Abstract
In electric power systems, not all fault conditions remain unchanged during faults. An evolving fault has one characteristic initially and changes to a different condition subsequently. Locating evolving faults is challenging due to the change in fault type shortly after the fault initiation. This paper presents a new approach for estimating the locations of evolving faults on transmission lines. By using sparse wide area voltage measurements, this method is able to accurately locate evolving faults without requiring measurements from either end of the faulted line. There is no need to detect whether a fault is an evolving fault or not. Fault type information is not a necessity either, and the change of fault phases does not affect the estimation accuracy. In addition, the algorithm is applicable to both single-circuit and double-circuit lines, and the transmission lines can be either transposed or untransposed. Distributed parameter line model is adopted to fully consider the shunt capacitances of the transmission lines. Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) is employed to simulate transmission system, and quite accurate results have been achieved.
Appendix
This section provides the model data of the studied 27-bus system. The per-unit system is based on a based voltage of 345kV and base volt-ampere of 100MVA. The transmission line data, generator data, and load data are listed in Table 6-Table 9.
Transmission line data excluding the double-circuit line.
FromBus | To Bus | Length (mile) | R1(p.u.) | X1(p.u.) | B1(p.u.) | R0(p.u.) | X0(p.u.) | B0(p.u.) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 9.8 | 0.00054 | 0.00498 | 0.08169 | 0.00162 | 0.01494 | 0.04084 |
2 | 3 | 38.3 | 0.00214 | 0.01929 | 0.32695 | 0.00642 | 0.05787 | 0.16348 |
2 | 4 | 122.6 | 0.00667 | 0.06199 | 1.03274 | 0.04906 | 0.1542 | 0.613 |
3 | 4 | 122.9 | 0.0068 | 0.06255 | 1.03066 | 0.04913 | 0.155 | 0.6145 |
4 | 5 | 88 | 0.00484 | 0.04472 | 0.73934 | 0.03108 | 0.1028 | 0.44 |
4 | 6 | 114.3 | 0.00633 | 0.05754 | 0.97111 | 0.0557 | 0.1832 | 0.5715 |
4 | 10 | 141.2 | 0.0077 | 0.0717 | 1.1612 | 0.0572 | 0.1779 | 0.79229 |
6 | 7 | 37.4 | 0.00166 | 0.01852 | 0.32361 | 0.00498 | 0.05556 | 0.16181 |
6 | 9 | 20.8 | 0.00075 | 0.01014 | 0.18298 | 0.0095 | 0.0352 | 0.104 |
7 | 8 | 19.5 | 0.0009 | 0.00959 | 0.17028 | 0.0073 | 0.0243 | 0.0975 |
8 | 9 | 10.8 | 0.00048 | 0.00536 | 0.09336 | 0.0042 | 0.0196 | 0.054 |
8 | 13 | 27.9 | 0.00151 | 0.01378 | 0.24124 | 0.0079 | 0.0527 | 0.1395 |
9 | 13 | 16 | 0.00087 | 0.00793 | 0.13882 | 0.0046 | 0.0303 | 0.08 |
10 | 11 | 12.9 | 0.0008 | 0.0077 | 0.1237 | 0.00542 | 0.01682 | 0.0645 |
10 | 19 | 93.9 | 0.00513 | 0.04479 | 0.83974 | 0.0348 | 0.1706 | 0.4695 |
10 | 22 | 68.3 | 0.0035 | 0.03436 | 0.58279 | 0.02428 | 0.09307 | 0.36804 |
12 | 13 | 76 | 0.0042 | 0.0371 | 0.65336 | 0.0126 | 0.1113 | 0.32668 |
13 | 14 | 18 | 0.001 | 0.0089 | 0.1523 | 0.003 | 0.0267 | 0.07615 |
13 | 15 | 18 | 0.001 | 0.0089 | 0.1523 | 0.003 | 0.0267 | 0.07615 |
15 | 16 | 63.9 | 0.0034 | 0.0317 | 0.5398 | 0.0102 | 0.0951 | 0.2699 |
15 | 17 | 23.1 | 0.0012 | 0.0111 | 0.1999 | 0.0036 | 0.0333 | 0.09995 |
17 | 18 | 12.4 | 0.00066 | 0.00596 | 0.10713 | 0.00198 | 0.01788 | 0.05356 |
17 | 19 | 50.2 | 0.00294 | 0.02484 | 0.43528 | 0.01914 | 0.08901 | 0.251 |
19 | 20 | 11 | 0.00064 | 0.00543 | 0.09518 | 0.0042 | 0.0195 | 0.055 |
20 | 21 | 27.1 | 0.0015 | 0.0134 | 0.2293 | 0.0045 | 0.0402 | 0.11465 |
22 | 23 | 20.1 | 0.00042 | 0.00969 | 0.1822 | 0.0066 | 0.02668 | 0.12114 |
22 | 26 | 17.1 | 0.00083 | 0.00825 | 0.15134 | 0.00527 | 0.02517 | 0.08945 |
23 | 24 | 12.2 | 0.00026 | 0.00584 | 0.11141 | 0.00384 | 0.01727 | 0.07131 |
24 | 25 | 9.1 | 0.00044 | 0.00455 | 0.07723 | 0.0029 | 0.01311 | 0.04554 |
25 | 26 | 18 | 0.00037 | 0.00864 | 0.16156 | 0.005 | 0.02638 | 0.09106 |
26 | 27 | 79.1 | 0.00374 | 0.03812 | 0.69902 | 0.02414 | 0.11857 | 0.41408 |
In Table 6, the first two columns are the two bus numbers for each branch. The per-unit positive-sequence resistance, positive-sequence reactance, positive-sequence susceptance, zero-sequence resistance, zero-sequence reactance, and zero-sequence susceptance for each branch excluding the untransposed double-circuit line are listed.
