Study of Spray-dried Yoghurt Production in a Pilot-scale Equipment Using Drying Agents to Reduce Wall Deposition
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Edison Paulo De Ros Triboli
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine suitable conditions for yoghurt spray drying in a pilot-scale equipment with a rotary atomizer using drying auxiliary agents to reduce wall deposition in the drying chamber. First, the effects of the main process variables (disk rotation speed: 25,000–30,000 rpm; inlet air temperature: 160–180 °C; feed flow rate: 5.2–8.7 kg/h) were studied with a 23 central composite experimental design. Following, six different drying agents (maltodextrins 5 dextrose equivalent [DE] and 10 DE, EmCap®, acacia gum, skimmed milk and fumed silica) were tested to identify the most promising additive to improve process yield. Excellent results on wall deposition, product recovery, product color and particle size distribution span were achieved with fumed silica Aerosil® at 3 %, 26,000-rpm atomizer speed, 160 °C inlet air temperature and 8.7 kg/h yoghurt feed flow rate. The action of the fumed silica on particle agglomerates produced a free-flowing powder with good homogeneity.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the support from Mauá Institute of Technology.
Nomenclature
- a*
Red–green axis value in CIE L*a*b* color space (–)
- b*
Yellow–blue axis value in CIE L*a*b* color space (–)
- CtPt
Binary variable that is true for the central point of the design (0 or 1)
- Dv,0.1
Particle diameters corresponding to 10 % of particle volume distribution (μm)
- Dv,0.5
Particle diameters corresponding to 50 % of particle volume distribution (μm)
- Dv,0.9
Particle diameters corresponding to 90 % of particle volume distribution (μm)
- Di
Particle diameter (μm)
- D3,2
Sauter mean diameter (μm)
Predicted D3,2 (μm)
- dmin
Amount of dry matter fed to the process (kg)
- dmprod
Amount of dry matter obtained as product from cyclone and chamber (kg)
- dmwall
Amount of dry matter collected from chamber wall brushing (kg)
- dmloss
Amount of dry matter lost in the process (kg)
- DMprod
Fraction of the dry matter obtained as product from cyclone and chamber (%)
Predicted DMprod (%)
- DMwall
Fraction of the dry matter collected from chamber wall brushing (%)
Predicted DMwall (%)
- DMloss
Fraction of the dry matter lost in the process (%)
- F
Yoghurt feed flow rate (kg/h)
- fi
Frequency of particle diameter in the distribution (–)
- L*
Light–dark axis value in CIE L*a*b* color space (–)
- MC
Moisture content (%)
- R
Disk rotation speed (rpm)
- S
Particle size distribution span (–)
Predicted S (–)
- Tin
Inlet air temperature (°C)
- Tout
Outlet air temperature (°C)
Predicted Tout (°C)
- Tg
Glass transition temperature (°C)
- XR
Coded variable for disk rotation speed (–)
- XT
Coded variable for inlet air temperature (–)
- XF
Coded variable for yoghurt feed flow rate (–)
- Greek letters
- Δa*
Red–green axis difference in CIE L*a*b* color space (–)
- Δb*
Yellow–blue axis difference in CIE L*a*b* color space (–)
- ΔE*
Total color difference in CIE L*a*b* color space (–)
Predicted ΔE* (–)
- ΔL*
Light–dark axis difference in CIE L*a*b* color space (–)
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Torque Measurement in Real Time during Mixing and Kneading of Bread Dough with High Content of Resistant Maize Starch and Enzymes
- A Novel Color Parametric Technique for Kinetic Evaluation of Thermal Degradation and Stability of Fresh-Cut Yacon Slices
- Modelling and Multi-objective Optimisation of the VHP Pouch Packaging Sterilisation Process
- Ultrasound-Assisted Rehydration of Dried Sea Cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) – Kinetics
- Change of Multiple-Layered Phospholipid Vesicles Produced by Electrostatic Deposition of Polymers during Storage
- Mechanical and Water Barrier Properties of Zein–Corn Starch Composite Films as Affected by Gallic Acid Treatment
- Hot-air Drying Kinetics of Yam Slices under Step Change in Relative Humidity
- Study of Spray-dried Yoghurt Production in a Pilot-scale Equipment Using Drying Agents to Reduce Wall Deposition
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Torque Measurement in Real Time during Mixing and Kneading of Bread Dough with High Content of Resistant Maize Starch and Enzymes
- A Novel Color Parametric Technique for Kinetic Evaluation of Thermal Degradation and Stability of Fresh-Cut Yacon Slices
- Modelling and Multi-objective Optimisation of the VHP Pouch Packaging Sterilisation Process
- Ultrasound-Assisted Rehydration of Dried Sea Cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) – Kinetics
- Change of Multiple-Layered Phospholipid Vesicles Produced by Electrostatic Deposition of Polymers during Storage
- Mechanical and Water Barrier Properties of Zein–Corn Starch Composite Films as Affected by Gallic Acid Treatment
- Hot-air Drying Kinetics of Yam Slices under Step Change in Relative Humidity
- Study of Spray-dried Yoghurt Production in a Pilot-scale Equipment Using Drying Agents to Reduce Wall Deposition
