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Charcoal ash derived from mature-wood twigs of neem (Azadirachta indica): an economical, accessible material with multifaceted application potential

  • Manoj Aravind Sankar ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Prasanna Ram ORCID logo and Renganathan Nedumaram Gopalan
Published/Copyright: April 2, 2025
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International Journal of Materials Research
From the journal International Journal of Materials Research Volume 116 Issue 4

Abstract

In this study, discarded neem (Azadirachta indica) mature-wood twigs are charred at 473 K to yield charcoal ash. Material characterizations reveal that the charcoal ash is composed of various minerals and organic functionalities and has a flaky, macroporous surface consisting of protrusions. Elementary property analyses are performed, and neem mature-wood twig charcoal ash is compared characteristically with similar wood-derived, organic, and bottom ashes. The inherently gray color of charcoal ash (∼50 % absorbance and ∼50 % reflectance) changes to reddish gray when the ash solution is ultrasonicated and to golden yellow upon subsequent filtration; the emission peaks are spectrally identified as 706.32 and 577.26 nm, respectively. Thermal testing is conducted, and the following parameters are determined: thermal emissivity = 0.830–0.924; phase-transition temperature = 652.75 K; decomposition temperature = 886.85 K; enthalpy of fusion = 2,760.77 J g−1; enthalpy of crystallization = −3,708.41 J g−1. The electrically conductive nature of charcoal ash is demonstrated in its solution and powdered forms, with the conductivity ranging 7–10 mS m−1 and the electrical continuity being sustained over a distance of at least 4√2 cm. Hence, this study aims to provide guidance for customizing abundantly available plant waste into valuable materials for varied target applications.

Keywords: neem twigs; charcoal ash; mature wood; characterization; properties
Corresponding author: Manoj Aravind Sankar, Centre for Antenna and Electronic Materials, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062, India; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; and Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600062, India, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. Gowthaman Swaminathan (Former Director R&D), Late Dr. Rameshkumar Chidambaram (Former Director R&D), Dr. Radhakrishnan Narayanasamy (Former Laboratory In-charge, Vel Tech Technology Business Incubator Biowaste Management Laboratory), Dr. P. Chandrakumar (Dean R&D), and Dr. R. Ravikumar (Associate Dean R&D), Vel Tech Research Park, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, for providing us access to basic laboratory equipment and instrumentation. This work was performed in part (SEM, EDS, XRD, and TGA–DTG) at CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute – ICP Section, Karaikudi, for which the support of Dr. P. Periasamy (Chief Scientist) and Mr. N. Karunanithi (Sr. Technical officer) is acknowledged. We are thankful to Dr. B. Vijayakumar (Associate Professor, Department of Chemistry), Vel Tech High Tech Dr. Rangarajan Dr. Sakunthala Engineering College, for helping us with FTIR spectral data acquisition. We thank Dr. D. Neelamegan (Head, Centre for Biomedical Spectroscopy, Vel Tech Research Park) for granting us instrumental access to the UV–Vis and NIR spectrometers.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. All the authors have contributed equally to this work. M.A.S.: Conceptualization; Formal Analysis; Investigation; Visualization; Writing – original draft. P.R.: Supervision; Validation; Writing – review & editing. R.N.G.: Resources; Writing – review & editing.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, M.A.S., upon reasonable request.

  8. Patents: The findings of this study have been filed as a patent (application #202441030048) in the Indian Patent Office on April 13th, 2024.

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Received: 2024-05-24
Accepted: 2024-11-21
Published Online: 2025-04-02
Published in Print: 2025-04-28

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues for sustainable innovation: a review
  4. Original Papers
  5. Performance assessment of disc brake systems fabricated from eco-friendly materials
  6. Study on tribological behavior of Phyllostachys bambusoides bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites from Arunachal Pradesh, India
  7. Charcoal ash derived from mature-wood twigs of neem (Azadirachta indica): an economical, accessible material with multifaceted application potential
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  13. DGM – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2024-0171
Keywords for this article
neem twigs; charcoal ash; mature wood; characterization; properties

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues for sustainable innovation: a review
  4. Original Papers
  5. Performance assessment of disc brake systems fabricated from eco-friendly materials
  6. Study on tribological behavior of Phyllostachys bambusoides bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites from Arunachal Pradesh, India
  7. Charcoal ash derived from mature-wood twigs of neem (Azadirachta indica): an economical, accessible material with multifaceted application potential
  8. Degradation of organic pollutant through ternary metal oxides nanocomposite (MgO–CaO–CoO) photocatalyst synthesized using Daucus carota pomace extract
  9. Eco-friendly synthesis of Cr2O3 nanoparticles with antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activities
  10. Increased magnetic coercivity and enhanced microwave absorption in Cr2+–Al3+ doped BaSr ferrites and the composites with multiwall carbon nanotube
  11. Experimental determination of phase equilibria in the Ce–Co–Ti ternary system
  12. News
  13. DGM – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde
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