Bio-lubricant production based on epoxidized oleic acid derived dated palm oil using in situ peracid mechanism

Tunku Arif Zafri Tunku Ozir; Mohd Zulkipli Bin Ab Kadir; Intan Suhada Azmi; Mohamad Zarqani Yeop; Siti Mariam A. Rahman; Mohd Jumain Jalil

doi:10.1515/ijcre-2022-0161

Article

Bio-lubricant production based on epoxidized oleic acid derived dated palm oil using in situ peracid mechanism

Tunku Arif Zafri Tunku Ozir , Mohd Zulkipli Bin Ab Kadir , Intan Suhada Azmi , Mohamad Zarqani Yeop , Siti Mariam A. Rahman and Mohd Jumain Jalil

Published/Copyright: October 31, 2022

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From the journal International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering Volume 21 Issue 6

Abstract

In recent years, research on the epoxidation of fatty acids has attracted a great deal of attention due to the increased need for eco-friendly epoxides generated from vegetable oils. The purpose of this research is to produce bio-lubricant from optimized epoxidized oleic acid by alcoholysis with methanol, tert-butyl alcohol, and ethanolamine. Epoxidation is carried out using in situ performic acid formation under a constant temperature of 60 °C where formic acid acts as an oxygen carrier and hydrogen peroxide acts as an oxygen donor. The determination of the optimum process parameters uses one factor at a time (OFAT) method and is based on the optimized process parameters until the maximum relative conversion to oxirane of 65% is achieved. The bio-lubricants are confirmed using the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis and the results show that the hydroxyl group is present at 3400 cm⁻¹ of wavenumber. A kinetic modeling is performed using the MATLAB optimization tool. After 100 iterations, the reaction rate constant based on optimized epoxidized dated palm oil production were obtained as follows: k₁₁ = 0.4251 mol⋅L⁻¹⋅min⁻¹, k₁₂ = 11.345 mol⋅L⁻¹⋅min⁻¹, and k₂ = 0.6761 mol⋅L⁻¹⋅min⁻¹.

Keywords: alcoholysis; bio-lubricant; epoxidation; oleic acid; oxirane content

Corresponding author: Mohd Jumain Jalil, Centre for Chemical Engineering Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia, E-mail: mjumain0686@uitm.edu.my

Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
Data availability: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Ethical statement: This finding and work are free form conflict of interest. No human and animal rights involved.

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Received: 2022-08-13

Accepted: 2022-10-12

Published Online: 2022-10-31

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Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2022-0161

Keywords for this article

alcoholysis; bio-lubricant; epoxidation; oleic acid; oxirane content