Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the impact of nanoparticle inclusion and patch size on the bonding performance of single-strap repaired glass-reinforced composite plates through experimental investigations. Epoxy adhesive was modified with three different nanoparticles: nano-silica (NS), nano-graphene (NG), and nano-clay (NC) at varying weight contents. The patch repair performance of the test samples was evaluated using two patch ratios (Patch diameter (D)/Hole diameter (d) = 2 and 3) to explore the influence of patch size on repair effectiveness. GFRP composite base plates having a 10 mm diameter hole in the middle were patch repaired by using patches with the same material. Tensile tests were conducted to compare the tensile performance of the repaired composite samples, and the results were compared with the samples with and without holes. Based on the findings, it was noted that samples with a larger patch ratio (D/d = 3) can withstand higher tensile loads compared to those with a patch ratio of 2. Moreover, it was found that the specimen repaired with 3 % by weight NC-filled epoxy adhesive showed the greatest increase in tensile load value. This increase was recorded at both patch rates, with a percentage improvement of 2.8 and 19.54 % compared to pure epoxy adhesive. Also, it was observed that when the patch ratio was 3, the 3 % NS-filled adhesive showed an increase of 3.3 %. On the other hand, all combinations of NG-filled adhesive showed a decrease in maximum tensile load values.
-
Research ethics: Not applicable.
-
Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire contentof this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Data availability: The raw data can be obtained.
References
Baker, A.A. (1991). Fatigue crack propagation studies on aluminium panels patched with boron/epoxy composites. In: Int. conf. on airc. dam. ass. and rep. Institution of Engineers, Barton, ACT, Australia, pp. 209–215.Search in Google Scholar
Bandhu, D., Thakur, A., Purohit, R., Verma, R.K., and Abhishek, K. (2018). Characterization & evaluation of Al7075 MMCs reinforced with ceramic particulates and influence of age hardening on their tensile behavior. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 32: 3123–3128, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-018-0615-9.Search in Google Scholar
Banea, M.D. and da Silva, L.F. (2009). Adhesively bonded joints in composite materials: an overview. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part L: J. Mater.: Des. Appl. 223: 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1243/14644207JMDA219.Search in Google Scholar
Boedeker (2021). Typical properties of G-10-FR-4 glass epoxy laminate, Available at: <https://www.boedeker.com/Product/G-10-FR-4-Natural.02.01.2021>.Search in Google Scholar
Bulut, M., Erkliğ, A., and Doğan, N.F. (2017). On adhesive properties of perlite and sewage sludge ash with epoxy resin bonded single-strap repairs. Mater. Res. Express 4: 085302, https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa8231.Search in Google Scholar
Çakır, M.V., Erkliğ, A., and Ahmed, B.F. (2021). Graphene nanoparticle effect on flexural and shear behaviors of adhesively bonded single lap joints of GFRP composites. J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 43: 1–11, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-021-02920-x.Search in Google Scholar
Cakir, M.V. and Kinay, D. (2021). MWCNT, nano-silica, and nano-clay additives effects on adhesion performance of dissimilar materials bonded joints. Polym. Compos. 42: 5880–5892, https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.26268.Search in Google Scholar
Çakır, M.V. and Özbek, Ö. (2023). Mechanical performance and damage analysis of GNP-reinforced adhesively bonded joints under shear and bending loads. J. Adhes. 99: 869–892, https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2022.2060743.Search in Google Scholar
Campilho, R.D., De Moura, M.F.S.F., and Domingues, J.J.M.S. (2005). Modelling single and double-lap repairs on composite materials. Compos. Sci. Technol. 65: 1948–1958, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.04.007.Search in Google Scholar
Campilho, R.D., De Moura, M.F.S.F., and Domingues, J.J.M.S. (2008). Using a cohesive damage model to predict the tensile behaviour of CFRP single-strap repairs. Int. J. Solid Struct. 45: 1497–1512, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2007.10.003.Search in Google Scholar
Campilho, R.D.S.G., De Moura, M.F.S.F., Ramantani, D.A., Morais, J.J.L., and Domingues, J.J.M.S. (2009). Tensile behaviour of three-dimensional carbon-epoxy adhesively bonded single-and double-strap repairs. Int. J. Adhesion Adhes. 29: 678–686, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2009.02.004.Search in Google Scholar
Campilho, R.D.S.G., De Moura, M.F.S.F., Ramantani, D.A., Morais, J.J.L., and Domingues, J.J.M.S. (2010). Buckling strength of adhesively-bonded single and double-strap repairs on carbon-epoxy structures. Compos. Sci. Technol. 70: 371–379, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.11.010.Search in Google Scholar
