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Active cooling of a photovoltaic module in hot-ambient temperatures: theory versus experiment

  • Ayman Abdel-Raheim Amr ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Ali A. M. Hassan , Mazen Abdel-Salam and Abou Hashema M. El-Sayed
Published/Copyright: April 17, 2024
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International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems
From the journal International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems Volume 26 Issue 2

Abstract

The performance improvement of a PV-module is investigated theoretically and experimentally in a long-term research-plan via module cooling by different approaches including passive, active, and evaporative cooling as well as water cooling for the same module. In the present paper, the investigation is conducted to decide on the suitability of active-cooling of the module in hot-ambient temperatures. A module without cooling is used as a base case for comparison against cooled modules with and without fins attached to the module’s rear-surface and extended down in an air-cooling duct underneath the module. At first, a theoretical study of heat transfer through the module is conducted to investigate how the calculated cell temperature and module output power are influenced by the air velocity from a blower, ambient temperature and solar irradiation. The results showed a decrease of cell temperature by about 7–10 °C with a subsequent increase of electrical efficiency. The cell temperature decreases significantly with the increase of duct height and with the increase of the number and length of fins, the same as in passive cooling. The cell temperature decreases by more than 3 °C at duct height of 0.2 m. The calculated values of cell temperature, open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of the module with and without active cooling agreed reasonably with the present measured values over the day hours of two successive days in summer season. At air velocity of 1.5 m/s, the increase of electrical efficiency by active cooling was found 0.67–0.80 %. Further increase of air-flow velocity or duct-height in active cooling seeking higher efficiency is not recommended due to increase of consumed electric power by air-blower and limited decrease of cell temperature. This concludes that air cooling is not effective in regions of hot ambient temperatures. For a non-cooled module, the cell temperature is related to the ambient temperature in terms of the solar radiation and NOCT, the datasheet value of normal-operating-cell-temperature. The relationship is modified in the present paper to account for air-flow through the duct seeking its extension for application to air-cooled modules.

Keywords: photovoltaic; active cooling; hot-ambient temperature; module efficiency; cell temperature; NOCT
Corresponding author: Ayman Abdel-Raheim Amr, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, Egypt, E-mail:
Mazen Abdel-Salam, IEEE Fellow, IET Fellow, IOP Fellow.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to acknowledge Minia University for PV modules on the roof of the EE department.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Competing interests: The authors whose names are listed immediately below certify that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

  4. Research funding: None declared.

  5. Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.

List of abbreviations

A

Area of absorber/back plate, m2

A csf

Cross section of fin, m2

A m

Module area, m2

C p

Specific heat of air, J/kg °C

FF

Module fill factor

G

Solar irradiance on module, W/m2

G hr

Value of G at the hour of the day, W/m2

G r

Grashoff number

F1, F2 and F3

correction factors

F R

Heat removal factor for PV/T solar collectors

g

Gravity acceleration, m/s2

H

Height of fins normal to air-flow direction, m

h cbf

Convective heat transfer coefficient from back plate to cooling fluid, W/m2 °C

h cpf

Convective heat transfer coefficient from absorber plate to cooling fluid (air), W/m2 °C

h f

Fins’ heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 °C

h rca

Radiative heat transfer coefficient from cells to ambient, W/m2 °C

h rpa

Radiative heat transfer coefficient from absorber plate to ambient, W/m2 °C

h rpb

Radiative heat transfer coefficient from absorber plate to back plate, W/m2 °C

h cbf

Convective heat transfer coefficient from back plate to the cooling fluid, W/m2 °C

h cpf

Convective heat transfer coefficient from absorber plate to the cooling fluid (air), W/m2 °C

h s–p

Conductive heat transfer coefficient from cells to absorber plate, W/m2 °C

h w

Forced-air heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 °C

I max

Module output current at maximum power point, A

I sc

Module short – circuit current, A

k a

Thermal conductivity of air, W/m2 °C

k f

Thermal conductivity of fins, W/m2 °C

L

Length of fins along air-flow direction, m

L d

Duct depth, m

L module

Module length along air-flow direction, m

m .

