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Research using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) products – a comprehensive literature review

  • Aleksandra Maciejewska EMAIL logo und Kamil Maciuk ORCID logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 14. Februar 2025
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Journal of Applied Geodesy
Aus der Zeitschrift Journal of Applied Geodesy Band 19 Heft 4

Abstract

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) products, including satellite orbit and clock corrections, ionospheric and tropospheric delay models, and multi-frequency data, are fundamental to modern geodesy and numerous scientific and industrial applications. The exploitation of these products facilitates the achievement of precise positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) across a diverse range of fields, including transportation, geodesy, agriculture, and disaster management. Nevertheless, numerous challenges remain, including signal degradation due to multipath effects, atmospheric interference, and vulnerabilities to jamming and spoofing. Recent developments seek to address these limitations and enhance the utility of GNSS products. International collaboration, spearheaded by organizations such as the International GNSS Service (IGS), is crucial for standardizing and distributing GNSS products, facilitating global accessibility and addressing challenges such as climate monitoring and disaster resilience. This review emphasizes the indispensable role of GNSS products in advancing science and industry, highlights persistent challenges, and explores innovative solutions that promise to enhance their accuracy, resilience, and accessibility for addressing global needs.

Keywords: GNSS; orbit; clock; GPS; Galileo; BeiDou
Corresponding author: Aleksandra Maciejewska, Department of Integrated Geodesy and Cartography, AGH University of Krakow, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland, E-mail:

Funding source: AGH University of Krakow

Award Identifier / Grant number: Statutory research

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: A.M. and K.M. conceived and designed the experiments; A.M. and K.M. performed the experiments; A.M. and K.M. analysed the data; A.M. and K.M. wrote the paper; A.M. and K.M. provided the resources. A.M. and K.M. read and improved the final manuscript.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: This work was supported by AGH University of Krakow.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

Appendix A: Products derived by IGS [55]

GPS satellite ephemerides/satellites & station clocks
Type Accuracy Latency Updates Sample interval
Broadcast Orbits Sat. clocks ∼100 cm ∼5 ns RMS, ∼2.5 ns SDev Real time – Daily
Ultra-rapid (predicted half) Orbits Sat. clocks ∼5 cm ∼3 ns RMS, ∼1.5 ns SDev Real time At 03, 09, 15, 21 UTC 15 min
Ultra-rapid (observed half) Orbits Sat. clocks ∼3 cm ∼150 ps RMS, ∼50 ps SDev 3–9 h At 03, 09, 15, 21 UTC 15 min
Rapid Orbits Sat. & stn. clocks ∼2.5 cm ∼75 ps RMS, 25 ps SDev 17–41 h At 17 UTC daily 15 min 5 min
Final Orbits Sat. & stn. clocks ∼2.5 cm ∼75 ps RMS, ∼25 ps SDev 12–19 days Every friday 15 min Sat.: 30 s Stn.: 5 min
GLONASS satellite ephemerides
Type Accuracy Latency Updates Sample interval
Final ∼3 cm 12–19 days Every friday 15 min
Geocentric coordinates of IGS tracking stations
Type Accuracy Latency Updates Sample interval
Daily positions Horizontal Vertical 2 mm 5 mm 11–17 days Every thursday Daily
Long-term position & velocities Horizontal Vertical 2 mm/0.2 mm/yr 5 mm/0.5 mm/yr n/a Every 8 weeks n/a
Earth rotation
Type Accuracy Latency Updates Sample interval
Ultra-rapid (predicted half) PM PM rate LOD ∼200 µas ∼300 µas/day ∼50 µas Real time At 03, 09, 15, 21 UTC Daily integrations at 00, 06, 12, 18 UTC
Ultra-rapid (observed half) PM PM rate LOD ∼50 µas ∼250 µas/day ∼10 µas 3–9 h At 03, 09, 15, 21 UTC Daily integrations at 00, 06, 12, 18 UTC
Rapid PM PM rate LOD ∼40 µas ∼200 µas/day ∼10 µas 17–41 h At 17 UTC Daily integrations at 12 UTC
Final PM PM rate LOD ∼30 µas ∼150 µas/day ∼10 µas 11–17 days Every wednesday Daily integrations at 12 UTC
Atmospheric parameters
Type Accuracy Latency Updates Sample interval
Final tropospheric zenith path delay with N, E gradients 4 mm (ZPD) <4 weeks Daily 5 min
Final ionospheric TEC grid 2–8 TECU ∼11 days Weekly 2 h; 5 deg (lon) × 2.5 deg (lat)
Rapid ionospheric TEC grid 2–9 TECU <24 h Daily 2 h; 5 deg (lon) × 2.5 deg (lat)

