Startseite Hypertension among adolescents in Nigeria: a retrospective study of adolescent university freshmen
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Hypertension among adolescents in Nigeria: a retrospective study of adolescent university freshmen

  • Olumide Abiodun EMAIL logo , Akindele Ladele , Oluwatosin Olu-Abiodun und Temitope Ashipa
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 16. März 2019
International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health
Aus der Zeitschrift International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health Band 33 Heft 5

Abstract

Purpose

The burden of hypertension is rising both globally and in Africa specifically. We determined the prevalence of hypertension and the risk factors for clinical hypertension in a population of new university intakes over a 4-year period.

Methods

We analyzed retrospectively, the records of 6980 older adolescents (15–19 years). We used population-specific metrics to categorize blood pressure (BP) based on the 2017 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the American Academy of Pediatrics.

Results

The overall prevalence of high BP in our study was 25.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 24.1–26.2] for elevated BP, 19.8% (95% CI 18.9–20.8) for stage 1 hypertension, and 5.5% (95% CI 5.0–6.1) for stage 2 hypertension. The prevalence of stage 2 hypertension was 8.7% (7.5–9.5) among the male participants and 3.2% (95% CI 2.7–3.2) among the female participants (p < 0.001). The multivariate analyses demonstrated an increased risk of high levels of BP (p < 0.001) with age (1.21: 95% CI 1.16–1.26), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) (1.05: 95% CI 1.04–1.05), z-score for body mass index (BMI) (1.47: 95% CI 1.41–1.54), and hemoglobin concentration (1.10: 95% CI 1.09–1.12). It demonstrated a reduced risk of high levels of BP (p < 0.001) being female (0.35: 95% CI 0.32–0.39).

Conclusions

Hypertension, its risk factors and the risk of cardiovascular diseases in later life are prevalent in our Nigerian adolescent population. There is, therefore, a need for the development, evaluation and implementation of context-appropriate strategies and interventions to mitigate the risk of hypertension among adolescents, and cardiovascular diseases later in life.

Keywords: adolescents; Africa; hypertension; Nigeria; risk factors; WHtR; zBMI

Acknowledgment

We thank all the staff of the STARTA trials and the Department of Family Medicine of Babcock University who collected and extracted data for this analysis. We also thank Dr. Signe Bruun for her kind advice on data management and assistance with data analysis.

Declarations

  1. Consent for publication: Not applicable.

  2. Competing interests: None to declare

  3. Funding: The research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

  4. Authors’ contributions: OA conceptualized the study, conducted the data analyses and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. AL, OO and TA supervised the data extraction, collation, and cleaning. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

  5. Availability of data and materials: The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study will be available upon reasonable request from the researchgate repository (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Olumide_Abiodun).

  6. Implications and contributions: New clinical guidelines suggest that the burden of hypertension among adolescents and the future risk of cardiovascular diseases are higher than earlier thought. Obesity is a significant risk factor among Nigerian adolescents.

  7. Affirmation: We affirm that we have recognized everyone who made significant contributions to the work.

References

[1] Ewald DR, Haldeman DL. Risk factors in adolescent hypertension. Glob Pediatr Health. 2016;3:2333794X15625159.10.1177/2333794X15625159Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[2] Noubiap JJ, Essouma M, Bigna JJ, Jingi AM, Aminde LN, Nansseu JR. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2017;2(8):e375–86.10.1097/01.hjh.0000549390.21348.8fSuche in Google Scholar

[3] Essouma M, Noubiap JJ, Bigna JJ, Nansseu JR, Jingi AM, Aminde LN, et al. Hypertension prevalence, incidence and risk factors among children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol. Br Med J Open. 2015;5(9):e008472.10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008472Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[4] Jobe M, Agbla SC, Prentice AM, Hennig BJ. High blood pressure and associated risk factors as indicator of preclinical hypertension in rural West Africa: a focus on children and adolescents in the Gambia. Medicine (Balt). 2017;96(13):e6170.10.1097/MD.0000000000006170Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Peltzer KPS, Samuels TA, Özcan NK, Mantilla C, Rahamefy OH, Wong ML, et al. Prevalence of overweight/obesity and its associated factors among university students from 22 countries. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(7):7425–41.10.3390/ijerph110707425Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[6] Nwachukwu DC, Nwagha UI, Obikili EN, Ejezie FE, Okwuosa CN, Nweke ML, et al. Assessment of body mass index and blood pressure among university students in, Enugu, South East, Nigeria. Niger J Med. 2010;19(2):148–52.10.4314/njm.v19i2.56503Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3): pii: e20171904.10.1542/9781610024310-part03-ch13Suche in Google Scholar

[8] National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2004;114(Suppl 2):555–76.10.1542/peds.114.S2.555Suche in Google Scholar

