Microwave-assisted preparation of polyphosphoric acid in a continuous-flow reactor
-
Jinghua Ye
,
Chun Zhang
Abstract
Polyphosphoric acid (PPA) is widely used in inorganic salt production, petrochemical industry, electronic material preparation and other manufacturing industries. Conventional preparation methods of PPA has disadvantages of pollution, high energy consumption and long production time. To address this problem, microwave continuous-flow preparation may be a desirable way due to its advantages of environmentally-friendly, rapidity and high efficiency. Therefore, to explore the process of preparing PPA by microwave continuous-flow method, a continuous-flow microwave reactor was designed for the dehydration process of orthophosphoric acid to prepare PPA in this paper. The microwave-assisted dehydration process was studied in comparison with the conventional dehydration process and the “closed” microwave-assisted dehydration process in terms of energy efficiency, process times and treatment capacity. The effect of input microwave power, reduced pressure and inlet flow velocity of orthophosphoric acid on the performance of the dehydration process was studied. The results showed that the influence of the microwave power on the temperature rise process during dehydration is greater than that of the reduced pressure. Moreover, the inlet flow rate has a great impact on the treatment capacity and product quality of the dehydration process. Bedsides, the comparison with the other two methods showed that microwave heating can effectively shorten the dehydration time, and the continuous-flow treatment can effectively improve the treatment capacity of microwave heating. The perspectives of the process scale-up by continuous-flow microwave heating method is also discussed.
Funding source: Open Fund of National Research and Development Center of Coarse Cereals Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereals Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2020CC008
Funding source: Key Technology Project of Shunde District
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2130218002514
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: This work was supported by the Open Fund of National Research and Development Center of Coarse Cereals Processing Technology, Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereals Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas (Grant No. 2020CC008) and Key Technology Project of Shunde District (Grant No. 2130218002514).
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
Amore, K. M., and N. E. J. M. R. C. Leadbeater. 2010. “Microwave‐Promoted Esterification Reactions.” Optimization and Scale‐Up 28: 473–7.10.1002/marc.200600751Suche in Google Scholar
Bose, S., T. Kuila, T. X. H. Nguyen, N. H. Kim, K.-T. Lau, and J. H. Lee. 2011. “Polymer Membranes for High Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: Recent Advances and Challenges.” Progress in Polymer Science 36: 813–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.01.003.Suche in Google Scholar
Baek, J.-B., and L.-S. Tan. 2006. “Hyperbranched Poly (Phenylquinoxaline−Ether− Ketone) Synthesis in Poly (Phosphoric acid)/P2O5 Medium: Optimization and Some Interesting Observations.” Macromolecules 39: 2794–803. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0526589.Suche in Google Scholar
Bergamelli, F., M. Iannelli, J. A. Marafie, and J. D. Moseley. 2010. “A Commercial Continuous Flow Microwave Reactor Evaluated for Scale-Up.” Organic Process Research & Development 14: 926–30. https://doi.org/10.1021/op100082w.Suche in Google Scholar
Bogdal, D., S. Bednarz, M. Łukasiewicz, and W. Kasprzyk. 2018. “Intensification of Oxidation and Epoxidation Reactions—Microwave vs. Conventional Heating.” Chemical Engineering and Processing-Process Intensification 132: 208–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2018.09.003.Suche in Google Scholar
Bykov, Y. V., S. V. Egorov, A. G. Eremeev, V. V. Kholoptsev, I. V. Plotnikov, K. I. Rybakov, and A. A. Sorokin. 2016. “On the Mechanism of Microwave Flash Sintering of Ceramics.” Materials 9: 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9080684.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Chauhan, N. P. S., and N. S. Chundawat. 2019. “3. Phosphorus-Based Polymers: Polyphosphate, Polyphosphoric Acids, Phosphonate, and Polyphosphazene.” In Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers, 38–76. Berlin: De Gruyter.10.1515/9781501514609-004Suche in Google Scholar
Chakraborty, M., S. Baweja, S. Bhagat, and T. Chundawat. 2012. “Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Schiff Bases: A Green Approach.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 10. https://doi.org/10.1515/1542-6580.2973.Suche in Google Scholar
Damm, M., T. N. Glasnov, and C. O. Kappe. 2010. “Translating High-Temperature Microwave Chemistry to Scalable Continuous Flow Processes.” Organic Process Research & Development 14: 215–24. https://doi.org/10.1021/op900297e.Suche in Google Scholar
Estel, L., M. Poux, N. Benamara, and I. Polaert. 2017. “Continuous Flow-Microwave Reactor: Where Are We?” Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 113: 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2016.09.022.Suche in Google Scholar
