Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen from water solutions via thin films part I: preparation, characteriation, and analysis of titanium dioxide thin films
-
Sunil Rawal
Abstract
The utilization of titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis for water and air purification is a frequently used method due to TiO2 having properties making it chemically inert, highly cost-effective, abundant, non-toxic, and environmentally-friendly. In an effort to increase the efficiency of the degradation process, an in-depth understanding of the effects of the structure and number of thin film coatings is needed. Transparent, anatase-form titanium dioxide thin films were prepared via the sol-gel method and deposited onto microscopic glass slides using a novel spraying technique, with coatings ranging from 1 to 10. Characterization of the TiO2 thin film coated slides was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The contribution shows that the coating technique is efficient in covering important areas of the surface and that it is suitable for a multiple coating layers thin film. The SEM imagines show that the surface of the slides increase coverage as the number of layers increases. This is potentially suitable for a mechanized spraying approach to upscaling the production of thin films for advanced oxidation applications.
Funding source: Manufacturing Research Center, TTU, Cookeville, TN
Acknowledgement
Partial financial support from the Environmental PhD Program via de College of Interdisciplinary Studies and from the College of Engineering, TTU, are gratefully acknowledged. Preliminary results related to this research were presented at the AIChE Annual Meeting, Minnesota (2017) and at the Student Research Day, TTU.
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: This work was supported by the Center for Manufacturing Research, TTU, Cookeville, TN.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
Ahmed, S. N., and W. Haider. 2018. “Heterogeneous Photocatalysis and its Potential Applications in Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Review.” Nanotechnology 29: 342001, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aac6ea.Suche in Google Scholar
aus der Beek, T., F. A. Weber, A. Bergmann, S. Hickmann, I. Ebert, A. Hein, and A. Küster. 2015. “Pharamceuticals in the Environment – Global Occurrences and Perspectives.” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 35: 823–35, https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3339.Suche in Google Scholar
Cullity, B. D. 1978. Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, 2nd ed. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.Suche in Google Scholar
Delnavez, M., B. Ayati, H. Ganjidoust, and S. Sanjabi. 2015. “Application of Concrete Surfaces as Novel Substrate for Immobilization of TiO2 Nano Powder in Photocatalytic Treatment of Phenolic Water.” Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 13: 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40201-015-0214-y.Suche in Google Scholar
Du, S. Y., and Z. Y Li. 2010. “Enhanced Light Absorption of TiO2 in the Near-Ultraviolet Band by Au Nanoparticles.” Optics Letters 35: 3402–4, https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.35.003402.Suche in Google Scholar
Ebnesajjad, S. 2014. “Surface and Material Characterization Techniques.” Surface Treatment of Materials for Adhesive Bonding, 2nd ed. Norwich, New York: William Andrew Applied Sciences Publisher.10.1016/B978-0-323-26435-8.00004-6Suche in Google Scholar
Fernandez, A., G. Lassaletta, V. M. Jiminez, A. Justo, A. R. Gonzolez-Elipe, J. M. Herrmann, H. Tahiri, and Y. Ait-Ichou. 1995. “Preparation and Characterization of TiO2 Photocatalysts Supported on Various Rigid Supports (Glass, Quartz, and Stainless Steel). Comparative Studies of Photocatalytic Activity in Water Purification.” Applied Catalysis B 7: 49–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-3373(95)00026-7.Suche in Google Scholar
Ghosh, K. A., and P. H. Maruska. 1977. “Photoelectrolysis of Water in Sunlight with Sensitized Semiconductor Electrodes.” Journal of the Electrochemical Society 124: 1516, https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2133104.Suche in Google Scholar
Hitachi High-Tech, Global. 2018. Ultra-High-Resolution Schottky Scanning Electron Microscope. Also available at https://www.hitachi-hightech.com/global/product_detail/?pn=su7000.Suche in Google Scholar
Hu, X., J. Yang, C. Yang, and J. Zang. 2010. “UV/H2O2 Degradation of 4-Aminoantipyrine: A Voltametric Study.” Chemical Engineering Journal 161: 68–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.04.025.Suche in Google Scholar
Janzeer, Y. 2008. Surface Modification of Titanium and Titanium Alloys to Enhance Bone Healing. Also available at https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Crystal-structure-of-titanium-dioxide-phases-of-rutile-brookite-and-anatase-adapted_fig3_303315590.Suche in Google Scholar