Cheng, P., Gong, X.J., Hearn, D., and Aivazzadeh, S. (2011). Tensile behaviour of patch-repaired CFRP laminates. Compos. Struct. 93: 582–589, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.08.021.Search in Google Scholar
Cheng, J., Wu, X., Li, G., Pang, S.S., and Taheri, F. (2007). Analysis of an adhesively bonded single-strap joint integrated with shape memory alloy (SMA) reinforced layers. Int. J. Solid Struct. 44: 3557–3574, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.10.007.Search in Google Scholar
Chesmar, E. and Keith, B.A. (2020). Care and repair of advanced composites. SAE International, Canada.10.4271/9780768093179Search in Google Scholar
Darekar, D.H. and Chandore, R.N. (2018). Effect of surface roughness on single lap adhesive joint strength. In: 6th international conference on recent trends in engineering & technology ICRTET. IJREAM, Chandwad, pp. 2454–9150.Search in Google Scholar
De Moura, M.F.S.F. (2015). Application of cohesive zone modeling to composite bonded repairs. J. Adhes. 91: 71–94, https://doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2014.901912.Search in Google Scholar
Dinbandhu, T.A., Venugopal, G.E., Abhishek, K., and Vora, J.J. (2021). An overview of Proteus: the world’s first man-made non-cuttable material. In: Recent advances in smart manufacturing and materials: select proceedings of ICEM 2020. Springer Nature, Singapore, pp. 95–102.10.1007/978-981-16-3033-0_9Search in Google Scholar
Hassanifard, S. and Paygozar, B. (2018). Investigation of an optimum concentration for nano-silica used as an adhesive bonding strength enhancer. J. Fail. Anal. Prev. 18: 315–321, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-018-0413-9.Search in Google Scholar
Ho, M.W., Lam, C.K., Lau, K.T., Ng, D.H., and Hui, D. (2006). Mechanical properties of epoxy-based composites using nanoclays. Compos. Struct. 75: 415–421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.04.051.Search in Google Scholar
Jojibabu, P., Jagannatham, M., Haridoss, P., Ram, G.J., Deshpande, A.P., and Bakshi, S.R. (2016). Effect of different carbon nano-fillers on rheological properties and lap shear strength of epoxy adhesive joints. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 82: 53–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.12.003.Search in Google Scholar
Khalili, S.M.R., Tavakolian, M., and Sarabi, A. (2010). Mechanical properties of nanoclay reinforced epoxy adhesive bonded joints made with composite materials. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 24: 1917–1928, https://doi.org/10.1163/016942410X507650.Search in Google Scholar
Kim, S., Ha, J., Yoon, S., and Kim, M. (2020). A study on mechanical properties after bonded repair of sandwich composite materials. Mod. Phys. Lett. B 34: 2040033, https://doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920400333.Search in Google Scholar
Lee, H.K., Pyo, S.H., and Kim, B.R. (2009). On joint strengths, peel stresses and failure modes in adhesively bonded double-strap and supported single-lap GFRP joints. Compos. Struct. 87: 44–54, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.12.005.Search in Google Scholar
LLorca, J., González, C., Molina-Aldareguía, J.M., Segurado, J., Seltzer, R., Sket, F., Rodríguez, M., Sádaba, S., Muñoz, R., and Canal, L.P. (2011). Multiscale modeling of composite materials: a roadmap towards virtual testing. Adv. Mater. 23: 5130–5147, https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201101683.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Moreira, R.D.F., De Moura, M.F.S.F., Figueiredo, M.A.V., Fernandes, R.L., and Gonçalves, J.P.M. (2015). Characterisation of composite bonded single-strap repairs under fatigue loading. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 103: 22–29, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2015.09.001.Search in Google Scholar
Okafor, A.C., Singh, N., Enemuoh, U.E., and Rao, S.V. (2005). Design, analysis and performance of adhesively bonded composite patch repair of cracked aluminum aircraft panels. Compos. Struct. 71: 258–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.02.023.Search in Google Scholar
Pattanaik, A., Mohanty, M.K., Sathpathy, M.P., and Mishra, S.C. (2015). Effect of mixing time on mechanical properties of epoxy-fly ash composite. J. Mater. Metall. Eng. 5: 2321–4236.Search in Google Scholar
Pawlik, M., Lu, Y., and Le, H. (2020). Effects of surface modification and graphene nanoplatelet reinforcement on adhesive joint of aluminium alloys. Int. J. Adhesion Adhes. 99: 102591, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2020.102591.Search in Google Scholar
Safri, S.N.A., Sultan, M.T.H., Jawaid, M., and Jayakrishna, K. (2018). Impact behaviour of hybrid composites for structural applications: a review. Compos. Part B: Eng. 133: 112–121, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.09.008.Search in Google Scholar
