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Muḥammad the Paraclete and ʿAlī the Messiah: New Remarks on the Origins of Islam and of Shiʿite Imamology
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Mohammad-Ali Amir-Moezzi
Veröffentlicht/Copyright:
24. März 2018
Abstract:
For all those interested in the religious history of the Near and Middle East during Late Antiquity, the advent of Muḥammad in Arabia and the beginnings of Islam are exciting fields of research. The present study tries to put these subjects into perspective within the broad historical and spiritual context of the 6th and 7th centuries. It is based on a sort of syllogism: Muḥammad and his message belong to Jewish, Christian or Judeo-Christian monotheisms (as attested by the Qurʾān and the Ḥadīth); Muḥammad’s first messages seem to announce the imminent end of the world (as is evident from many Quranic passages and several very early ḥadīths); so Muḥammad cannot but announce the coming of the Messiah as the Savior of the End of the world. On this last point, the Qurʾān remains curiously silent, but according to a large number of ancient ḥadiths, Muḥammad actually announces the imminent coming of the Messiah and the latter is none other than Jesus. At the same time, for some followers of Muḥammad, ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib seems to have been the second Jesus, Christ and Messiah of the apocalyptic times. After the death of Muḥammad and ʿAlī, the non-advent of the end of the world, the ridda wars, the Arab conquests and the establishment of the empire, events evolved into different directions than expected at the beginning.
Article note: In a recent article of mine, I put forward the hypothesis of the figure of ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib as Messiah, at the birth of Islam and in certain Alid circles (M.A. Amir-Moezzi, “ʿAlī dans le Coran. (Aspects de l’imamologie duodécimaine XIV”, Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Théologiques 98.4 (oct.‒déc. 2014) : 669‒704, in particular pp. 699‒703). The present article constitutes the development of this hypothesis. Moreover, I thank deeply Guillaume Dye for reading the first draft of this article with attention and for his erudite and pertinent reflexions.
Published Online: 2018-3-24
Published in Print: 2018-3-22
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Titelseiten
- Articles
- “The Romans Will Win!” Q 30:2‒7 in Light of 7th c. Political Eschatology
- Muḥammad the Paraclete and ʿAlī the Messiah: New Remarks on the Origins of Islam and of Shiʿite Imamology
- Sasanian Amulet Practices and their Survival in Islamic Iran and Beyond
- Dalāʾil al-Nubuwwa Literature as Part of the Medieval Scholarly Discourse on Prophecy
- The ʿAbbāsid Revolution in Marw: New Data
- Truth and Politics in Late Medieval Arabic Historiography: the Formation of Sultan Barsbāy’s State (1422‒1438) and the Narratives of the Amir Qurqumās al-Shaʿbānī (d. 1438)
- Quand une édition imprimée redevient manuscrit: le Kitāb al-Masālik d’Ibn Ḥawqal (Rabat, Fondation ʿAllāl al-Fāsī, ʿayn 608)
- Reviews
- Lyall R. Armstrong, The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam, Leiden: Brill 2017, xii + 341 S., ISBN: 9789004335516.
- Teresa Bernheimer, The ʿAlids: The First Family of Islam, 750‒1200, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013, 119 pp., notes, bibliography, index. ISBN 978 0 7486 3847 5 (hardback).
- Olivier Bouquet, Les noblesses du nom. Essai d’anthroponymie ottomane, Turnhout: Brepols, 2013, 399 p., ISBN: 978-2-503-55027-5.
- Michel Cuypers, The Composition of the Qurʾan: Rhetorical Analysis, translated by Jerry Ryan. London/New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015, ISBN 9784147227483 (hardcover).
- Najam Haider, Shīʿī Islam. An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, 243 p., ISBN 978-1-107-62578-5.
- Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2017, xxii, 614 S. ISBN 978-0-300-12533-7.
- Martin Jacobs, Reorienting the East. Jewish Travelers to the Medieval Muslim World, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014, xi+331 pages, ISBN978-0-8122-4622-3.
- Jacob Lassner, Medieval Jerusalem: Forging an Islamic City in Spaces Sacred to Christians and Jews, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2017, xxv, 242 pp., 7 b/w figures, ISBN: 9780472130368 (hardcover), 9780472122868 (e-book).
- Wilferd Madelung, ed., Avicenna’s Allegory on the Soul: an Ismaili Interpretation. An Arabic Edition and English Translation of ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Walīd’s al-Risāla al-mufīda (Ismaili Texts and Translations Series 22), edited by Wilferd Madelung, translated and introduced by Toby Mayer, London/New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 168 pp. (Eng.) + 40 pp. (Ar.), 2016, ISBN 10: 1784530883; ISBN 13: 9781784530884.
- James E. Montgomery, Al-Jāḥiẓ: In Praise of Books, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (Edinburgh Studies in Classical Arabic Literature) 2013, 586pp, ISBN 978 0 7486 8332 1.
- Muhsin J. al-Musawi, The Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters. Arabic Knowledge Construction, Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2015, 449 pp., 9 Illustrations, Appendix, ISBN 0-268-02044-2 (Paperback).
- Oktay Özel, The Collapse of Rural Order in Ottoman Anatolia: Amasya 1576‒1643. Leiden: Brill, 2016, xii, 282 pp., ISBN 9789004309715.
- A.C.S. Peacock, The Great Seljuk Empire, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. With illustrations and maps, 378 p. incl. appendices, bibliography, and index, ISBN: Paperback: 9780748638260, Hardback: 9780748638253
- Michael Philip Penn, Envisioning Islam: Syriac Christians and the Early Muslim World (Divinations: Rereading Late Ancient Religion), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, 294 pp., ISBN 9780812247220 (cloth), ISBN 9780812224023 (paperback) ISBN 9780812291445 (E-book)
- Sabine Schmidtke, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, xi und 815 Seiten, ISBN 978-0-19-969670-3.