Kim, T. K., M. N. Lee, S. H. Lee, Y. C. Park, C. K. Jung, and J. H. Boo. 2005. “Development of Surface Coating Technology of TiO2 Powder and Improvement of Photocatalytic Activity by Surface Modification.” Thin Solid Films 475: 171–7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2004.07.021.Suche in Google Scholar
Linsebigler, L. A., G. Lu, and T. J. Yates. 1995. “Photocatalysis on TiO2 Surfaces: Principles, Mechanisms, and Selected Results.” Chemical Reviews 95: 735–58, https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00035a013.Suche in Google Scholar
Liu, B., and E. S. Aydil. 2009. “Growth of Oriented Single Crystalline Rutile TiO2 Nanorods on Transparent Conducting Substrates for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 131: 3985–90, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja8078972.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Mahlambi, M. M., C. J. Ngila, and B. B. Mamba. 2015. “Recent Developments in Environmental Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants: The Case of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles – A Review.” Journal of Nanomaterials 2015: 790173, https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/790173.Suche in Google Scholar
Major, J. M., E. H. Zhou, H. L. Wong, J. P. Trinidad, T. M. Pham, H. Mehta, Y. Ding, J. A. Staffa, S. Iyasu, C. Wang, and M. E. Willy. 2016. “Trends in Rates of Acetaminophen-Related Adverse Events in the United States.” Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety 25: 590–8, https://doi.org/10.1002/pds.3906.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Mishra, P. R., and O. N. Srivastava. 2008. “On the Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Application of Nanostructured TiO2.” Bulletin of Materials Science 31: 545–50.10.1007/s12034-008-0085-2Suche in Google Scholar
Nakaruk, A., and C. C. Sorrell. 2008. “Conceptual Model for Spray Pyrolysis Mechanism: Fabrication and Annealing of Titania Thin Films.” Journal of Coating Technology Research 7: 665–76, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-010-9245-6.Suche in Google Scholar
Negishi, N. K., T. Takeuchi Ibusuki, and A. K. Datye. 1999. “The Microstructure of TiO2 Photocatalyst Thin Films.” Journal of Materials Science Letters 18: 515–8, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006649722543.10.1023/A:1006649722543Suche in Google Scholar
Nizard, H., M. L. Kosinova, N. I. Gainer, Y. M. Rumyantsez, B. M. Ayupov, and Y. V. Shubin. 2008. “Deposition of Titanium Dioxide from TTIP by Plasma Enhanced and Remote Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition.” Surface and Coatings Technology 202: 4076–85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.02.023.Suche in Google Scholar
Nosaka, A. Y., T. Fujiwara, H. Yagi, H. Akutsu, and Y. Nosaka. 2003. “Photocatalytic Reaction Sites at the TiO2 Surface as Studied by Solid-State 1H NMR Spectroscopy.” Langmuir 19: 1935–7, https://doi.org/10.1021/la0268146.Suche in Google Scholar
Nowotny, M. K., L. R. Sheppard, T. Bak, and J. Nowotny. 2008. “Defect Chemistry of Titanium Dioxide. Application of Defect Engineering in Processing of TiO2-Bases Photocatalyst.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112: 5275–300, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp077275m.Suche in Google Scholar
Okoye, N. H. 2011. “Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen from Fixed Titanium Dioxide Thin Film.” Master’s thesis, Tennessee Technological University.Suche in Google Scholar
Paola, D. A., M. Addamo, M. Bellardita, E. Cazzanelli, and L. Palmisano. 2007. “Preparation of Photocatalaytic Brookite Thin Films.” Thin Solid Films 515: 3527–9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2006.10.114.Suche in Google Scholar
Pirila, M., M. Saouabe, S. Ojala, B. Rathnayake, F. Drault, A. Valtanen, M. Huuhtanen, R. Brahme, and R. L. Keiski. 2015. “Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Wastewater.” Topics in Catalysis 68: 1085–99, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11244-015-0477-7.Suche in Google Scholar
Priya, D. N., J. M. Modak, and A. M. Raichur. 2009. “LbL Fabricated Poly (Styrene Sulfonate)/TiO2 Multilayer Thin Films for Environmental Applications.” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 1: 2684–93, https://doi.org/10.1021/am900566n.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Rawal, S., S. Bauer, J. R. Sanders, and P. E. Arce. 2021. “Photocatalytic Degradation of Acetaminophen in Water via Ultraviolet Light and Titanium Dioxide Thin Films. Part II: Chemical Aspects and Preliminary Observations of Results.” International Journal of Reactor Engineering (submitted).10.1515/ijcre-2021-0040Suche in Google Scholar
Stamate, M., and G. Lazar. 2007. “Application of Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysis to Create Self-Cleaning Materials.” Modelling and Optimization in the Machines Building Field 3: 280–5.Suche in Google Scholar
