Parameters Affecting Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation Behavior of Gentian Violet under UV Irradiation with Several Kinds of TiO2 as a Photocatalyst
Abstract
The photocatalytic decolorization of Gentian violet (GV) from an aqueous solution was studied by focusing on comparison of the photoactivity of different type of TiO2 catalyst. The process was carried out under a variety of conditions. The efficiency of P25-Degussa and PC50-Millennium photocatalysts were compared. The effect of different parameters such as pH, initial dye concentration, catalyst loading and the presence of some anions on both adsorption in the absence of light and the degradation under UV irradiation have been studied. 365 nm UV-A lamp was employed as irradiation source. The kinetic study showed that no correlation was observed between the adsorption capacity of the catalyst and its photoactivity, despite of this the effect of various parameters on adsorption and photocatalytic kinetic behavior was practically similar on various catalysts. The photocatalytic degradation of GV followed first-order reaction kinetics and the higher adsorption and photocatalytic degradation were obtained at the alkaline medium (pH = 10 for P25 and pH = 8 for PC50). However, the reaction at the acidic medium was gradually delayed due to the effect of charge repulsion. The presence of some anions (Cl−, SO42−, NO3−) in the medium at higher concentration was found to reduce the adsorption and to inhibit the degradation.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the Algerian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research for their financial support.
References
Abdessemed, A., K.E. Djebbar, A.S. El-Kalliny, T. Sehili, H. Nugteren, and P.W. Appel. 2014. “Water Treatment Combined Chlorine (Monochloramine) Degradation Using Direct Photolysis and Homogeneous Photocatalysis (UV/H2O2, UV/Naocl) with a Medium Pressure (MP) Lamp as a Source of UV.” International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 12 (2): 671–681.10.1515/ijcre-2014-0013Suche in Google Scholar
Abdullah, M., G.K. Low, and R.W. Matthews. 1990. “Effects of Common Inorganic Anions on Rates of Photocatalytic Oxidation of Organic Carbon over Illuminated Titanium Dioxide.” Journal of Physical Chemistry 94 (17): 6820–6825. .10.1021/j100380a051Suche in Google Scholar
Ahmad, A., M. Rafatullah, O. Sulaiman, M.H. Ibrahim, and R. Hashim. 2009. “Scavenging Behaviour of Meranti Sawdust in the Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 170 (1): 357–365.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.087Suche in Google Scholar
Alahiane, S., S. Qourzal, M. El Ouardi, A. Abaamrane, and A. Assabbane. 2014. “Factors Influencing the Photocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Yellow 145 by Tio2-Coated Non-Woven Fibers.” American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 5 (8): 445–455.10.4236/ajac.2014.58053Suche in Google Scholar
Allemane, H., B. Delouane, H. Paillard, and B. Legube. 1993. “Comparative Efficiency of Three Systems (O3, O3/H2O2, and O3/Tio2) for the Oxidation of Natural Organic Matter in Water.” Ozone: Science & Engineering 15 (5): 419–432.10.1080/01919512.1993.10555733Suche in Google Scholar
Almquist, C.B., and P. Biswas. 2001. “A Mechanistic Approach to Modeling the Effect of Dissolved Oxygen in Photo-Oxidation Reactions on Titanium Dioxide in Aqueous Systems.” Chemical Engineering Science 56 (11): 3421–3430. .10.1016/S0009-2509(01)00045-8Suche in Google Scholar
Augugliaro, V., C. Baiocchi, A.B. Prevot, E. Garcı́a-López, V. Loddo, S. Malato, G. Marcı́, L. Palmisano, M. Pazzi, and E. Pramauro. 2002. “Azo-Dyes Photocatalytic Degradation in Aqueous Suspension of Tio2 under Solar Irradiation.” Chemosphere 49 (10): 1223–1230.10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00489-7Suche in Google Scholar