Eaton, P. E., G. R. Carlson, and J. T. Lee. 1973. “Phosphorus Pentoxide-Methanesulfonic Acid. Convenient Alternative to Polyphosphoric Acid.” The Journal of Organic Chemistry 38: 4071–3. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00987a028.Suche in Google Scholar
Gao, T., X. Li, X. Chen, C. Zhou, Q. Yue, H. Yuan, and D. Xiao. 2021. “Ultra-Fast Preparing Carbon Nanotube-Supported Trimetallic Ni, Ru, Fe Heterostructures as Robust Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting.” Chemical Engineering Journal 424: 130416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130416.Suche in Google Scholar
Glasnov, T. N., and C. O. Kappe. 2007. “Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis under Continuous‐Flow Conditions.” Macromolecular Rapid Communications 28: 395–410. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200600665.Suche in Google Scholar
Han, S.-W., S.-J. Oh, L.-S. Tan, and J.-B. Baek. 2008. “One-Pot Purification and Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Less-Corrosive Poly (Phosphoric Acid).” Carbon 46: 1841–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.07.026.Suche in Google Scholar
Huang, K., X. Cao, C. Liu, and X.-B. Xu. 2003. “Measurement/Computation of Effective Permittivity of Dilute Solution in Saponification Reaction.” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 51: 2106–11. https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2003.817454.Suche in Google Scholar
Khojastehnezhad, A., B. Maleki, B. Karrabi, and E. R. Seresht. 2017. “Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Piperidines Using Polyphosphoric Acid Supported on Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles.” Organic Preparations and Procedures International 49: 338–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00304948.2017.1342505.Suche in Google Scholar
Kijkowska, R. 2003. “Preparation of Lanthanide Orthophosphates by Crystallisation from Phosphoric Acid Solution.” Journal of Materials Science 38: 229–33. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021140927187.10.1023/A:1021140927187Suche in Google Scholar
Leykin, A. Y., A. I. Fomenkov, E. G. Galpern, I. V. Stankevich, and A. L. Rusanov. 2010. “Some Aspects of Polybenzimidazoles’ Synthesis in P2O5 Containing Condensation Media.” Polymer 51: 4053–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.053.Suche in Google Scholar
Masson, J. 2008. “Brief Review of the Chemistry of Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA) and Bitumen.” Energy & Fuels 22: 2637–40. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef800120x.Suche in Google Scholar
Moseley, J. D., and E. K. Woodman. 2008. “Scaling-Out Pharmaceutical Reactions in an Automated Stop-Flow Microwave Reactor.” Organic Process Research & Development 12: 967–81. https://doi.org/10.1021/op800091p.Suche in Google Scholar
Moseley, J. D., P. Lenden, M. Lockwood, K. Ruda, J.-P. Sherlock, A. D. Thomson, and J. P. Gilday. 2007. “A Comparison of Commercial Microwave Reactors for Scale-Up within Process Chemistry.” Organic Process Research & Development 12: 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1021/op700186z.Suche in Google Scholar
Moseley, J. D., and S. J. Lawton. 2007. “Initial Results from a Commercial Continuous Flow Microwave Reactor for Scale-Up.” Chimica Oggi 25: 16–9.Suche in Google Scholar
Morschhäuser, R., M. Krull, C. Kayser, C. Boberski, R. Bierbaum, P. A. Püschner, T. N. Glasnov, and C. O. Kappe. 2012. “Microwave-Assisted Continuous Flow Synthesis on Industrial Scale.” Green Processing and Synthesis 1: 281–90.10.1515/gps-2012-0032Suche in Google Scholar
Popp, F. D., and W. E. McEwen. 1958. “Polyphosphoric Acids as a Reagent in Organic Chemistry.” Chemical Reviews 58: 321–401. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr50020a004.Suche in Google Scholar
Pinchukova, N. A., V. A. Chebanov, N. Y. Gorobets, L. V. Gudzenko, K. S. Ostras, O. V. Shishkin, L. Hulshof, and A. Y. Voloshko. 2011. “Beneficial Energy-Efficiencies in the Microwave-Assisted Vacuum Preparation of Polyphosphoric Acid.” Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 50: 1193–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2011.08.009.Suche in Google Scholar
Patil, N. G., E. V. Rebrov, K. Eranen, F. Benaskar, J. Meuldijk, J.-P. Mikkola, V. Hessel, L. A. Hulshof, D. Y. Murzin, and J. C. Schouten. 2012. “Effect of the Load Size on the Efficiency of Microwave Heating Under Stop Flow and Continuous Flow Conditions.” Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 46: 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2012.11689827.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Ren, L. F., X. C. Wang, T. T. Qiang, and H. R. An. 2010. “Synthesis of Amphoteric Phosphate Ester Surfactant by Polyphosphoric Acid and its Application in Free-Chrome Collagen Fiber.” In Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 129, 271–5. Zurich: Trans Tech Publ.10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.129-131.271Suche in Google Scholar
