Abstract
The study aimed to assess gender differences among Kuwaiti adolescents in healthy living choices that impact the risk of obesity. A cross-sectional multistage cluster design was employed with a representative sample of 2672 students aged 13–15 years who completed a self-administered Global School-based Student Health (GSHS) survey. The study found that around 48.0% of adolescents were overweight and obese. More boys than girls were obese (28.2% vs. 22.3%, p < 0.0001). However, boys were more likely than girls to report healthy food choices regarding fruit (38.1% vs. 33.2%), and vegetables (21.8% vs. 16.7%). Only 20.7% of adolescents reported physical activity for more than 60 min/day, predominately by boys rather than girls (30.8% vs. 10.5%, respectively, p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis revealed that male gender, skipping breakfast and physical inactivity were significantly correlated with the risk of overweight and obesity among adolescents. These results suggest that lifestyle education for promoting healthy body masses targeting adolescents should take gender into account.
References
[1] Bibiloni M, Pons A, Tur J. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents: a systematic review. ISRN Obes. 2013;2013:1–1410.1155/2013/392747Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[2] Kuwait National Surveillance System (KNSS). Ministry of health, administration of food and nutrition. 2005–2010 Report. Kuwait: Ministry of Health, 2010.Suche in Google Scholar
[3] Arganini C, Saba A, Comitato R, Virgili F, Turrini A. Gender differences in food choice and dietary intake in modern Western societies. In: Maddock J, editors. Public health-social and behavioral health. Rome, Italy: InTech, 2012:84–95.Suche in Google Scholar
[4] British Colombia Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health (BCCEWH). The Health Benefits of physical activity for girls and women. 2000. Available from: http://www.caaws.ca/e/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/health_benefits.pdf Accessed on November 22, 2015.Suche in Google Scholar
[5] Bowen R, Turner M, Timothy Lightfoot J. Sex hormones effects on physical activity levels: why doesn’t Jane run as much as Dick?. Sports Med. 2011;41:73–86.10.2165/11536860-000000000-00000Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[6] Rosenfeld C. Sex-dependent differences in voluntary physical activity. J Neurosci Res. 2017;95:279–90.10.1002/jnr.23896Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[7] Hadley C, Lindstrom D, Tessema F, Belachew T. Gender bias in food insecurity experiences of adolescents in Jimma zone. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66:427–38.10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.08.025Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[8] Kiefer I, Rathmanner T, Kunze M. Eating and dieting differences in men and women. Review: Literature and Arts of The Americas. 2005;2:194–201.10.1016/j.jmhg.2005.04.010Suche in Google Scholar
[9] Wardle J, Haase A, Steptoe A, Nillapun M, Jonwutiwes K, Bellisle F. Gender differences in food choice: the contribution of health beliefs and dieting. Ann Behav Med. 2005;27:107–16.10.1207/s15324796abm2702_5Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[10] Prättälä R, Paalanen L, Grinberga D, Helasoja V, Kasmel A, Petkeviciene J. Gender differences in the consumption of meat, fruit and vegetables are similar in Finland and the Baltic countries. Eur J Public Health. 2007;17:520–5.10.1093/eurpub/ckl265Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[11] Casey P, Szeto K, Robbins J, Stuff J, Connell C, Gossett J, et al. Child health-related quality of life and household food security. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:51–6.10.1001/archpedi.159.1.51Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[12] Barata R, de Almeida M, Montero C, da Silva Z. Gender and health inequalities among adolescents and adults in Brazil, 1998. Rev Panam Salud Publica/Pan Am J Public Health. 2007;21:320–7.10.1590/S1020-49892007000400008Suche in Google Scholar
[13] Department of Health, Social Services, and Public Safety. Start active, stay active: a report on physical activity from the four home Countries’ Chief medical officers. 2011. Available from: https://www.sportengland.org/media/388152/dh_128210.pdf Accessed on March 25, 2016.Suche in Google Scholar
[14] World Health Organization (WHO). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 916 2004. Available from: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/trs916/en/ Accessed on March 25, 2016.Suche in Google Scholar
[15] Buttriss J. Findings of the National food survey for 2000. Nutr Bull. 2002;27:37–40.10.1046/j.1467-3010.2002.00209.xSuche in Google Scholar
