Prevalence of ear morbidities among school children in Delhi, India: a cross-sectional study
-
Himanshu Shekhar
,
Anita Khokhar
Abstract
Objectives
Hearing impairment and ear diseases are among the world’s leading causes of years lived with disability. Ear disorders are a major health problem in developing countries like India. The present research had been planned to screen the primary school children for ear morbidity and to study the various factors associated with ear morbidities so that corrective intervention can be initiated at the earliest.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among all primary school children of two schools in Aliganj, Delhi. Complete enumeration of all the school children of these two primary schools was planned for this study. Modified version of World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) “Ten Question Plus” screening instrument was used, followed by Otoscopy examination, in all children for confirmation of ear disease, if any. Descriptive data analysis was performed.
Results
Out of the total 430 study subjects, ear morbidities were found in 198 (46.0%) study participants. Presence of ear morbidity showed significant association with overcrowding, absence of a separate kitchen, passive smoking, feeding young child in lying down position, upper respiratory tract infection (URI)˃3 episodes/year and allergy (p<0.05).
Conclusions
This study has highlighted the need to detect ear diseases at the earliest thereby avoiding complications. The health examination in the schools must include screening students for ear diseases to reduce the burden of hearing disability. Inputs from the study may be used for effective prioritization and planning for prevention and management of ear diseases at the primary school level.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Author contributions: All authors attest they meet the ICMJE criteria for authorship. Study conceptualisation and study design: HS, AK; Methodology: HS, AK, GM, SD; Data collection: HS; Formal data analysis: HS, AK, SD; First draft writing: HS, AK, GM, SD; and Final manuscript revisions and approval: HS, AK, GM, SD.
-
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
References
1. World Health Organisation. Geneva: WHO c2015. Deafness and hearing loss: updated March; 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs300/en/ [Accessed 20 Mar 2020].Suche in Google Scholar
2. Jacob, A, Rupa, V, Job, A, Joseph, A. Hearing impairment and otitis media in a rural primary school in South India. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1997;39:133–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-5876(96)01479-6.Suche in Google Scholar
3. Akinpelu, OV, Amusa, YB. Otological diseases in Nigerian children. Internet J Otorhinolaryngol 2007;7:4701. https://doi.org/10.5580/68a.Suche in Google Scholar
4. Nepali, R, Sigdel, B. Prevalence of ENT diseases in children: hospital based study. Internet J Otorhinolaryngol 2012;14:14208. https://doi.org/10.5580/2bd9.Suche in Google Scholar
5. World Health Organisation. Geneva: WHO c1998. Prevention of hearing impairment from chronic otitis media: WHO/CIBA foundation workshop. Available from: http://www.who.int/pbd/deafness/en/chronic_otitis_media.pdf.Suche in Google Scholar
6. Green-Hernandez, C, Singleton, J, Aronzon, D. Primary care pediatrics. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2001:659–60 pp.Suche in Google Scholar
7. World Health Organisation. Ten question screening index for disabilities. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INDIAEXTN/Resources/chapter03.pdf [Accessed 20 Mar 2020].Suche in Google Scholar
8. Chadha, SK, Sayal, A, Malhotra, V, Agarwal, AK. Prevalence of preventable ear disorders in over 15000 schoolchildren in Northern India. J Laryngol Otol 2013;127:28–32. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022215112002691.Suche in Google Scholar
9. Turner, JSJr., Per-Lee, JH. The ear and auditory system. In: Walker, HK, Hall, WD, Hurst, JW, editors. Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations, 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 126. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK231/.Suche in Google Scholar
10. Miltenburg, DM. The validity of tuning fork tests in diagnosing hearing loss. J Otolaryngol 1994;23:254–9.Suche in Google Scholar
11. Park, K. Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd ed. Jabalpur: M/S Banarsidas Bhanot; 2009:752 p.Suche in Google Scholar
12. Kumar, N, Gupta, N, Kishore, J. Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic scale: updating income ranges for the year 2012. Indian J Publ Health 2012;56:103–4. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-557x.96988.Suche in Google Scholar
13. Shaheen, MM, Raquib, A, Ahmad, S. Prevalence and associated socio-demographic factors of chronic suppurative otitis media among rural primary school children of Bangladesh. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012;76:1201–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.05.006.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
14. Renjit, RE, Manonmony, S, Philip, JT, Jose, DJ. Spectrum of ENT diseases among urban school children in South Kerala, India. Int J Biomed Res 2014;5:355–8.Suche in Google Scholar
15. Chadha, SK, Gulati, K, Garg, S, Agarwal, AK. Prevalence of ear diseases in the children of Delhi. J Laryngol Otol 2015;129:425–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/s002221511500081x.Suche in Google Scholar
16. Adhikari, P, Kharel, DB, Ma, J, Baral, DR, Pandey, T, Rijal, R, et al. Pattern of otological diseases in school going children of Kathmandu valley. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008;12:502–5.Suche in Google Scholar
17. Udaipurwala, IH. Annual ENT check up of the students in school; time for change in school health services. Pak J Otolaryngol 2013;29:72–3.Suche in Google Scholar
18. Vengala, RR, Suraneni, VR, Osuri, S, Uppalapati, P, Amara, A. Prevalence and etiological factors causing hearing loss in school going children of Vizianagaram district. Int J Sci Stud 2014;2:36–40.Suche in Google Scholar