Bahnemann, W., M. Muneer, and M.M. Haque. 2007. “Titanium Dioxide-Mediated Photocatalysed Degradation of Few Selected Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Suspensions.” Catalysis Today 124 (3): 133–148.10.1016/j.cattod.2007.03.031Suche in Google Scholar
Bellir, K., I. Sadok Bouziane, Z. Boutamine, M. Bencheikh Lehocine, and A.H. Meniai. 2012. “Sorption Study of a Basic Dye ‘Gentian Violet’ from Aqueous Solutions Using Activated Bentonite.” Energy Procedia 18: 924–933.10.1016/j.egypro.2012.05.107Suche in Google Scholar
Belmouden, M., A. Assabbane, and Y.A. Ichou. 2000. “Adsorption Characteristics of a Phenoxy Acetic Acid Herbicide on Activated Carbon.” Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2 (3): 257–260.10.1039/a909357eSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
Benhebal, H., M. Chaib, M. Crine, A. Léonard, and S. Lambert. 2016. “Photocatalytic Decolorization of Gentian Violet with Na-Doped (Sno2 and Zno).” Chiang Mai Journal of Sciences 42: 1–9.Suche in Google Scholar
Bizani, E., K. Fytianos, I. Poulios, and V. Tsiridis. 2006. “Photocatalytic Decolorization and Degradation of Dye Solutions and Wastewaters in the Presence of Titanium Dioxide.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 136 (1): 85–94.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.11.017Suche in Google Scholar
Bouanimba, N., N. Laid, R. Zouaghi, and T. Sehili. 2015. “Effect of Ph and Inorganic Salts on the Photocatalytic Decolorization of Methyl Orange in the Presence of Tio2 P25 and PC500.” Desalination and Water Treatment 53 (4): 951–963.Suche in Google Scholar
Boulinguiez, B., A. Bouzaza, S. Merabet, and D. Wolbert. 2008. “Photocatalytic Degradation of Ammonia and Butyric Acid in Plug-Flow Reactor: Degradation Kinetic Modeling with Contribution of Mass Transfer.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 200 (2): 254–261.10.1016/j.jphotochem.2008.08.005Suche in Google Scholar
Bouzaida, I., C. Ferronato, J.M. Chovelon, M.E. Rammah, and J.M. Herrmann. 2004. “Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of the Anthraquinonic Dye, Acid Blue 25 (AB25): A Kinetic Approach.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 168 (1): 23–30.10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.05.008Suche in Google Scholar
Chen, H.Y., O. Zahraa, and M. Bouchy. 1997. “Inhibition of the Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of an Organic Contaminant in an Aqueous Suspension of Tio2 by Inorganic Ions.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 108 (1): 37–44.10.1016/S1010-6030(96)04411-5Suche in Google Scholar
Chong, M.N., S. Lei, B. Jin, C. Saint, and C.W. Chow. 2009. “Optimisation of an Annular Photoreactor Process for Degradation of Congo Red Using a Newly Synthesized Titania Impregnated Kaolinite Nano-Photocatalyst.” Separation and Purification Technology 67 (3): 355–363.10.1016/j.seppur.2009.04.001Suche in Google Scholar
Da Silva, S.S., O. Chiavone-Filho, E.L. De Barros Neto, and E.L. Foletto. 2015. “Oil Removal from Produced Water by Conjugation of Flotation and Photo-Fenton Processes.” Journal of Environmental Management 147: 257–263.10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.08.021Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Djellabi, R., and M.F. Ghorab. 2015. “Photoreduction of Toxic Chromium Using Tio2 -Immobilized under Natural Sunlight: Effects of Some Hole Scavengers and Process Parameters.” Desalination and Water Treatment 55 (7): 1900–1907. .10.1080/19443994.2014.927335Suche in Google Scholar
