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Enthalpies of mixing in ternary Ag–Eu–Sn liquid alloys

  • Michael Ivanov , Natalia Usenko ORCID logo EMAIL logo and Natalia Kotova
Published/Copyright: December 19, 2023
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International Journal of Materials Research
From the journal International Journal of Materials Research Volume 115 Issue 3

Abstract

The enthalpies of mixing in liquid alloys of the ternary Ag–Eu–Sn system were determined over a wide range of concentrations by means of isoperibolic calorimetry in the temperature range from 1313 to 1373 K. The partial enthalpies of each component of the ternary system were measured along the following sections: Δ H ̄ Ag along the section with xEu/xSn = 0.28/0.72 up to silver content of about xAg = 0.2 at 1373 K; Δ H ̄ Sn along three sections (xAg/xEu = 0.31/0.69, 0.50/0.50 and 0.70/0.30) up to xSn = 0.35 at 1373 K; Δ H ̄ Eu along the section xAg/xSn = 0.50/0.50 up to xEu = 0.25 at 1313 K. The enthalpies of mixing in the liquid Ag–Eu–Sn alloys show exothermic effects, being more pronounced in the vicinity of the Eu–Sn binary constituent. The minimum value of the integral enthalpy of about −60 kJ mol−1 is observed in the composition region of the congruently melting Eu2Sn phase.

Keywords: Silver; Europium; Tin; Calorimetry; Enthalpy of mixing
Corresponding author: Natalia Usenko, Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University, 64, Volodymirska St., 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: The local Institutional Review Board deemed the study exempt from review.

  2. Author contributions: M. Ivanov: general supervision, performing the experiments, providing resources, writing – original draft. N. Usenko: analyses of data, methodology, writing – review and editing. N. Kotova: analyses of data, performing computation, writing – review and editing.

  3. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

  4. Research funding: The authors are grateful to the support by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

  5. Data availability: The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper.

Appendix A
Table A1:

Experimental data points of the partial enthalpies of mixing of silver Δ H ̄ Ag (1373 K) and europium Δ H ̄ Eu (1313 K) in the Ag−Eu−Sn system (kJ mol−1).

Δ H ̄ Ag for section with Δ H ̄ Eu for sections with
xSn/xEu = 0.72/0.28 xAg/xSn = 0.50/0.50
x Ag,mean a Δ H ̄ Ag x Eu,mean Δ H ̄ Eu
0.011 12.5 0.014 −98.1
0.018 14.3 0.024 −94.5
0.023 10.2 0.036 −100.8
0.031 6.4 0.047 −96.3
0.040 12.1 0.058 −93.0
0.048 10.2 0.070 −97.1
0.056 13.8 0.082 −90.2
0.062 8.6 0.093 −85.9
0.071 7.3 0.102 −92.8
0.08 10.6 0.111 −90.8
0.088 5.4 0.120 −78.4
0.096 8.4 0.128 −89.6
0.104 7.6 – –
0.112 8.9 0.142 −71.4
0.118 3.6 0.151 −69.9
0.123 6.5 0.160 −77.6
0.128 7.8 0.170 −72.5
0.134 9.1 0.178 −73.6
0.138 2.9 0.184 −60.8
0.143 1.8 0.192 −68.1
0.15 5.4 0.198 −59.7
0.156 2.2 0.205 −68.1
0.161 4.4 0.211 −61.8
– – 0.217 −69.4
– – 0.222 −60.1
– – 0.229 −65.3

  1. axi,mean – is the mean value of the molar fractions before and after the respective drop.

Table A2:

Experimental data points of the partial enthalpy of mixing of tin Δ H ̄ Sn in the Ag–Sn−Eu ternary system at 1373 K (kJ mol−1).

Δ H ̄ Sn for sections with xAg/xEu
0.31/0.69 0.50/0.50 0.70/0.30
x Sn,mean Δ H ̄ Sn x Sn,mean Δ H ̄ Sn x Sn,mean Δ H ̄ Sn
0.018 −126.1 0.021 −98.6 0.016 −36.1
0.027 −132.9 0.032 −90.9 0.023 −30.3
0.035 −127.2 0.044 −85.8 0.032 −32.1
0.043 −130.6 0.053 −94.1 0.041 −38.6
0.052 −122.1 0.064 −90.0 0.049 −30.9
0.060 −130.0 0.075 −79.9 0.058 −36.1
0.069 −130.8 0.086 −73.5 0.070 −29.6
0.076 −119.6 0.095 −81.3 0.079 −25.0
0.086 −118.3 0.104 −79.1 0.088 −20.4
0.094 −122.5 0.113 −67.6 0.097 −27.4
0.103 −116.1 0.120 −71.3 0.106 −20.6
0.113 −108.4 0.126 −72.2 – –
0.122 −121.5 0.131 −75.6 0.147 −13.5
0.131 −115.4 – – 0.160 −9.8
0.139 −104.7 0.230 −43.3 0.170 −7.0
0.148 −116.9 0.240 −40.0 0.179 −10.3
0.157 −115.5 0.249 −50.6 0.190 −7.6
0.163 −104.6 0.257 −48.9 0.200 −1.8
– – 0.265 −40.1 0.212 2.7
0.210 −93.4 0.273 −26.6 0.220 −4.6
0.220 −90.6 0.281 −30.0 0.227 −2.1
0.231 −87.8 0.290 −22.9 0.235 1.7
0.240 −92.1 0.298 −33.7 0.244 1.3
0.251 −80.0 0.306 −34.4 0.252 2.7
0.260 −81.4 0.312 −20.1 0.260 1.2
0.269 −69.1 0.320 −16.2 0.265 2.4
0.278 −73.4 0.326 −19.4 0.270 3.2
0.287 −69.9 0.333 −17.4 – –
0.294 −60.1 0.340 −22.8 – –
0.303 −68.4 – – – –
0.313 −61.3 – – – –
0.324 −60.2 – – – –
0.334 −53.2 – – – –
0.342 −52.6 – – – –
0.346 54.8 – – – –

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Received: 2023-02-17
Accepted: 2023-05-23
Published Online: 2023-12-19
Published in Print: 2024-03-25

© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2023-0063
Keywords for this article
Silver; Europium; Tin; Calorimetry; Enthalpy of mixing

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. In Memoriam Prof. Günter Petzow
  4. Review
  5. Potential of multifunctional electrospun nanofibers in cancer management
  6. Original Papers
  7. Eco-friendly palm oil directed synthesis of mesoporous titania for photocatalytic application
  8. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite matrix Ag and CNT particle reinforced hybrid biocomposites with improved mechanical and antibacterial properties
  9. Strontium and copper co-doped nanohydroxyapatite for bone augmentation
  10. Influence of graphene concentration on the properties of the composite prepared with poly(2-ethyl aniline) by mechanochemical method
  11. Structure, dielectric and magnetic properties of hydrothermally synthesized Sn1−x Fe x O2 nanoparticles
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