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Accurate Location of Evolving Faults on Transmission Lines Using Sparse Wide Area Measurements

  • Xiangqing Jiao und Yuan Liao EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 20. Januar 2018

Abstract

In electric power systems, not all fault conditions remain unchanged during faults. An evolving fault has one characteristic initially and changes to a different condition subsequently. Locating evolving faults is challenging due to the change in fault type shortly after the fault initiation. This paper presents a new approach for estimating the locations of evolving faults on transmission lines. By using sparse wide area voltage measurements, this method is able to accurately locate evolving faults without requiring measurements from either end of the faulted line. There is no need to detect whether a fault is an evolving fault or not. Fault type information is not a necessity either, and the change of fault phases does not affect the estimation accuracy. In addition, the algorithm is applicable to both single-circuit and double-circuit lines, and the transmission lines can be either transposed or untransposed. Distributed parameter line model is adopted to fully consider the shunt capacitances of the transmission lines. Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) is employed to simulate transmission system, and quite accurate results have been achieved.

Appendix

This section provides the model data of the studied 27-bus system. The per-unit system is based on a based voltage of 345kV and base volt-ampere of 100MVA. The transmission line data, generator data, and load data are listed in Table 6-Table 9.

Table 6:

Transmission line data excluding the double-circuit line.

FromBusTo BusLength

(mile)
R1(p.u.)X1(p.u.)B1(p.u.)R0(p.u.)X0(p.u.)B0(p.u.)
129.80.000540.004980.081690.001620.014940.04084
2338.30.002140.019290.326950.006420.057870.16348
24122.60.006670.061991.032740.049060.15420.613
34122.90.00680.062551.030660.049130.1550.6145
45880.004840.044720.739340.031080.10280.44
46114.30.006330.057540.971110.05570.18320.5715
410141.20.00770.07171.16120.05720.17790.79229
6737.40.001660.018520.323610.004980.055560.16181
6920.80.000750.010140.182980.00950.03520.104
7819.50.00090.009590.170280.00730.02430.0975
8910.80.000480.005360.093360.00420.01960.054
81327.90.001510.013780.241240.00790.05270.1395
913160.000870.007930.138820.00460.03030.08
101112.90.00080.00770.12370.005420.016820.0645
101993.90.005130.044790.839740.03480.17060.4695
102268.30.00350.034360.582790.024280.093070.36804
1213760.00420.03710.653360.01260.11130.32668
1314180.0010.00890.15230.0030.02670.07615
1315180.0010.00890.15230.0030.02670.07615
151663.90.00340.03170.53980.01020.09510.2699
151723.10.00120.01110.19990.00360.03330.09995
171812.40.000660.005960.107130.001980.017880.05356
171950.20.002940.024840.435280.019140.089010.251
1920110.000640.005430.095180.00420.01950.055
202127.10.00150.01340.22930.00450.04020.11465
222320.10.000420.009690.18220.00660.026680.12114
222617.10.000830.008250.151340.005270.025170.08945
232412.20.000260.005840.111410.003840.017270.07131
24259.10.000440.004550.077230.00290.013110.04554
2526180.000370.008640.161560.0050.026380.09106
262779.10.003740.038120.699020.024140.118570.41408

In Table 6, the first two columns are the two bus numbers for each branch. The per-unit positive-sequence resistance, positive-sequence reactance, positive-sequence susceptance, zero-sequence resistance, zero-sequence reactance, and zero-sequence susceptance for each branch excluding the untransposed double-circuit line are listed.

Since the transmission line between bus 9 and bus 10 is untransposed double-circuit lines, there are six modes involved to represent this line, and the modal values used to simulate such line is listed in Table 7.

Table 7:

Transmission line data for the line between bus 9 and bus 10.

ModesModal values of the untransposed double-circuit line
10.000472451729722 + 0.003011594685278j
20.000074001058003 + 0.000783717824966j
30.000057640900543 + 0.000519020785647j
40.000045966799966 + 0.000506206323198j
50.000040415648413 + 0.000476514356441j
60.000037474354557 + 0.000480355357462j

In Table 8, the first column represents the bus number that the generator is connected to. Columns 2–5 show the zero-sequence source resistance, zero-sequence source reactance, positive-sequence source resistance, and positive-sequence source reactance.

Table 8:

Generator data of the power system.

Bus No.R0(p.u.)X0(p.u.)R1(p.u.)X1(p.u.)
10.00332,6950.017945470.003067510.0158382
50.001885910.053353580.002364550.0486705
70.005926150.028064610.016791260.0407814
120.006043180.063987480.006710020.0525554
160.004240120.026697840.009252170.030113
220.003593280.023918670.00050410.0349924
270.006355140.034376640.003768540.0195658
Table 9:

Load data of the power system.

Bus No.Load Impedance (p.u.)
11.225 + 0.2487j
23.1 + 1.2252j
31.65 + 0.235j
52.425 + 0.6078j
60.845 + 0.3314j
73.19 + 0.9779j
81.056 + 0.3469j
111.92 + 0.56j
120.648 + 0.1567j
134.85 + 1.2155j
143.28 + 0.5939j
153.28 + 0.5939j
160.64 + 0.1867j
181.96 + 0.398j
212.475 + 0.3527j
221.0722 + 0.2914j
231.3857 + 0.3473j
271.056 + 0.3469j

In Table 9, the first column represents the bus number that the load is connected to. The second column exhibits the equivalent load impedance in per unit.

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Received: 2017-11-17
Accepted: 2018-1-9
Published Online: 2018-1-20

© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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