Strataki, N., N. Boukos, F. Paloukis, G. S. Neophytides, and P. Lianos. 2009. “Effect of the Conditions of Platinum Deposition on Titania Nanocrystalline Films on the Efficiency of Photocatalytic Oxidation of Ethanol and Production of Hydrogen.” Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 8: 639–43, https://doi.org/10.1039/b817090h.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Sun, S. Q., B. Sun, W. Zhang, and D. Wang. 2008. “Preparation and Antibacterial Activity of Ag-TiO2 Composite Film by Liquid Phase Deposition (LPD) Method.” Bulletin of Materials Science 31: 61–6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-008-0011-7.Suche in Google Scholar
Sunada, K., Y. Kikuchi, K. Hashimoto, and A. Fujishima. 1998. “Bactericidal and Detoxification Effects of TiO2 Thin Film Photocatalysts.” Environmental Science and Technology 32: 726–8, https://doi.org/10.1021/es970860o.Suche in Google Scholar
UNESCO. 2018. The United Nations World Water Development Report: Nature-Based Solutions for Water. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.Suche in Google Scholar
Wecker, L., L. Crespo, G. Dunaway, G. C. Faingold, and S. Watts. 2010. Brody’s Human Pharmacology: Molecular to Clinical. Mosby: Elsevier.Suche in Google Scholar
Wen, T., J. Gao, J. Shen, and Z. Zhou. 2001. “Preparation and Characterization of TiO2 Thin Films by the Sol-Gel Process.” Journal of Material Science 36: 5923–6, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012989012840.10.1023/A:1012989012840Suche in Google Scholar
Wold, A. 1993. “Photocatalytic Properties of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2).” Chemistry of Materials 5: 280–3, https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00027a008.Suche in Google Scholar
Yang, T., Y. Zhao, A. Yu, D. Sun, and L. X. Yu. 2017. “Oral Drug Absorption: Evaluation and Prediction.” Developing Solid Oral Dosage Forms, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, Florida: Academic Press.10.1016/B978-0-12-802447-8.00012-1Suche in Google Scholar
Yu, F. H., and F. C. Hu. 2009. “Preparation and Characterization of Transparent TiO2 Thin Films Coated on Fused-Silica Substrates.” Sol-Gel Science and Technology 52: 158–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-009-2005-3.Suche in Google Scholar
Zhang, Z., C. C. Wang, R. Zakaria, and J. Y. Ying. 1998. “Role of Particle Size in Nanocrystalline TiO2-Based Photocatalysts.” Journal of Physical Chemistry B 102: 10871–8, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp982948+.10.1021/jp982948+Suche in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- In honour of Dr. Orlando M. Alfano: researcher, engineer, and academic
- Special Issue Articles
- Absorbed radiation and kinetic model in photocatalysis by TiO2
- Hydrogen production via surrogate biomass gasification using 5% Ni and low loading of lanthanum co-impregnated on fluidizable γ-alumina catalysts
- Simplified estimation of anisotropic non-homogeneous extinction coefficients in porous solids considering spherical and cylindrical pore networks
- Co-processing of hydrodeoxygenation and hydrodesulfurization of phenol and dibenzothiophene with NiMo/Al2O3–ZrO2 and NiMo/TiO2–ZrO2 catalysts
- Radiative transfer in a Solar CPC Photoreactor using the First-Order Scattering Method
- Selective hydrogenation of light cycle oil for BTX and gasoline production purposes
- Unsteady state diffusion-adsorption-reaction. Selectivity of consecutive reactions on porous catalyst particles
- Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen from water solutions via thin films part I: preparation, characteriation, and analysis of titanium dioxide thin films
- Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen in water via ultraviolet light and titanium dioxide thin films part II: chemical and kinetic aspects
- Ti-Co mixed oxide as photocatalysts in the generation of hydrogen from water
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- In honour of Dr. Orlando M. Alfano: researcher, engineer, and academic
- Special Issue Articles
- Absorbed radiation and kinetic model in photocatalysis by TiO2
- Hydrogen production via surrogate biomass gasification using 5% Ni and low loading of lanthanum co-impregnated on fluidizable γ-alumina catalysts
- Simplified estimation of anisotropic non-homogeneous extinction coefficients in porous solids considering spherical and cylindrical pore networks
- Co-processing of hydrodeoxygenation and hydrodesulfurization of phenol and dibenzothiophene with NiMo/Al2O3–ZrO2 and NiMo/TiO2–ZrO2 catalysts
- Radiative transfer in a Solar CPC Photoreactor using the First-Order Scattering Method
- Selective hydrogenation of light cycle oil for BTX and gasoline production purposes
- Unsteady state diffusion-adsorption-reaction. Selectivity of consecutive reactions on porous catalyst particles
- Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen from water solutions via thin films part I: preparation, characteriation, and analysis of titanium dioxide thin films
- Photocatalytic degradation of acetaminophen in water via ultraviolet light and titanium dioxide thin films part II: chemical and kinetic aspects
- Ti-Co mixed oxide as photocatalysts in the generation of hydrogen from water