Sahoo, C.K., Bhatia, G.S., and Arockiarajan, A. (2022). Effect of patch-parent stacking sequence and patch stiffness on the tensile behaviour of the patch repaired carbon-glass hybrid composite. Thin-Walled Struct. 179: 109551, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2022.109551.Search in Google Scholar
Shahin, K. and Taheri, F. (2007). Analysis of deformations and stresses in balanced and unbalanced adhesively bonded single-strap joints. Compos. Struct. 81: 511–524, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.09.014.Search in Google Scholar
Soutis, C. and Hu, F.Z. (1997). Design and performance of bonded patch repairs of composite structures. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part G: J. Aerosp. Eng. 211: 263–271, https://doi.org/10.1243/09544109715326.Search in Google Scholar
Spearing, S.M., Lagace, P.A., and McManus, H.L.N. (1998). On the role of lengthscale in the prediction of failure of composite structures: assessment and needs. Appl. Compos. Mater. 5: 139–149, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008876701815.10.1023/A:1008876701815Search in Google Scholar
Sun, C.T., Klug, J., and Arendt, C. (1996). Analysis of cracked aluminum plates repaired with bonded composite patches. AIAA J. 34: 369–374, https://doi.org/10.2514/3.13073.Search in Google Scholar
Thakur, A., Purohit, R., Rana, R.S., and Bandhu, D. (2018). Characterization and evaluation of mechanical behavior of epoxy-CNT-bamboo matrix hybrid composites. Mater. Today: Proc. 5: 3971–3980, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.655.Search in Google Scholar
Tsai, M.Y. and Morton, J. (2010). An investigation into the stresses in double-lap adhesive joints with laminated composite adherends. Int. J. Solid Struct. 47: 3317–3325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.08.011.Search in Google Scholar
Tutunchi, A., Kamali, R., and Kianvash, A. (2015). Adhesive strength of steel–epoxy composite joints bonded with structural acrylic adhesives filled with silica nanoparticles. J. Adhes. Sci. Technol. 29: 195–206, https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.981469.Search in Google Scholar
Zhou, H., Liu, H.Y., Zhou, H., Zhang, Y., Gao, X., and Mai, Y.W. (2016). On adhesive properties of nano-silica/epoxy bonded single-lap joints. Mater. Des. 95: 212–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.055.Search in Google Scholar
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Effects of ZnO nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol 400, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester Tween 80 on PLA films properties
- Study on the thermal stability and smoke suppressant effect of polyurethane foam modified by ammonium lignosulfonate
- Fabrication of soybean oil-based polyol modified polyurethane foam from ammonium polyphosphate and its thermal stability and flame retardant properties
- The effect of fiber content and aspect ratio on anisotropic flow front and fiber orientation for injection-molded fiber composites
- Experimental studies on water absorption and mechanical properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) and Urena lobata (Caesar weed) plant Fiber–Reinforced hybrid epoxy composites: effect of weight fraction of nano-graphene fillers
- A comparative study on adhesive properties of nanoparticle reinforced epoxy bonded single-strap repaired composites
- Analyzing pellet agglomeration in underwater polymer extrusion pelletizers: a numerical simulation study
- Melting mechanisms in corotating twin-screw extrusion: a critical review
- Analysis of mechanical and water absorption properties of hybrid composites reinforced with micron-size bamboo fibers and ceramic particles
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Effects of ZnO nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol 400, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester Tween 80 on PLA films properties
- Study on the thermal stability and smoke suppressant effect of polyurethane foam modified by ammonium lignosulfonate
- Fabrication of soybean oil-based polyol modified polyurethane foam from ammonium polyphosphate and its thermal stability and flame retardant properties
- The effect of fiber content and aspect ratio on anisotropic flow front and fiber orientation for injection-molded fiber composites
- Experimental studies on water absorption and mechanical properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle) and Urena lobata (Caesar weed) plant Fiber–Reinforced hybrid epoxy composites: effect of weight fraction of nano-graphene fillers
- A comparative study on adhesive properties of nanoparticle reinforced epoxy bonded single-strap repaired composites
- Analyzing pellet agglomeration in underwater polymer extrusion pelletizers: a numerical simulation study
- Melting mechanisms in corotating twin-screw extrusion: a critical review
- Analysis of mechanical and water absorption properties of hybrid composites reinforced with micron-size bamboo fibers and ceramic particles