[16] Prentice R, Willet W, Greenwald P, Alberts D, Bernstein L, Boyd N, et al. Nutrition and physical activity and chronic disease prevention: research strategy and recommendations. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:1276–87.10.1093/jnci/djh240Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[17] Allafi A, Al-Haifi A, Al-Fayez M, Al-Athari B, Al-Ajmi F, Al-Hazzaa H, et al. Physical activity, sedentary behaviours and dietary habits among Kuwaiti adolescents: gender differences. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17:2045–52.10.1017/S1368980013002218Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[18] Musaiger A, Al-Mannai M, Tayyem R, Al-Lalla O, Ali E, Kalam F, et al. Perceived barriers to healthy eating and physical activity among adolescents in seven Arab countries: a cross-cultural study. The Scientific World J. 2013;2013:1–11. DOI:10.1155/2013/232164.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[19] The Public Authority for Civil Information (PACI). Population Statistics. 2015. Available from: https://www.paci.gov.kw/.Suche in Google Scholar
[20] The World Bank. Kuwait, 2015 Available from: http://data.worldbank.org/country/kuwait Accessed on April 10, 2016.Suche in Google Scholar
[21] World Health Organization (WHO). Health education and promotion. Global student health survey. 2015. Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/health-education/global-student-health-survey/global-student-health-survey.html Accessed on April 13, 2016.Suche in Google Scholar
[22] Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) 2010. Kuwait GSHS questionnaire. 2010. Available from: http://www.who.int/chp/gshs/2010_Kuwait_GSHS_Questionnaire.pdf Accessed on October 17, 2015.Suche in Google Scholar
[23] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Defining childhood obesity. BMI for children and teens. 2015. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/defining.html Accessed on January 29, 2016.Suche in Google Scholar
[24] Health Canada. Food and nutrition. How much food you need every day. Canada’s food guide. 2007. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/food-guide-aliment/basics-base/quantit-eng.php Accessed on May 9, 2016.Suche in Google Scholar
[25] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Youth Physical Activity Guidelines Toolkit 2008 Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/guidelines.htm Accessed on January 29, 2016.Suche in Google Scholar
[26] Yahia N, Achkar A, Abdallah A, Rizk S. Eating habits and obesity among Lebanese university students. Nutrition J. 2008;7:1–6.10.1186/1475-2891-7-32Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[27] Bonsergent E, Benie-Bi J, Baumann C, Agrinier N, Tessier S, Thilly N, et al. Effect of gender on the association between weight status and health-related quality of life in adolescents. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:997.10.1186/1471-2458-12-997Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[28] Wardle J, Haase A, Steptoe A. Body image and weight control in young adults: international comparisons in university students from 22 countries. Int J Obesity. 2006;30:644–51.10.1038/sj.ijo.0803050Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[29] Nur Syuhada Zofiran M, Kartini I, Siti Sabariah B, Ajau D. The relationship between eating behaviors, body image and BMI status among adolescence age 13 to 17 years in Meru, Klang, Malaysia. Am J Food Nutr. 2001;1:185–92.10.5251/ajfn.2011.1.4.185.192Suche in Google Scholar
[30] Agam R, Tamir S, Golan M. Gender differences in respect to self-esteem and body image as well as response to adolescent’s school-based prevention programs. J Psychol Clin Psych. 2015;2:00092.Suche in Google Scholar
[31] Almeida E, Shivakumara K. Gender differences in body image among adolescents. Indian J Appl Res. 2015;5:114–7.Suche in Google Scholar
[32] Ah-Kion J. Body image and self-esteem: a study of gender differences among mid-adolescence. Gender Behav. 2006;4:534–49.10.4314/gab.v4i1.23344Suche in Google Scholar
[33] Croezen S, Visscher T, Ter Bogt N, Veling M, Haveman-Nies A. Skipping breakfast, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity as risk factors for overweight and obesity in adolescents: results of the E-MOVO project. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63:405–12.10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602950Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[34] Dupuy M, Godeau E, Vignes C, Ahluwalia N. Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors associated with overweight in a representative sample of 11–15 year olds in France: results from the WHO-collaborative health behavior in school-aged children (HBSC) cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:442.10.1186/1471-2458-11-442Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[35] Soo K, Wan A, Abdul M, Lee Y. Dietary practices among overweight and obese Chinese children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Malays J Nutr. 2011;17:87–95.Suche in Google Scholar