Mass flow rate of cooling fluid per unit area, kg/h m2

n

Number of fins

NOCT

Normal operating cell temperature

N

Composite model combination parameter

Nu

Nusselt number for flat plate

Nu s

Nusselt number for inclined plate

P

Fin’s perimeter, m

P max

Module output power at maximum power point, W

P out

Module output power, W

P r

Prandtl number

Q

Rate of heat radiation between a horizontal plate and the sky, W

Q f

Rate of heat transfer by convection from fins to surrounding medium, W

q f

Rate of heat transfer by convectionfrom one fin to surrounding medium, W

Q u

Rate of useful heat transferred to the air in the duct, W

Ra L

Rayleigh number

Re L

Reynolds number over flat plate

Re b

Reynolds number for duct-flow

S

Spacing between fins, m

U b

Overall loss coefficient from back plate to ambient, W/m2 °C

T

Temperature of flat plate, °C

T A

Ambient temperature, °C

T b

Back plate temperature, °C

T c

Cell temperature, °C

T f

Working inlet air temperature, °C

T p

Absorber plate temperature, °C

T in

Inlet air temperature, °C

T out

Outlet air temperature, °C

T ref

Reference temperature, °C

T sky

T A  − 6, °C

T y

Fins’ temperature along the y-direction, °C

t

Thickness of fins, m

W

Module width in the direction to air flow, m

V max

Module output voltage at maximum power point, V

V oc

Module open-circuit voltage, V

v a

Air velocity, m/s

Greek letters:

α

Absorptivity is to express the energy absorbed by the module as a percentage of the incident irradiation

α th

Thermal diffusivity, m2/s

β

Inclination angle of the module

β ref

Temperature coefficient, 1/°C

γ c

Fraction of the area of the absorber plate occupied by the solar cells

γ f

Fraction of the absorber-plate occupied area by fins

𝜃

Fin’s temperature rise above ambient value, °C

ε

Surface emissivity

η a

Electrical efficiency evaluated at ambient temperature

η e

Energy efficiency

η ex

Exergy efficiency

η pv

Electrical efficiency for PV module

η PV/T

Photovoltaic – thermal efficiency

η ref

Reference efficiency

η th

Thermal efficiency

σ

Stefan Boltzmann constant, W/m2K4

ν

Kinematic viscosity, m2/s

τ

Glass transmittance of module cover

∆T c

Change in cell temperature, C°

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Received: 2023-10-31
Accepted: 2024-03-23
Published Online: 2024-04-17

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Coupling energy management of power systems with energy hubs through TSO-DSO coordination: a review
  4. Research Articles
  5. Quantitative impact assessment of transmission congestion and demand side management on electricity producers’ market power
  6. A hybrid step-up converter for PV integration with wide input variation acceptability: comprehensive performance and reliability assessment
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  11. Active cooling of a photovoltaic module in hot-ambient temperatures: theory versus experiment
  12. Multi-stage voltage sag frequency evaluation based on process immunity in the distribution network
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https://doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2023-0398
Keywords for this article
photovoltaic; active cooling; hot-ambient temperature; module efficiency; cell temperature; NOCT

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Review
  3. Coupling energy management of power systems with energy hubs through TSO-DSO coordination: a review
  4. Research Articles
  5. Quantitative impact assessment of transmission congestion and demand side management on electricity producers’ market power
  6. A hybrid step-up converter for PV integration with wide input variation acceptability: comprehensive performance and reliability assessment
  7. Distributed self-healing control of single-phase grounding fault in neutral point non-effective grounding system
  8. Transmission line tower inclination measurement method based on three-dimensional laser scanning and inter frame difference
  9. Assessing the cost-effectiveness of electric trucks in Indian food supply chains
  10. A differential amplitude variation based pilot relaying scheme for microgrid integrated distribution system
  11. Active cooling of a photovoltaic module in hot-ambient temperatures: theory versus experiment
  12. Multi-stage voltage sag frequency evaluation based on process immunity in the distribution network
  13. A new triple voltage gain seven level switched capacitor-based inverter with minimum voltage stress
  14. The planning method of new energy distribution network in plateau area based on local accommodation
  15. An experiment-based comparison of different cooling methods for photovoltaic modules
  16. Simulation and experimental analysis of dynamic thermal rise relaxation characteristics for dry-type distribution transformer
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