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Received: 2024-12-27
Accepted: 2025-01-29
Published Online: 2025-02-14
Published in Print: 2025-10-27

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Research using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) products – a comprehensive literature review
  4. Original Research Articles
  5. Impact of baseline length on uncertainty in static relative GNSS positioning
  6. Advancing magnetometer calibration: a sequential tri-axis approach
  7. Application of GNSS-levelling for updating the base vertical network
  8. Spatiotemporal postseismic deformation due to the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake revealed the relative importance of viscoelastic relaxation and the afterslip distribution estimated from geodetic observations
  9. Evaluation of PPP software performance for TEC estimation using IRI-2020, CODE, COSMIC, and SWARM with GNSS data
  10. Evaluation of mobile mapping point clouds in the context of height difference estimation
  11. Automated gap and flush measurements between car parts assisted by a highly flexible and accurate robot system
  12. Comprehensive statistical analysis of scintillations on L-band signals from six GNSS constellations over low-latitude region
  13. Recent estimates of crustal deformation and land subsidence in the Nile Delta, Egypt using GNSS-PPP datasets over 2012–2024
  14. Influence of orbit and clock file diversity on GNSS ambiguity resolution
  15. The usefulness of the MAFA method for smartphone precise positioning
  16. Comparative analysis of pseudorange multipath mitigation performance using K-means and Fuzzy c-means clustering techniques
  17. Estimation of GPS-based ionospheric indices by GIX, SIDX, and ROTI during the St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic storm event in the Indian low latitude region
  18. Post-midnight impact of ionospheric irregularities on GPS based kinematic precise point positioning
https://doi.org/10.1515/jag-2024-0110
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
GNSS; orbit; clock; GPS; Galileo; BeiDou

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Research using GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) products – a comprehensive literature review
  4. Original Research Articles
  5. Impact of baseline length on uncertainty in static relative GNSS positioning
  6. Advancing magnetometer calibration: a sequential tri-axis approach
  7. Application of GNSS-levelling for updating the base vertical network
  8. Spatiotemporal postseismic deformation due to the 2018 Palu-Donggala earthquake revealed the relative importance of viscoelastic relaxation and the afterslip distribution estimated from geodetic observations
  9. Evaluation of PPP software performance for TEC estimation using IRI-2020, CODE, COSMIC, and SWARM with GNSS data
  10. Evaluation of mobile mapping point clouds in the context of height difference estimation
  11. Automated gap and flush measurements between car parts assisted by a highly flexible and accurate robot system
  12. Comprehensive statistical analysis of scintillations on L-band signals from six GNSS constellations over low-latitude region
  13. Recent estimates of crustal deformation and land subsidence in the Nile Delta, Egypt using GNSS-PPP datasets over 2012–2024
  14. Influence of orbit and clock file diversity on GNSS ambiguity resolution
  15. The usefulness of the MAFA method for smartphone precise positioning
  16. Comparative analysis of pseudorange multipath mitigation performance using K-means and Fuzzy c-means clustering techniques
  17. Estimation of GPS-based ionospheric indices by GIX, SIDX, and ROTI during the St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic storm event in the Indian low latitude region
  18. Post-midnight impact of ionospheric irregularities on GPS based kinematic precise point positioning
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