Since the transmission line between bus 9 and bus 10 is untransposed double-circuit lines, there are six modes involved to represent this line, and the modal values used to simulate such line is listed in Table 7.
Transmission line data for the line between bus 9 and bus 10.
Modes | Modal values of the untransposed double-circuit line |
---|---|
1 | 0.000472451729722 + 0.003011594685278j |
2 | 0.000074001058003 + 0.000783717824966j |
3 | 0.000057640900543 + 0.000519020785647j |
4 | 0.000045966799966 + 0.000506206323198j |
5 | 0.000040415648413 + 0.000476514356441j |
6 | 0.000037474354557 + 0.000480355357462j |
In Table 8, the first column represents the bus number that the generator is connected to. Columns 2–5 show the zero-sequence source resistance, zero-sequence source reactance, positive-sequence source resistance, and positive-sequence source reactance.
Generator data of the power system.
Bus No. | R0(p.u.) | X0(p.u.) | R1(p.u.) | X1(p.u.) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.00332,695 | 0.01794547 | 0.00306751 | 0.0158382 |
5 | 0.00188591 | 0.05335358 | 0.00236455 | 0.0486705 |
7 | 0.00592615 | 0.02806461 | 0.01679126 | 0.0407814 |
12 | 0.00604318 | 0.06398748 | 0.00671002 | 0.0525554 |
16 | 0.00424012 | 0.02669784 | 0.00925217 | 0.030113 |
22 | 0.00359328 | 0.02391867 | 0.0005041 | 0.0349924 |
27 | 0.00635514 | 0.03437664 | 0.00376854 | 0.0195658 |
Load data of the power system.
Bus No. | Load Impedance (p.u.) |
---|---|
1 | 1.225 + 0.2487j |
2 | 3.1 + 1.2252j |
3 | 1.65 + 0.235j |
5 | 2.425 + 0.6078j |
6 | 0.845 + 0.3314j |
7 | 3.19 + 0.9779j |
8 | 1.056 + 0.3469j |
11 | 1.92 + 0.56j |
12 | 0.648 + 0.1567j |
13 | 4.85 + 1.2155j |
14 | 3.28 + 0.5939j |
15 | 3.28 + 0.5939j |
16 | 0.64 + 0.1867j |
18 | 1.96 + 0.398j |
21 | 2.475 + 0.3527j |
22 | 1.0722 + 0.2914j |
23 | 1.3857 + 0.3473j |
27 | 1.056 + 0.3469j |
In Table 9, the first column represents the bus number that the load is connected to. The second column exhibits the equivalent load impedance in per unit.
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Artikel in diesem Heft
- Evaluation of Partial Discharge Signatures Using Inductive Coupling at On-Site Measuring for Instrument Transformers
- Decoupled AC/DC Power Flow Strategy for Multiterminal HVDC Systems
- Accurate Location of Evolving Faults on Transmission Lines Using Sparse Wide Area Measurements
- Techno-economic Analysis of Wind Turbines in Algeria
- Comparative Analysis of Sliding Mode Controller and Hysteresis Controller for Active Power Filtering in a Grid connected PV System
- Transient Stability by means of Generator Tripping, Under Frequency Load Shedding and a Hybrid Control Scheme
- Influence of Moment of Inertia on Dynamic Characteristics of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor
- Risk Assessment of Power System Transmission Network Based on Cascading Failure Chains
- Development of a Low Cost Power Meter Based on A Digital Signal Controller
- Voltage Stability Improvement of Transmission Systems Using a Novel Shunt Capacitor Control
- Smart Demand Response Management of Islanded Microgrid using Voltage-Current Droop Mechanism
- Mathematical Model of Multi-Phase Power Converter for Parallel Computation