Ezechi, E.H., S.R. Bin Mohamed Kutty, A. Malakahmad, and M.H. Isa. 2015. “Characterization and Optimization of Effluent Dye Removal Using a New Low Cost Adsorbent: Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Study.” Process Safety and Environmental Protection 98: 16–32.10.1016/j.psep.2015.06.006Suche in Google Scholar
Fassi, S., K. Djebbar, I. Bousnoubra, H. Chenini, and T. Sehili. 2014. “Oxidation of Bromocresol Green by Different Advanced Oxidation Processes: Fenton, Fenton-Like, Photo-Fenton, Photo-Fenton-Like and Solar Light. Comparative Study.” Desalination and Water Treatment 52 (25–27): 4982–4989.10.1080/19443994.2013.809971Suche in Google Scholar
Forgacs, E., T. Cserhati, and G. Oros.. 2004. “Removal of Synthetic Dyes from Wastewaters: A Review.” Environment International 30 (7): 953–971.10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Fox, M.A., and M.T. Dulay.. 1993. “Heterogeneous Photocatalysis.” Chemical Reviews 93 (1): 341–357. .10.1021/cr00017a016Suche in Google Scholar
Freitas, T.K.F.S., V.M. Oliveira, M.T.F. De Souza, H.C.L. Geraldino, V.C. Almeida, S.L. Fávaro, and J.C. Garcia.. 2015. “Optimization of Coagulation-Flocculation Process for Treatment of Industrial Textile Wastewater Using Okra (A Esculentus) Mucilage as Natural Coagulant.” Industrial Crops and Products 76: 538–544.10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.06.027Suche in Google Scholar
Gaya, U.I., and A.H. Abdullah. 2008. “Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants over Titanium Dioxide: A Review of Fundamentals, Progress and Problems.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews 9 (1): 1–12. .10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2007.12.003Suche in Google Scholar
Gholipour, M.R., C.-T. Dinh, F. Béland, and T.-O. Do. 2015. “Nanocomposite Heterojunctions as Sunlight-Driven Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting.” Nanoscale 7 (18): 8187–8208.10.1039/C4NR07224CSuche in Google Scholar
Giles, C.H., A.P. D’Silva, and I.A. Easton. 1974. “A General Treatment and Classification of the Solute Adsorption Isotherm Partii. Experimental Interpretation.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 47 (3): 766–778.10.1016/0021-9797(74)90253-7Suche in Google Scholar
Guillard, C., H. Lachheb, A. Houas, M. Ksibi, E. Elaloui, and J.-M. Herrmann. 2003. “Influence of Chemical Structure of Dyes, of Ph and of Inorganic Salts on Their Photocatalytic Degradation by Tio2 Comparison of the Efficiency of Powder and Supported Tio2.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 158 (1): 27–36.10.1016/S1010-6030(03)00016-9Suche in Google Scholar
Herrmann, J.-M. 1999. “Heterogeneous Photocatalysis: Fundamentals and Applications to the Removal of Various Types of Aqueous Pollutants.” Catalysis Today 53 (1): 115–129. .10.1016/S0920-5861(99)00107-8Suche in Google Scholar
Hu, C., C.Y. Jimmy, Z. Hao, and P.K. Wong. 2003. “Effects of Acidity and Inorganic Ions on the Photocatalytic Degradation of Different Azo Dyes.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 46 (1): 35–47.10.1016/S0926-3373(03)00139-5Suche in Google Scholar
Izumi., Y. (2015).Recent Advances (2012–2015) in the Photocatalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Fuels Using Solar Energy: Feasibilty for a New Energy. Advances in CO2 Capture, Sequestration, and Conversion. ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society. 1194 1–46 Chapter 1.10.1021/bk-2015-1194.ch001Suche in Google Scholar
Kaneco, S., M.A. Rahman, T. Suzuki, H. Katsumata, and K. Ohta. 2004. “Optimization of Solar Photocatalytic Degradation Conditions of Bisphenol A in Water Using Titanium Dioxide.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 163 (3): 419–424.10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.01.012Suche in Google Scholar
