Experimental Study on Thermal and UV-enhanced Gas-Solid Chlorination of High-Density Polyethylene
-
Xiong Zhang
Abstract
The dynamic process of gas-solid chlorination of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was revealed using a vibrated-bed reactor, where a UV-Vis measurement system was used to record the kinetics of chlorination online. Thermal and UV-enhanced chlorination at fixed temperature below the melting point (Tm) of HDPE were firstly investigated. It was observed that UV irradiation could accelerate the reaction rate. However, all of the prepared chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) products had unchlorinated crystal structures and a limitation of chlorine content. Multi-stage chlorination was hence designed for more homogeneous chlorination and decreasing the residual crystallinity. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed effective decrease of the melting enthalpy (ΔHm) while the final reaction temperature was beyond Tm. Meanwhile, the presence of -CH = CH- bonds in the polymer chain revealed by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (S-NMR) indicated that the final reaction temperature should not be higher than 150 °C.
Funding statement: Financial supports from the National Science and Technology Key Supporting Project (2013BAF08B05) and National Natural Science Foundation (No. 21576151) are acknowledged.
References
Akovali, G., Vatansever, A. 1986. “Notes on Chlorinated Polyethylene: Its Preparation, Some Mechanical and Thermal Properties.” Polymer Engineering & Science 26: 1195–1199.10.1002/pen.760261706Suche in Google Scholar
Alamo, R. G., Jeon, K., Smith, R. L., Boz, E., Wagener, K. B., Bockstaller, M. R. 2008. “Crystallization of Polyethylenes Containing Chlorines: Precise Vs Random Placement.” Macromolecules 41: 7141–7151.10.1021/ma801152pSuche in Google Scholar
Bai, L., Lu, W., Yang, Q., Yan, B., Cheng, Y. 2014. “Experimental Study and Modeling of UV-Enhanced PVC Chlorination to CPVC Using a Gas-Solid Process.” AIChE Journal. American Institute of Chemical Engineers 60: 2235–2243.10.1002/aic.14404Suche in Google Scholar
Bikson, B., Jagur-Grodzinski, H., Vofsi, D. 1982. “Heterogeneous Reactions of Polymers: 3. Conformational Analysis of Heterogeneously Chlorinated Polyethylenes.” Polymer Journal 23: 1163–1166.10.1016/0032-3861(82)90372-XSuche in Google Scholar
Bikson, B., Jagur-Grodzinski, J., Vofsi, D. 1983. “Heterogeneous Reactions of Polymers: 4. Melting Behaviour of Heterogeneously Chlorinated and Sulphonated Polyethylenes.” Polymer Journal 24: 583–568.10.1016/0032-3861(83)90109-XSuche in Google Scholar
Chang, B. H., Dai, J. W., Siegmann, A., Hiltner, A. 1988. “Chlorinated High Density Polyethylene. II. Solid State Structure.” Polymer Engineering & Science 28: 1173–1181.10.1002/pen.760281807Suche in Google Scholar
Chang, B. H., Zeigler, R., Hiltner, A. 1988. “Chlorinated High Density Polyethylene. I. Chain Characterization.” Polymer Engineering & Science 28: 1167–1172.10.1002/pen.760281806Suche in Google Scholar
Cross, E. M., McCarthy, T. J. 1992. “Radical Chlorination of Polyethylene Film.” Control of Surface Selectivity. Macromolecules 25: 2603–2607.Suche in Google Scholar
Dzhagatspanyan, R. V., Korolev, B. M., Romanskii, I. A., Zetkin, V. I. 1967. “Chlorination of Polyethylene in the Solid State under γ-irradiation.” Polymer Science USSR 9: 1329–1335.10.1016/0032-3950(67)90109-8Suche in Google Scholar
Era, V. A. 1973. “Melting Points of Chlorinated Polyethylenes.” Makromolekulare Chemie-Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 167: 321–324.10.1002/macp.1973.021670124Suche in Google Scholar
Kaner, P., Ruiz-Orta, C., Boz, E., Wagener, K. B., Tasaki, M., Tashiro, K., Alamo, R. G. 2014. “Kinetic Control of Chlorine Packing in Crystals of a Precisely Substituted Polyethylene. Toward Advanced Polyolefin Materials.” Macromolecules 47: 236–245.10.1021/ma401541rSuche in Google Scholar
Mao, D., Yang, Q. L., Zhang, X., Cheng, Y. 2016. “UV-Enhanced Gas-Solid Chlorination of Polyvinyl Chloride for Cleaner Production of Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride.” Chemical Engineering Technological 39: 834–840.10.1002/ceat.201500716Suche in Google Scholar
Moradi, A., Abadi, A. R. S., Shahrokhi, M. 2012. “Characterization and Kinetics Study of the Photochlorination of Polyethylene.” Polymer Journal 44: 973–977.10.1038/pj.2012.42Suche in Google Scholar
Moradi, A., Ramazani, A., Shahrokhi, M. 2005. “Radical Chlorination of Polyethylene and Molecular Structure Characterization of Reaction Products.” Polymer Journal 37: 661–668.10.1295/polymj.37.661Suche in Google Scholar
Nambu, K. 1960. “Studies on Chlorinated Polyethylenes. I. Infrared Spectra of Chlorinated Polyethylenes.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 4: 69–73.10.1002/app.1960.070041010Suche in Google Scholar
Puszyński, A., Godniak, E. 1993. “Chlorination of Polyethylene in Suspension in the Presence of Heavy Metal Salts.” American Journal of Botany 80: 557–560.Suche in Google Scholar
Saito, T., Matsumura, Y., Hayashi, S. 1970. “High-Resolution NMR Study of Chlorinated Polyethylenes.” Polymer Journal 1: 639–655.10.1295/polymj.1.639Suche in Google Scholar
