T2), is otherwise unattested to in the corpus.
#4, Anu-zēr-līšer/Anu-aḫ-ittannu/Tanittu-Anu//Aḫ-ūtu (seal: cf. B3, L2), is otherwise unattested to in the corpus.
#5, Anu-zēr-līšer/Nidintu-Anu/Ina-qibīt-Anu//Ḫunzû (seal: cf. B3, L2), also witnessed the sale of shares in the baker’s prebend in 160 S.E. (Speleers Recueil 297; seal, Boiy 2003: 60 [T2]).
#6, Anu-mār-ittannu/Nanâ-iddin/Kidin-Anu//Ḫunzû (seal: B2), witnessed: the sale of a roofed house in the Irigal Temple district in 146 S.E. (YOS 20 72; seal, Wallenfels 1994, no. 731); the sale of a house in the Irigal Temple district in 156 S.E. (VAS 15 27; seal, Lindström 2003, no. *20-7); the sale of a plot of land in the Šamaš City Gate district in 161 S.E. (Rutten Bab. 15 188f.); and the gift of a share in a house in the Šamaš City Gate district together with items of moveable property in 165 S.E. [79] (BRM 2 50 = Speleers Recueil 295; seal, Wallenfels 1994, no. 21 = Boiy 2003: 58 [L2]).
#7, Anu-aḫ-ušabši/Šamaš-eṭir/Ina-qibīt-Anu//Ekur-zakir (seal: L1), also witnessed the sale of shares in the butcher’s prebend in 155 S.E. (Sarkisian FuB 16 26f. 2+Sarkisian AoF 5 82 [W 15034 i+k] = Sarkisian FuB 16 34f. 16; seal, Lindström 2003, no. *43-7).
#8, Sṓsandros/Diódōros/Strátōn (seal: T1), also witnessed the sale of shares in the butchers prebend in 150 S.E. (BRM 2 40 = Sarkisian FuB 16 30f. 9) (seal, Wallenfels 1994, no. 1052 [80]), in which witness #2 was also a witness, and where, although bearing a fully Greek personal name and patronymic, Sṓsandros is specifically identified as Urukaean (BRM 2 40: 35 lúUNUGki-a-a).
Seal Impressions
Upper Edge (Plate 3; Figure 3)
T1 (WI #8): Concave ellipse (10 × 8.5 mm). Nude Heracles standing three-quarters right with weight on forward leg, holding lowered club behind in right hand and lion skin in outstretched left hand.
T2 (WI #3): Flat pointed ellipse fragment (10 × 18 mm). Indistinct winged quadruped leaping profile right.
T3 (WI #1): Flat ellipse (9.5 × 15). Indistinct winged(?) quadruped standing/walking profile right; indistinct object at right.
Lower Edge (Plate 4; Figure 4)
B1 (WI #2): Flat pointed ellipse (8.5 × 19 mm). Divine Great Twins (Gemini) walking profile right behind kneeling third figure; zibānītu-balance (Libra) at left, diagonal crescent right.
B2 (WI #6): Flat pointed ellipse (9.5 × 15 mm). Lion (Leo) walking profile right. For another impression of this seal, see Wallenfels 1994, no. 731.
B3 (cf. WI #4, 5): Flat ellipse (9.5 × 16 mm). Goat-fish (Capricornus) profile right; six-pointed star right.
Left Edge (Plate 5; Figure 5)
L1 (WI #7): Flat ellipse (9.5 × 19.5 mm). Divine Great Twins (Gemini) walking profile right; indistinct object left.
L2 (cf. WI #4, 5): Flat ellipse (6.5 × 13 mm). Beardless sphinx at left seated profile right facing column at center, 6(?)-pointed star right.
Right Edge (Plate 6; Figure 6)
R1 (SE/GU #1): Flat ellipse (20.5+ × 19 mm). Diademed beardless male bust of Antiochus IV profile right with chlamys on right shoulder.
R2 (SE/GU #2): Flat circle (diam. 25 mm). Beardless, bald/clean shaven male head profile right. Another impression of this seal may have impressed on the edge of the tablet fragment CBS 502 (unedited) (http://www.cdli.ucla.edu/dl/photo/P257952.gif).
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