Kim, S.-H., H.H. Ngo, H.K. Shon, and S. Vigneswaran. 2008. “Adsorption and Photocatalysis Kinetics of Herbicide onto Titanium Oxide and Powdered Activated Carbon.” Separation and Purification Technology 58 (3): 335–342.10.1016/j.seppur.2007.05.035Suche in Google Scholar
Kiwi, J., A. Lopez, and V. Nadtochenko. 2000. “Mechanism and Kinetics of the OH-Radical Intervention during Fenton Oxidation in the Presence of a Significant Amount of Radical Scavenger (Cl-).” Environmental Science & Technology 34 (11): 2162–2168.10.1021/es991406iSuche in Google Scholar
Kogo, K., H. Yoneyama, and H. Tamura. 1980. “Photocatalytic Oxidation of Cyanide on Platinized Titanium Dioxide.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry 84 (13): 1705–1710.10.1021/j100450a008Suche in Google Scholar
Konstantinou, I.K., and T.A. Albanis. 2004. “Tio 2-Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dyes in Aqueous Solution: Kinetic and Mechanistic Investigations: A Review.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 49 (1): 1–14. .10.1016/j.apcatb.2003.11.010Suche in Google Scholar
Laid, N., N. Bouanimba, R. Zouaghi, and T. Sehili. 2016. “Comparative Study on Photocatalytic Decolorization of an Anionic and a Cationic Dye Using Different Tio2 Photocatalysts.” Desalination and Water Treatment 57 (41): 19357–19373.10.1080/19443994.2015.1099470Suche in Google Scholar
Liu, Y., J. Lin, M. Chen, and L. Song. 2013. “Investigation on the Interaction of the Toxicant, Gentian Violet, with Bovine Hemoglobin.” Food and Chemical Toxicology 58: 264–272.10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.048Suche in Google Scholar
Mechakra, H., T. Sehili, M.A. Kribeche, A.A. Ayachi, S. Rossignol, and C. George. 2016. “Use of Natural Iron Oxide as Heterogeneous Catalyst in Photo-Fenton-Like Oxidation of Chlorophenylurea Herbicide in Aqueous Solution: Reaction Monitoring and Degradation Pathways.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 317: 140–150.10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.11.019Suche in Google Scholar
Metcalfe, D., C. Rockey, B. Jefferson, S. Judd, and P. Jarvis. 2015. “Removal of Disinfection By-Product Precursors by Coagulation and an Innovative Suspended Ion Exchange Process.” Water Research 87: 20–28.10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.003Suche in Google Scholar
Mukherjee, D., A.K. Ray, and S. Barghi. 2016. “Mechanism of Acetyl Salicylic Acid (Aspirin) Degradation under Solar Light in Presence of a Tio2-Polymeric Film Photocatalyst.” Processes 4 (2): 13.10.3390/pr4020013Suche in Google Scholar
Parent, Y., D. Blake, K. Magrini-Bair, C. Lyons, C. Turchi, A. Watt, E. Wolfrum, and M. Prairie. 1996. “Solar Photocatalytic Processes for the Purification of Water: State of Development and Barriers to Commercialization.” Solar Energy 56 (5): 429–437.10.1016/0038-092X(96)81767-1Suche in Google Scholar
Paz, Y. 2010. “Application of Tio2 Photocatalysis for Air Treatment: Patents’ Overview.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 99 (3): 448–460. .10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.05.011Suche in Google Scholar
Qourzal, S., M. Tamimi, A. Assabbane, and Y. Ait-Ichou. 2007. “Influence De Certains Ions Inorganiques, De L’éthanol Et Du Peroxyde D’hydrogène Sur La Photominéralisation Du Β-Naphtol En Présence De Tio 2.” Comptes Rendus Chimie 10 (12): 1187–1194.10.1016/j.crci.2007.06.011Suche in Google Scholar