19. Maharjan, M, Bhandari, S, Singh, I, Mishra, SC. Prevalence of otitis media in school going children in eastern Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J 2006;16:479–82.Suche in Google Scholar
20. Lasisi, AO, Olaniyan, FA, Muibi, SA, Azeez, IA, Abdulwasiu, KG, Lasisi, TJ, et al. Clinical and demographic risk factors associated with chronic suppurative otitis media. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007;71:1549–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2007.06.005.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
21. Verma, AK, Vohra, A, Maitra, A, Banerjee, M, Singh, R, Mittal, S, et al. Epidemiology of chronic suppurative otitis media and deafness in a rural area and developing an intervention strategy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1995;62:725–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02825128.Suche in Google Scholar
22. Zhang, Y, Xu, M, Zhang, J, Zeng, L, Wang, Y, Zheng, Q. Risk factors for chronic and recurrent otitis media–a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014;9:e86397. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090362.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
23. Yiengprugsawan, V, Hogan, A. Ear infection and its associated risk factors, comorbidity, and health service use in Australian children. Int J Pediatr 2013;2013:963–70. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/963132.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
24. Bandyopadhyay, R, Sengupta, A, Dasgupta, A, Biswas, R, Mukherjee, S, Biswas, AB. A comparative study of common ear morbidity pattern among the primary school children of an urban slum of Kolkata and rural area of Hooghly. J Indian Med Assoc 2005;103:428, 430–2.Suche in Google Scholar
25. Aich, ML, Biswas, AC, Ahmed, M, Joarder, MAH, Datta, PG, Alauddin, M. Prevalence of otitis media with effusion among school going children in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol 1970;15:31–4. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjo.v15i1.4308.Suche in Google Scholar
26. Sharifian, MR, Mahmoudi, M, Pourmomenarabi, B, Keramati, MR. Correlation between allergic rhinitis and otitis media with effusion. Iran J Otorhinolaryngol 2019;31:209–15.Suche in Google Scholar
27. Martines, F, Bentivegna, D, Maira, E, Sciacca, V, Martines, E. Risk factors for otitis media with effusion: case-control study in Sicilian schoolchildren. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2011;75:754–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.01.031.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- A 70th birthday tribute to the pediatrician Joav Merrick
- Original Articles
- Determinants of waterpipe smoking among high school students in Jakarta, Indonesia
- Sociodemographic profile of psychoactive substance use among selected secondary school students in rural Nigeria
- An initiative to limit screen-time in children aged between 6 and 18 years in an urban area in Puducherry: a qualitative study
- Prevalence of ear morbidities among school children in Delhi, India: a cross-sectional study
- Lifestyle factors influencing the academic performance among the secondary school students in an urban area of south India
- Perceived burden, causes and consequences of adolescent pregnancy in the rural Maharashtra: a cultural domain analysis
- Association of alopecia with self-esteem in children and adolescents
- Balanced diet related knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) among adolescent school girls in Noakhali district, Bangladesh: a cross sectional study
- Contraceptive use and its determinants among adolescent women in Tigray, Ethiopia: a multilevel modeling
- The burden of the probable polycystic ovarian syndrome and its associated factor among college going late adolescents and young adults: a cross sectional analytical study in urban Puducherry, South India
- Stress, self-compassion, and school burnout in Thai high school students
- The correlation of Internet addiction towards adolescents’ social interaction
- Comparison of the psychosocial impact on patients affected by cranio facial anomalies between traditional orthodontic brackets and aligners
- Short Communication
- COVID-19 on TikTok: harnessing an emerging social media platform to convey important public health messages
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- A 70th birthday tribute to the pediatrician Joav Merrick
- Original Articles
- Determinants of waterpipe smoking among high school students in Jakarta, Indonesia
- Sociodemographic profile of psychoactive substance use among selected secondary school students in rural Nigeria
- An initiative to limit screen-time in children aged between 6 and 18 years in an urban area in Puducherry: a qualitative study
- Prevalence of ear morbidities among school children in Delhi, India: a cross-sectional study
- Lifestyle factors influencing the academic performance among the secondary school students in an urban area of south India
- Perceived burden, causes and consequences of adolescent pregnancy in the rural Maharashtra: a cultural domain analysis
- Association of alopecia with self-esteem in children and adolescents
- Balanced diet related knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) among adolescent school girls in Noakhali district, Bangladesh: a cross sectional study
- Contraceptive use and its determinants among adolescent women in Tigray, Ethiopia: a multilevel modeling
- The burden of the probable polycystic ovarian syndrome and its associated factor among college going late adolescents and young adults: a cross sectional analytical study in urban Puducherry, South India
- Stress, self-compassion, and school burnout in Thai high school students
- The correlation of Internet addiction towards adolescents’ social interaction
- Comparison of the psychosocial impact on patients affected by cranio facial anomalies between traditional orthodontic brackets and aligners
- Short Communication
- COVID-19 on TikTok: harnessing an emerging social media platform to convey important public health messages
