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Degradation of organic pollutant through ternary metal oxides nanocomposite (MgO–CaO–CoO) photocatalyst synthesized using Daucus carota pomace extract

  • Noor Fatima Tariq Siddiqui , Fazila Mushtaq EMAIL logo , Jamaluddin Mahar EMAIL logo , Muhammad Tariq ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Sajjad Haider , Kamran Alam and Anila Iqbal
Published/Copyright: March 26, 2025
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International Journal of Materials Research
From the journal International Journal of Materials Research Volume 116 Issue 4

Abstract

In this work, ternary nanocomposite MgO–CaO–CoO has been synthesized via a green approach using Daucus carota pomace extract as reducing and capping agent. The structure, morphology, average particle size and elemental composition of the synthesized nanocomposite were determined using different techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer spectrum showed stretching vibrations of metal oxide bonds such as Co–O, Mg–O and Ca–O at 666 cm−1, 694 cm−1 and 721 cm−1 which confirmed the synthesis of CaO–MgO–CoO nanocomposite. X-ray diffraction study validated the crystalline structure of the ternary nanocomposite, revealing an average crystallite size of 20.33 nm. The scanning electron microscopy study revealed irregular agglomerated stone-like morphology that confirmed the formation of ternary nanocomposite. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to analyze the elemental composition. The presence of elements such as calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), cobalt (Co), and oxygen confirmed the presence of Ca–O, Mg–O, Co–O in the synthesized nanocatalyst. The photo-catalytic activity of ternary nanocomposite (CaO–MgO–CoO) was assessed for degradation of organic pollutant, specifically RhB, under sunlight exposure. Effects of various parameters such as photocatalyst dose (5–20 mg L−1), solution pH (3–11) and irradiation time (30–180 min) on the extent of removal of dye showed a high degradation efficiency of 97 %. It has been deduced through a scavenger experiment, utilizing DMSO and ASC as scavenger for hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and oxide (O2 −) radicals respectively, that hydroxide and oxide radicals are the main reactive species in the photodegradation process.

Keywords: ternary nanocomposite; photocatalytic degradation; Daucus carota pomace extract; biosynthesis; rhodamine B dye
Corresponding authors: Fazila Mushtaq and Muhammad Tariq, Division of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, E-mail: (F. Mushtaq), (M. Tariq); and Jamaluddin Mahar, Department of Chemistry, Times Institute, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan for financial support during the research work. The authors sincerely appreciate funding from Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2025R399), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission. Noor Fatima Tariq Siddiqui: Methodology, Investigation, and Writing – original draft, Fazila Mushtaq: Conceptualization, Reviewing & Editing. Jamaluddin Mahar: Resources, Supervision, Muhammad Tariq: Data Curation, writing-Reviewing & Editing, Sajjad Haider: Conceptualization, Investigation, Kamran Alam: Review & Editing Anila Iqbal: Formal analysis.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: The authors sincerely appreciate funding from Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2025R399), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable. All the data relevant to this study has been included in manuscript.

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Received: 2024-04-22
Accepted: 2024-11-28
Published Online: 2025-03-26
Published in Print: 2025-04-28

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues for sustainable innovation: a review
  4. Original Papers
  5. Performance assessment of disc brake systems fabricated from eco-friendly materials
  6. Study on tribological behavior of Phyllostachys bambusoides bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites from Arunachal Pradesh, India
  7. Charcoal ash derived from mature-wood twigs of neem (Azadirachta indica): an economical, accessible material with multifaceted application potential
  8. Degradation of organic pollutant through ternary metal oxides nanocomposite (MgO–CaO–CoO) photocatalyst synthesized using Daucus carota pomace extract
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https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2024-0138
Keywords for this article
ternary nanocomposite; photocatalytic degradation; Daucus carota pomace extract; biosynthesis; rhodamine B dye

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Enhancing polymer composites with date palm residues for sustainable innovation: a review
  4. Original Papers
  5. Performance assessment of disc brake systems fabricated from eco-friendly materials
  6. Study on tribological behavior of Phyllostachys bambusoides bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites from Arunachal Pradesh, India
  7. Charcoal ash derived from mature-wood twigs of neem (Azadirachta indica): an economical, accessible material with multifaceted application potential
  8. Degradation of organic pollutant through ternary metal oxides nanocomposite (MgO–CaO–CoO) photocatalyst synthesized using Daucus carota pomace extract
  9. Eco-friendly synthesis of Cr2O3 nanoparticles with antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activities
  10. Increased magnetic coercivity and enhanced microwave absorption in Cr2+–Al3+ doped BaSr ferrites and the composites with multiwall carbon nanotube
  11. Experimental determination of phase equilibria in the Ce–Co–Ti ternary system
  12. News
  13. DGM – Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde
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