[36] Musaiger A. Overweight and obesity in Eastern Mediterranean region: prevalence and possible causes. J Obes. 2011;2011:1–17.10.1155/2011/407237Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[37] Thomee S, Lissner L, Hagberg M. Leisure time computer use and overweight development in young adults –a prospective study. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:839.10.1186/s12889-015-2131-5Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[38] Agostoni C, Braegger C, Decsi T, Kolacek S, Koletzko B, et al. ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Role of dietary factors and food habits in the development of childhood obesity: a commentary by the ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2011;52:662–9.10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182169253Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[39] Al-Haifi A, Al-Fayez M, Al-Athari B, Al-Ajmi F, Allafi A, Al-Hazzaa H, et al. Relative contribution of physical activity, sedentary behaviors, and dietary habits to the prevalence of obesity among Kuwaiti adolescents. Food Nutr Bull. 2013;34:6–13.10.1177/156482651303400102Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[40] Cutler G, Flood A, Hannan P, Slavin J, Neumark-Sztainer D. Association between major patterns of dietary intake and weight status in adolescents. Br J Nutr. 2012;108:349–56.10.1017/S0007114511005435Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
[41] Armstrong A, Welson J. The physical activity patterns of European youth with reference to methods of assessment. Sports Med. 2006;36:1067–86.10.2165/00007256-200636120-00005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
©2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Editorial
- Infectious mononucleosis: be aware of its lethality!
- Original Articles
- Is there a link between self-perceived stress and physical activity levels in Scottish adolescents?
- Does verruca vulgaris affect social anxiety and self-esteem in adolescents?
- Smart phone usage and addiction among dental students in Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study
- Review
- Health policy making for street children: challenges and strategies
- Original Articles
- Menarche as a predictor of risk-taking behavior in a sample of Hungarian adolescent girls
- Level of Internet use among Greek adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- Clinical outcomes of an inpatient pediatric obesity treatment program in the USA
- Obesity prevalence and contributing factors among adolescents in secondary schools in Pemagatshel district, Bhutan
- Contraception usage among young adult men of a Nigerian university
- Monitoring screen use: a qualitative exploration of family strategies in Swiss homes
- Proposed model for the cultural adaptation of an Internet-based depression prevention intervention (CATCH-IT) for Arab adolescents
- Physical fitness and obesity levels during an academic year followed by summer holidays: an issue of insufficient time for physical activity
- Differences in physical activity, eating habits and risk of obesity among Kuwaiti adolescent boys and girls: a population-based study
- Cardiac anomalies and associated comorbidities in a large adolescent population
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Editorial
- Infectious mononucleosis: be aware of its lethality!
- Original Articles
- Is there a link between self-perceived stress and physical activity levels in Scottish adolescents?
- Does verruca vulgaris affect social anxiety and self-esteem in adolescents?
- Smart phone usage and addiction among dental students in Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study
- Review
- Health policy making for street children: challenges and strategies
- Original Articles
- Menarche as a predictor of risk-taking behavior in a sample of Hungarian adolescent girls
- Level of Internet use among Greek adolescents with type 1 diabetes
- Clinical outcomes of an inpatient pediatric obesity treatment program in the USA
- Obesity prevalence and contributing factors among adolescents in secondary schools in Pemagatshel district, Bhutan
- Contraception usage among young adult men of a Nigerian university
- Monitoring screen use: a qualitative exploration of family strategies in Swiss homes
- Proposed model for the cultural adaptation of an Internet-based depression prevention intervention (CATCH-IT) for Arab adolescents
- Physical fitness and obesity levels during an academic year followed by summer holidays: an issue of insufficient time for physical activity
- Differences in physical activity, eating habits and risk of obesity among Kuwaiti adolescent boys and girls: a population-based study
- Cardiac anomalies and associated comorbidities in a large adolescent population