[9] Bacopoulou F, Efthymiou V, Landis G, Rentoumis A, Chrousos GP. Waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-height ratio reference percentiles for abdominal obesity among Greek adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2015;15(1):50.10.1186/s12887-015-0366-zSuche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[10] Savva SC, Tornaritis M, Savva ME, Kourides Y, Panagi A, Silikiotou N, et al. Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio are better predictors of cardiovascular disease risk factors in children than body mass index. Int J Obes. 2000;24(11):1453–8.10.1038/sj.ijo.0801401Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[11] Brannsether B, Roelants M, Bjerknes R, Juliusson PB. Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in Norwegian children 4–18 years of age: reference values and cut-off levels. Acta Paediatr. 2011;100(12):1576–82.10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02370.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Haas GM, Liepold E, Schwandt P. Percentile curves for fat patterning in German adolescents. World J Pediatr. 2011;7(1):16–23.10.1007/s12519-011-0241-4Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] World Health Organization. Hemoglobin Concentrations for the Diagnosis of Anemia and Assessment of Severity. Geneva; 2011. Contract No.: WHO/NMH/NHD/MNM/11.1.Suche in Google Scholar

[14] Vidmar SC, Cole TJ, Pan H. Standardizing anthropometric measures in children and adolescents with new functions for egen: update. Stata J. 2013;13(2):366–78.10.1177/1536867X0100400104Suche in Google Scholar

[15] World Health Organization. BMI-for-age (5–19 years). Geneva: World Health Organization. Available at: http://www.who.int/growthref/who2007_bmi_for_age/en/ Accessed November 22, 2018.Suche in Google Scholar

[16] Ejike C. Prevalence of hypertension in Nigerian children and adolescents: a systematic review and trend analysis of data from the past four decades. J Trop Pediatr. 2017;63(3):229–41.10.1093/tropej/fmw087Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[17] Syme C, Abrahamowicz M, Leonard GT, Perron M, Richer L, Veillette S, et al. Sex differences in blood pressure and its relationship to body composition and metabolism in adolescence. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2009;163(9):818–25.10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.92Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[18] Akinlua JT, Meakin R, Umar AM, Freemantle N. Current prevalence pattern of hypertension in nigeria: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140021.10.1371/journal.pone.0140021Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[19] Khoury M, Khoury PR, Dolan LM, Kimball TR, Urbina EM. Clinical implications of the revised AAP pediatric hypertension guidelines. Pediatrics. 2018;142(2): pii: e20180245.10.1542/peds.2018-0245Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[20] Gu D, Kelly TN, Wu X, Chen J, Duan X, Huang J-F, et al. Blood pressure and risk of cardiovascular disease in Chinese men and women. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(3):265–72.10.1038/ajh.2007.59Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[21] Burgos MS, Burgos LT, Camargo MD, Franke SI, Pra D, Silva AM, et al. Relationship between anthropometric measures and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013;101(4):288–96.10.5935/abc.20130169Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Davy KP, Hall JE. Obesity and hypertension: two epidemics or one? Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004;286(5):R803–13.10.1152/ajpregu.00707.2003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[23] Willig AL, Casazza K, Dulin-Keita A, Franklin FA, Amaya M, Fernandez JR. Adjusting adiposity and body weight measurements for height alters the relationship with blood pressure in children. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23(8):904–10.10.1038/ajh.2010.82Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[24] Ataei N, Hosseini M, Fayaz M, Navidi I, Taghiloo A, Kalantari K, et al. Blood pressure percentiles by age and height for children and adolescents in Tehran, Iran. J Hum Hypertens. 2016;30(4):268–77.10.1038/jhh.2015.52Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Supplementary Material

The online version of this article offers supplementary material (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2018-0287).