Stelescu, M. D., Manaila, E., Zuga, N. 2011. “The Use of Polyfunctional Monomers in the Radical Cure of Chlorinated Polyethylene.” Polymer Journal 43: 792–800.10.1038/pj.2011.53Suche in Google Scholar
Stoeva, S. 2004. “Structural and Conformational Changes in Solid-Phase Chlorinated Polyethylene.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 94: 189–196.10.1002/app.20854Suche in Google Scholar
Stoeva, S., Gjurova, K., Zagorcheva, M. 2000. “Thermal Analysis Study on the Degradation of the Solid-State Chlorinated Poly(Ethylene).” Polymer Degradation and Stability 67: 117–128.10.1016/S0141-3910(99)00101-9Suche in Google Scholar
Stoeva, S., Popov, A., Rodriguez, R. 2004. “Wide Angle X-Ray Diffraction Study of the Solid-Phase Chlorinated Poly(Ethylene).” Polymer Journal 4518: 6341–6348.10.1016/j.polymer.2004.06.017Suche in Google Scholar
Stoeva, S., Tsocheva, D., Terlemezyan, L. 2006. “Thermal Behavior and Characterization of Solid-State Chlorinated Polyethylenes.” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 85: 439–447.10.1007/s10973-005-7296-1Suche in Google Scholar
Stoeva, S., Vlaev, L. 2002. “Kinetics of the Solid-State Chlorination of High-Density Polyethylene.” Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics 203: 346–353.10.1002/1521-3935(20020101)203:2<346::AID-MACP346>3.0.CO;2-7Suche in Google Scholar
Tan, K. L., Lu, Y. Z., Sun, A. J., Li, C. X., Wang, Z. H. 2009. “Union Production of Low Chlorinated Polyethylene and Chlorinated Paraffin via a Carbon Tetrachloride Solvent Free Process.” Journal of Applied Polymer Science 111: 63–69.10.1002/app.29048Suche in Google Scholar
Tsuge, S., Okumoto, T., Takeuchi, T. 1969. “Structural Investigation of Chlorinated Polyethylenes by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography.” Macromolecules 2: 200–202.10.1021/ma60008a019Suche in Google Scholar
Varma, A. J., Deshpande, S. V., Kondapalli, P. 1999. “A Comparative Study of the Thermal Behavior of PVC, A Series of Synthesized Chlorinated Polyethylenes and HDPE.” Polymer Degradation and Stability 63: 1–3.10.1016/S0141-3910(98)00051-2Suche in Google Scholar
Wang, F. C.-Y., Smith, P. B. 1997. “Composition and Microstructure Analysis of Chlorinated Polyethylene by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.” Analytical Chemistry 69: 618–622.10.1021/ac960947cSuche in Google Scholar
Zhang, B. S., Lv, X. F., Zhang, Z. X., Liu, Y., Jin, K. K., Xin, Z. X. 2010. “Effect of Carbon Black Content on Microcellular Structure and Physical Properties of Chlorinated Polyethylene Rubber Foams.” Materials & Design 31: 3106–3110.10.1016/j.matdes.2009.12.041Suche in Google Scholar
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Articles
- Sesame and Broad Bean Stalks: Mixing Characteristics of Chips as a Biomass Fuel for Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor
- Removal of Bisphenol-A from Aqueous Solutions by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Batch Reactors: Effect of Carbon Source, Temperature and Concentrations
- Extractive Fermentation of Ethanol from Sweet Sorghum Using Vacuum Fractionation Technique: Optimization and Techno-Economic Assessment
- Non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis of heavy oil in an O2/CO2 atmosphere
- Experimental Study on Thermal and UV-enhanced Gas-Solid Chlorination of High-Density Polyethylene
- Population Balances Involving Aggregation and Breakage Through Homotopy Approaches
- Second Law Analysis of MHD Squeezing Flow of Casson Fluid Between Two Parallel Disks
- Kinetics Study and Parametric Sensitivity Analysis of Esterification of Butyric Acid with Benzyl Alcohol: A Taguchi Methodology Approach
- Promoting Effects of Ni for Toluene Catalytic Combustion Over CoNi/TiO2 Oxide Catalysts
- Non-Linear Radiation and Chemical Reaction Impacts on Hydromagnetic Particle Suspension Flow in Non-Newtonian Fluids
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Articles
- Sesame and Broad Bean Stalks: Mixing Characteristics of Chips as a Biomass Fuel for Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustor
- Removal of Bisphenol-A from Aqueous Solutions by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Batch Reactors: Effect of Carbon Source, Temperature and Concentrations
- Extractive Fermentation of Ethanol from Sweet Sorghum Using Vacuum Fractionation Technique: Optimization and Techno-Economic Assessment
- Non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis of heavy oil in an O2/CO2 atmosphere
- Experimental Study on Thermal and UV-enhanced Gas-Solid Chlorination of High-Density Polyethylene
- Population Balances Involving Aggregation and Breakage Through Homotopy Approaches
- Second Law Analysis of MHD Squeezing Flow of Casson Fluid Between Two Parallel Disks
- Kinetics Study and Parametric Sensitivity Analysis of Esterification of Butyric Acid with Benzyl Alcohol: A Taguchi Methodology Approach
- Promoting Effects of Ni for Toluene Catalytic Combustion Over CoNi/TiO2 Oxide Catalysts
- Non-Linear Radiation and Chemical Reaction Impacts on Hydromagnetic Particle Suspension Flow in Non-Newtonian Fluids