Sahel, K., N. Perol, H. Chermette, C. Bordes, Z. Derriche, and C. Guillard. 2007. “Photocatalytic Decolorization of Remazol Black 5 (RB5) and Procion Red Mx-5b—Isotherm of Adsorption, Kinetic of Decolorization and Mineralization.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 77 (1): 100–109.10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.06.016Suche in Google Scholar
Sakthivel, S., B. Neppolian, M.V. Shankar, B. Arabindoo, M. Palanichamy, and V. Murugesan. 2003. “Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of Azo Dye: Comparison of Photocatalytic Efficiency of Zno and Tio 2.” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 77 (1): 65–82.10.1016/S0927-0248(02)00255-6Suche in Google Scholar
Saquib, M., and M. Muneer. 2003. “Tio2-Mediated Photocatalytic Degradation of a Triphenylmethane Dye (Gentian Violet), in Aqueous Suspensions.” Dyes and Pigments 56 (1): 37–49. .10.1016/S0143-7208(02)00101-8Suche in Google Scholar
Shifu, C., and C. Gengyu. 2005. “Photocatalytic Degradation of Organophosphorus Pesticides Using Floating Photocatalyst Tio 2· Sio 2/Beads by Sunlight.” Solar Energy 79 (1): 1–9. .10.1016/j.solener.2004.10.006Suche in Google Scholar
So, C.M., M.Y. Cheng, J.C. Yu, and P.K. Wong. 2002. “Degradation of Azo Dye Procion Red MX-5B by Photocatalytic Oxidation.” Chemosphere 46 (6): 905–912.10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00153-9Suche in Google Scholar
Sökmen, M., and A. Özkan. 2002. “Decolourising Textile Wastewater with Modified Titania: The Effects of Inorganic Anions on the Photocatalysis.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 147 (1): 77–81. .10.1016/S1010-6030(01)00627-XSuche in Google Scholar
Tanaka, K., M.F. Capule, and T. Hisanaga. 1991. “Effect of Crystallinity of Tio 2 on Its Photocatalytic Action.” Chemical Physics Letters 187 (1–2): 73–76.10.1016/0009-2614(91)90486-SSuche in Google Scholar
Tanaka, K., K. Padermpole, and T. Hisanaga. 2000. “Photocatalytic Degradation of Commercial Azo Dyes.” Water Research 34 (1): 327–333.10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00093-7Suche in Google Scholar
Traegner, U.K., and M.T. Suidan. 1989. “Evaluation of Surface and Film Diffusion Coefficients for Carbon Adsorption.” Water Research 23 (3): 267–273. .10.1016/0043-1354(89)90091-2Suche in Google Scholar
Vaz, J.L., A. Boussaoud, Y.A. Ichou, and M. Petit-Ramel. 1998. “Photominéralisation De L’uracile Et Des 5-Halogeno-Uraciles Sur Le Dioxyde De Titane. Effet Du Ph Et De Quelques Anions Sur La Photodégradation De L’uracile.” Analusis 26 (2): 83–87.10.1051/analusis:1998115Suche in Google Scholar
Wenhua, L., L. Hong, C. Sao’an, Z. Jianqing, and C. Chunan. 2000. “Kinetics of Photocatalytic Degradation of Aniline in Water over Tio 2 Supported on Porous Nickel.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 131 (1): 125–132.10.1016/S1010-6030(99)00232-4Suche in Google Scholar
Zhang, W., T. An, M. Cui, G. Sheng, and J. Fu. 2005. “Effects of Anions on the Photocatalytic and Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation of Reactive Dye in a Packed‐Bed Reactor.” Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 80 (2): 223–229.10.1002/jctb.1185Suche in Google Scholar
Zhao, H., S. Xu, J. Zhong, and X. Bao. 2004. “Kinetic Study on the Photo-Catalytic Degradation of Pyridine in Tio 2 Suspension Systems.” Catalysis Today 93: 857–861.10.1016/j.cattod.2004.06.086Suche in Google Scholar
Zheng, L., X. Wang, and X. Wang. 2015. “Reuse of Reverse Osmosis Concentrate in Textile and Dyeing Industry by Combined Process of Persulfate Oxidation and Lime-Soda Softening.” Journal of Cleaner Production 108: 525–533.10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.09.027Suche in Google Scholar