Received: 2018-12-18
Accepted: 2019-01-06
Published Online: 2019-03-16

©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. The effect of acupuncture on postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting after pediatric tonsillectomy: a systematic review
  4. Educational interventions to improve menstrual health: approaches and challenges
  5. Improving gluten free diet adherence by youth with celiac disease
  6. Which HIV-infected youth are at risk of developing depression and what treatments help? A systematic review focusing on Southern Africa
  7. Original Articles
  8. The relationship between social skills and misconduct with their teachers in high school students in the City Aligudarz 2018
  9. Examining the effect of implementation of the nursing process on students’ health behaviors
  10. Food safety knowledge and self-reported practices among adolescents in rural secondary schools in Nigeria
  11. Anthropometric evaluation of school-going native highlanders (4–19 years of age) from the Leh-Ladakh region in India
  12. Predictors of behaviour change for unhealthy sleep patterns among Indian dental students
  13. Characterizing the unmet mental health needs of urban adolescents
  14. The mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation on attachment styles of adolescents with conduct disorders
  15. Menstrual disorders and medical counseling among schoolgirls in South Egypt: a cross-sectional study
  16. Electromyographic analysis of upper trapezius, abductor pollicis longus and abductor pollicis brevis during smartphone use in different positions among young male and female subjects
  17. What are the correlates of body image distortion and dissatisfaction among school-adolescents?
  18. Hypertension among adolescents in Nigeria: a retrospective study of adolescent university freshmen
  19. Does smartphone addiction affect social interaction: a study among dental students in Hyderabad
  20. Chronic health conditions and adolescent friendship: perspectives from social network analysis
  21. Prevalence of hypertension among school going adolescent boys in Najafgarh, Delhi, India
  22. Variations in cricket players’ upper body dynamic balance across different levels of competition
  23. Evaluation of a comprehensive sexuality education program in La Romana, Dominican Republic
  24. The correlation between marital satisfaction and childbearing characteristics in women in Tehran
  25. Adolescent characteristics and parenting style as the determinant factors of bullying in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study
  26. Development of a self-efficacy model in junior and senior high school students based on religiosity and family determinants: a cross sectional approach
  27. Facilitators and barriers in the utilization of World Health Organization’s Preventing Early Pregnancy Guidelines in formulating laws, policies and strategies: what do stakeholders in Ethiopia say?
  28. Problematic internet use: a cross-sectional study on a model from university students in Egypt
  29. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among Indonesian adolescent students
  30. Validity and reliability of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire in Kosovar adolescents
  31. Determinants of smoking behavior among young males in rural Indonesia
  32. ‘Selfie’- boon or a bane? A study from a private medical college in Southern India
  33. Short Communication
  34. Perspectives on the use of a health surveillance system for Guatemalan youth: a stakeholder analysis
https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2018-0287
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
adolescents; Africa; hypertension; Nigeria; risk factors; WHtR; zBMI

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. The effect of acupuncture on postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting after pediatric tonsillectomy: a systematic review
  4. Educational interventions to improve menstrual health: approaches and challenges
  5. Improving gluten free diet adherence by youth with celiac disease
  6. Which HIV-infected youth are at risk of developing depression and what treatments help? A systematic review focusing on Southern Africa
  7. Original Articles
  8. The relationship between social skills and misconduct with their teachers in high school students in the City Aligudarz 2018
  9. Examining the effect of implementation of the nursing process on students’ health behaviors
  10. Food safety knowledge and self-reported practices among adolescents in rural secondary schools in Nigeria
  11. Anthropometric evaluation of school-going native highlanders (4–19 years of age) from the Leh-Ladakh region in India
  12. Predictors of behaviour change for unhealthy sleep patterns among Indian dental students
  13. Characterizing the unmet mental health needs of urban adolescents
  14. The mediating role of difficulties in emotion regulation on attachment styles of adolescents with conduct disorders
  15. Menstrual disorders and medical counseling among schoolgirls in South Egypt: a cross-sectional study
  16. Electromyographic analysis of upper trapezius, abductor pollicis longus and abductor pollicis brevis during smartphone use in different positions among young male and female subjects
  17. What are the correlates of body image distortion and dissatisfaction among school-adolescents?
  18. Hypertension among adolescents in Nigeria: a retrospective study of adolescent university freshmen
  19. Does smartphone addiction affect social interaction: a study among dental students in Hyderabad
  20. Chronic health conditions and adolescent friendship: perspectives from social network analysis
  21. Prevalence of hypertension among school going adolescent boys in Najafgarh, Delhi, India
  22. Variations in cricket players’ upper body dynamic balance across different levels of competition
  23. Evaluation of a comprehensive sexuality education program in La Romana, Dominican Republic
  24. The correlation between marital satisfaction and childbearing characteristics in women in Tehran
  25. Adolescent characteristics and parenting style as the determinant factors of bullying in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study
  26. Development of a self-efficacy model in junior and senior high school students based on religiosity and family determinants: a cross sectional approach
  27. Facilitators and barriers in the utilization of World Health Organization’s Preventing Early Pregnancy Guidelines in formulating laws, policies and strategies: what do stakeholders in Ethiopia say?
  28. Problematic internet use: a cross-sectional study on a model from university students in Egypt
  29. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among Indonesian adolescent students
  30. Validity and reliability of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire in Kosovar adolescents
  31. Determinants of smoking behavior among young males in rural Indonesia
  32. ‘Selfie’- boon or a bane? A study from a private medical college in Southern India
  33. Short Communication
  34. Perspectives on the use of a health surveillance system for Guatemalan youth: a stakeholder analysis
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 21.11.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijamh-2018-0287/html?lang=de
Button zum nach oben scrollen