Rattanadecho, P. 2006. “The Simulation of Microwave Heating of Wood Using a Rectangular Wave Guide: Influence of Frequency and Sample Size.” Chemical Engineering Science 61: 4798–811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2006.03.001.Suche in Google Scholar
Strauss, C. R. 2009. “On Scale up of Organic Reactions in Closed Vessel Microwave Systems.” Organic Process Research & Development 13: 915–23. https://doi.org/10.1021/op900194z.Suche in Google Scholar
Sauks, J. M., D. Mallik, Y. Lawryshyn, T. Bender, and M. Organ. 2014. “A Continuous-Flow Microwave Reactor for Conducting High-Temperature and High-Pressure Chemical Reactions.” Organic Process Research & Development 18: 1310–4. https://doi.org/10.1021/op400026g.Suche in Google Scholar
Tuta, S., and T. K. Palazoğlu. 2017. “Finite Element Modeling of Continuous-Flow Microwave Heating of Fluid Foods and Experimental Validation.” Journal of Food Engineering 192: 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.08.003.Suche in Google Scholar
Xu, J., J. Yu, Y. Jin, J. Li, Z. Yu, and Y. Lv. 2017. “A Continuous Flow Microwave-Assisted Fischer Indole Synthesis of 7-Ethyltryptophol.” Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 121: 144–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2017.09.001.Suche in Google Scholar
Xiong, G., H. Zhu, K. Huang, Y. Yang, Z. Fan, and J. Ye. 2020. “The Impact of Pins on Dual-Port Microwave Heating Uniformity and Efficiency with Dual Frequency.” Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy 54: 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/08327823.2020.1755481.Suche in Google Scholar
Ye, J., C. Xu, C. Zhang, H. Zhu, K. Huang, Q. Li, J. Wang, L. Zhou, and Y. Wu. 2021. “A Hybrid ALE/implicit Function Method for Simulating Microwave Heating with Rotating Objects of Arbitrary Shape.” Journal of Food Engineering 302: 110551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110551.Suche in Google Scholar
Ye, J., Y. Xia, Q. Yi, H. Zhu, Y. Yang, K. Huang, and K. Shi. 2021. “Multiphysics Modeling of Microwave Heating of Solid Samples in Rotary Lifting Motion in a Rectangular Multi-Mode Cavity.” Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 73: 102767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2021.102767.Suche in Google Scholar
Yuan, H., B. Yang, H. Zhang, and X. Zhou. 2011. “Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Castor Oil Under Microwave Radiation.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 9. https://doi.org/10.1515/1542-6580.2562.Suche in Google Scholar
Ye, J., C. Zhang, and H. Zhu. 2020. “A Temperature-Control System for Continuous-Flow Microwave Heating Using a Magnetron as Microwave Source.” IEEE Access 8: 44391–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2978124.Suche in Google Scholar
Yi, Q., J. Lan, J. Ye, H. Zhu, Y. Yang, Y. Wu, and K. Huang. 2021. “A Simulation Method of Coupled Model for a Microwave Heating Process with Multiple Moving Elements.” Chemical Engineering Science 231: 116339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2020.116339.Suche in Google Scholar
Yu, Y., K. Huang, and L. Wu. 2020. “Influence of a Nearby Conductor on Shape and Length of a Microwave Plasma Jet.” Physical Review E 102: 031201. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreve.102.031201.Suche in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Removal of iron and sulphate during acid mine drainage treatment using laboratory successive alkalinity producing system and its behavioural relationship
- Biodegradation of acid red 3BN dye in sequential batch reactor: parameters and kinetics studies
- Aerobic sequential batch reactor for domestic sewage treatment: parametric optimization and kinetics studies
- Activated sludge bio-aerobic process to treat sugar industry effluent
- Catalytic thermolysis at atmospheric pressure followed by adsorption in treatment of coking wastewater
- Microwave-assisted preparation of polyphosphoric acid in a continuous-flow reactor
- Multi-objective optimization of an industrial slurry phase ethylene polymerization reactor
- High power microbial fuel cell operating at low temperature using cow dung waste
- Computational analysis of the particle size effect on the pressure profiles and type of flow regimes of TiO2 microparticles in a fluidized bed
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Removal of iron and sulphate during acid mine drainage treatment using laboratory successive alkalinity producing system and its behavioural relationship
- Biodegradation of acid red 3BN dye in sequential batch reactor: parameters and kinetics studies
- Aerobic sequential batch reactor for domestic sewage treatment: parametric optimization and kinetics studies
- Activated sludge bio-aerobic process to treat sugar industry effluent
- Catalytic thermolysis at atmospheric pressure followed by adsorption in treatment of coking wastewater
- Microwave-assisted preparation of polyphosphoric acid in a continuous-flow reactor
- Multi-objective optimization of an industrial slurry phase ethylene polymerization reactor
- High power microbial fuel cell operating at low temperature using cow dung waste
- Computational analysis of the particle size effect on the pressure profiles and type of flow regimes of TiO2 microparticles in a fluidized bed