- Élise Voguet, Le monde rural du Maghreb central (XIVe–XVe siècles). Réalités sociales et constructions juridiques d’après les Nawāzil Māzūna. Bibliothèque Historique des Pays d’Islam 5, Collection dirigée par Christophe Picard et Pierre Vermeren, Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2014, 512 p., ISBN-10: 2859447784, ISBN-13: 978-2859447786
- Andreas Wilde, What is Beyond the River? Power, Authority and Social Order in Transoxiana, 18th‒19th Centuries, xvi, 1101 S. in drei Bänden, fortlaufend paginiert, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2016 (Veröffentlichungen zur Iranistik Nr. 80). ISBN 978-3-7001-7866-8.
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Muḥammad;
ʿAlī;
Jesus;
Quranic apocalyptic;
Paraclete;
Messiah;
early Shiʿism
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Titelseiten
- Articles
- “The Romans Will Win!” Q 30:2‒7 in Light of 7th c. Political Eschatology
- Muḥammad the Paraclete and ʿAlī the Messiah: New Remarks on the Origins of Islam and of Shiʿite Imamology
- Sasanian Amulet Practices and their Survival in Islamic Iran and Beyond
- Dalāʾil al-Nubuwwa Literature as Part of the Medieval Scholarly Discourse on Prophecy
- The ʿAbbāsid Revolution in Marw: New Data
- Truth and Politics in Late Medieval Arabic Historiography: the Formation of Sultan Barsbāy’s State (1422‒1438) and the Narratives of the Amir Qurqumās al-Shaʿbānī (d. 1438)
- Quand une édition imprimée redevient manuscrit: le Kitāb al-Masālik d’Ibn Ḥawqal (Rabat, Fondation ʿAllāl al-Fāsī, ʿayn 608)
- Reviews
- Lyall R. Armstrong, The Quṣṣāṣ of Early Islam, Leiden: Brill 2017, xii + 341 S., ISBN: 9789004335516.
- Teresa Bernheimer, The ʿAlids: The First Family of Islam, 750‒1200, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013, 119 pp., notes, bibliography, index. ISBN 978 0 7486 3847 5 (hardback).
- Olivier Bouquet, Les noblesses du nom. Essai d’anthroponymie ottomane, Turnhout: Brepols, 2013, 399 p., ISBN: 978-2-503-55027-5.
- Michel Cuypers, The Composition of the Qurʾan: Rhetorical Analysis, translated by Jerry Ryan. London/New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015, ISBN 9784147227483 (hardcover).
- Najam Haider, Shīʿī Islam. An Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, 243 p., ISBN 978-1-107-62578-5.
- Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion, New Haven, London: Yale University Press, 2017, xxii, 614 S. ISBN 978-0-300-12533-7.
- Martin Jacobs, Reorienting the East. Jewish Travelers to the Medieval Muslim World, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014, xi+331 pages, ISBN978-0-8122-4622-3.
- Jacob Lassner, Medieval Jerusalem: Forging an Islamic City in Spaces Sacred to Christians and Jews, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2017, xxv, 242 pp., 7 b/w figures, ISBN: 9780472130368 (hardcover), 9780472122868 (e-book).
- Wilferd Madelung, ed., Avicenna’s Allegory on the Soul: an Ismaili Interpretation. An Arabic Edition and English Translation of ʿAlī b. Muḥammad b. al-Walīd’s al-Risāla al-mufīda (Ismaili Texts and Translations Series 22), edited by Wilferd Madelung, translated and introduced by Toby Mayer, London/New York: I.B. Tauris Publishers in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies, 168 pp. (Eng.) + 40 pp. (Ar.), 2016, ISBN 10: 1784530883; ISBN 13: 9781784530884.
- James E. Montgomery, Al-Jāḥiẓ: In Praise of Books, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (Edinburgh Studies in Classical Arabic Literature) 2013, 586pp, ISBN 978 0 7486 8332 1.
- Muhsin J. al-Musawi, The Medieval Islamic Republic of Letters. Arabic Knowledge Construction, Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press, 2015, 449 pp., 9 Illustrations, Appendix, ISBN 0-268-02044-2 (Paperback).
- Oktay Özel, The Collapse of Rural Order in Ottoman Anatolia: Amasya 1576‒1643. Leiden: Brill, 2016, xii, 282 pp., ISBN 9789004309715.
- A.C.S. Peacock, The Great Seljuk Empire, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2015. With illustrations and maps, 378 p. incl. appendices, bibliography, and index, ISBN: Paperback: 9780748638260, Hardback: 9780748638253
- Michael Philip Penn, Envisioning Islam: Syriac Christians and the Early Muslim World (Divinations: Rereading Late Ancient Religion), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015, 294 pp., ISBN 9780812247220 (cloth), ISBN 9780812224023 (paperback) ISBN 9780812291445 (E-book)
- Sabine Schmidtke, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016, xi und 815 Seiten, ISBN 978-0-19-969670-3.
- Élise Voguet, Le monde rural du Maghreb central (XIVe–XVe siècles). Réalités sociales et constructions juridiques d’après les Nawāzil Māzūna. Bibliothèque Historique des Pays d’Islam 5, Collection dirigée par Christophe Picard et Pierre Vermeren, Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne, 2014, 512 p., ISBN-10: 2859447784, ISBN-13: 978-2859447786
- Andreas Wilde, What is Beyond the River? Power, Authority and Social Order in Transoxiana, 18th‒19th Centuries, xvi, 1101 S. in drei Bänden, fortlaufend paginiert, Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2016 (Veröffentlichungen zur Iranistik Nr. 80). ISBN 978-3-7001-7866-8.