Zhu, M.X., L. Lee, H.H. Wang, and Z. Wang. 2007. “Removal of an Anionic Dye by Adsorption/Precipitation Processes Using Alkaline White Mud.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 149 (3): 735–741.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.037Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhu, X., C. Yuan, Y. Bao, J. Yang, and Y. Wu. 2005. “Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticide Pyridaben on Tio2 Particles.” Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 229 (1): 95–105.10.1016/j.molcata.2004.11.010Suche in Google Scholar
Zouaghi, R., A. Zertal, B. David, and S. Guittonneau. 2007. “Photocatalytic Degradation of Monolinuron and Linuron in an Aqueous Suspension of Titanium Dioxide under Simulated Solar Irradiation.” Revue Des Sciences De L’eau/Journal of Water Science 20 (2): 163–172.10.7202/015810arSuche in Google Scholar
© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Simulation in Airlift Bioreactor with Settler using Computational Fluid Dynamics
- Optimization of Esterification of Propionic Acid with Ethanol Catalyzed by Solid Acid Catalysts using Response Surface Methodology (RSM): A Kinetic Approach
- Hydraulic Design and Power Characterization of Closed Turbine-Type Agitator
- Hydrodynamic Study of a Gas–liquid–solid Bubble Column Employing CFD–BPBM Method
- Optical Approach for Measuring Oxygen Mass Transfer in Stirred Tank Bioreactors
- Deactivation of Chlorinated Pt/Al2O3 Isomerization Catalyst Using Water Containing Feed
- Methanol Steam Reforming in a Spiral-Shaped Microchannel Reactor over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalyst: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Study
- The Kinetics Model and Fixed Bed Reactor Simulation of Cu Catalyst for Acetylene Hydrochlorination
- Supercritical Water Gasification of Scenedesmus Dimorphus µ-algae
- Heating Process Characteristics and Kinetics of Biomass at Different Oxygen Concentrations
- CFD Simulation of Gas Dispersion in a Stirred Tank of Dual Rushton Turbines
- Parameters Affecting Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation Behavior of Gentian Violet under UV Irradiation with Several Kinds of TiO2 as a Photocatalyst
- CFD Modeling of Flame Structures in a Gas Turbine Combustion Reactor: Velocity, Temperature, and Species Distribution
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer Simulation in Airlift Bioreactor with Settler using Computational Fluid Dynamics
- Optimization of Esterification of Propionic Acid with Ethanol Catalyzed by Solid Acid Catalysts using Response Surface Methodology (RSM): A Kinetic Approach
- Hydraulic Design and Power Characterization of Closed Turbine-Type Agitator
- Hydrodynamic Study of a Gas–liquid–solid Bubble Column Employing CFD–BPBM Method
- Optical Approach for Measuring Oxygen Mass Transfer in Stirred Tank Bioreactors
- Deactivation of Chlorinated Pt/Al2O3 Isomerization Catalyst Using Water Containing Feed
- Methanol Steam Reforming in a Spiral-Shaped Microchannel Reactor over Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 Catalyst: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation Study
- The Kinetics Model and Fixed Bed Reactor Simulation of Cu Catalyst for Acetylene Hydrochlorination
- Supercritical Water Gasification of Scenedesmus Dimorphus µ-algae
- Heating Process Characteristics and Kinetics of Biomass at Different Oxygen Concentrations
- CFD Simulation of Gas Dispersion in a Stirred Tank of Dual Rushton Turbines
- Parameters Affecting Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation Behavior of Gentian Violet under UV Irradiation with Several Kinds of TiO2 as a Photocatalyst
- CFD Modeling of Flame Structures in a Gas Turbine Combustion Reactor: Velocity, Temperature, and Species Distribution