Abstract
Aim: Physical conditioning of youth has always been a controversial topic as it raises ethical, physiological, and medical issues. Current recommendations and guidelines suggest that strength training is a relatively safe and worthwhile method in conditioning youth. This, however, requires well-informed coaches who follow age-appropriate strength training recommendations and guidelines, compiles well-designed strength training programs, and provides qualified supervision and instructions. The purpose of this study was to investigate coaches’ awareness of current recommendations and guidelines regarding strength training for youth.
Method: A total of 39 football (US: soccer) coaches (34 males and 5 females) training boys in age groups 8–12 years were included in this study. Data were collected using an attitude statement questionnaire, and the assertions were based upon current recommendations and guidelines.
Results: The results revealed significant differences among coaches in terms of knowledge of important aspects of strength training for youth.
Conclusions: The results suggested that coaches in the present study were not aware of the latest recommendations and guidelines regarding strength training for youth.
Acknowledgments
We thank all the coaches who participated in this study. We also thank Linnaeus University, Kalmar.
References
1. Faigenbaum AD, Kraemer WJ, Blimkie CJ, Jeffreys I, Micheli LJ, et al. Youth resistance training: updated position statement paper from the National Strength and Conditioning Association. J Str Con Re 2009;23:60–79.10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819df407Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
2. Faigenbaum AD, Myers GD. Resistance training among young athletes: safety, efficacy and injury prevention effects. Br J Sports Med 2010;44:56–63.10.1136/bjsm.2009.068098Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
3. Zaricznyj B, Shattuck L, Mast T, Robertson R, D’Elia G. Sports-related injuries in school-age children. Am J Sports Med 1980;8:318–24.10.1177/036354658000800504Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
4. Hamill B. Relative safety of weight lifting and weight training. J Strength Cond Res 1994;8:53–7.Suche in Google Scholar
5. Falk B, Tenenbaum G. The effectiveness of resistance training in children. A meta-analysis. Sports Med 1996;22:176–86.10.2165/00007256-199622030-00004Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
6. Payne V, Morrow J, Johnson L, Dalton S. Resistance training in children and youth: a meta-analysis. Res & Exerc Sport 1997;68:80–8.10.1080/02701367.1997.10608869Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
7. Malina RM. Weight training in youth-growth, maturation, and safety: an evidence based review. Clin J Sport Med 2006;16:478–87.10.1097/01.jsm.0000248843.31874.beSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Matos N, Winsley RJ. Trainability of young athletes and overtraining. J Sports Sci Med 2007;6:353–67.Suche in Google Scholar
9. Behringer M, Vom Heede A, Yue Z, Mester J. Effects of resistance training in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics 2010;126:1199–210.10.1542/peds.2010-0445Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
10. Weltman A, Janney C, Rians C, Strand K, Berg B, et al. The effects of hydraulic resistance strength training in pre-pubertal males. Med Sci Sports Med 1986;18:629–38.10.1249/00005768-198612000-00005Suche in Google Scholar
11. Faigenbaum AD, Westcott W, Loud R, Long C. The effects of different resistance training protocols on muscular strength and endurance development in children. Pediatrics 1999;104:e5.10.1542/peds.104.1.e5Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Harris S, Lubans D, Callister R. Resistance training to improve power and sports performance in adolescent athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med 2012;15: 532–40.Suche in Google Scholar
13. Abernethy L, Bleakley C. Strategies to prevent injury in adolescent sport: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2007;41:627–38.10.1136/bjsm.2007.035691Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
14. Faigenbaum AD, Myer GD. Pediatric resistance training: benefits, concerns, and program design considerations. Curr Sports Med Rep 2010;9:161–8.10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181de1214Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
15. Behringer M, Vom Heede A, Matthews M, Mester J. Effects of strength training on motor performance skills in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2011;23:186–206.10.1123/pes.23.2.186Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
16. Dietz P, Hoffmann S, Lachtermann E, Simon P. Influence of exclusive resistance training on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight or obese children: a systematic review. Obes Facts 2012;5:546–60.10.1159/000341560Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
17. Sung R, Yu C, Chang S, Mo S, Woo K, et al. Effects of dietary intervention and strength training on blood lipid level in obese children. Arch Dis Child 2002;86:407–10.10.1136/adc.86.6.407Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
18. Nichols DL, Sanborn CF, Love AM. Resistance training and bone mineral density in adolescent females. J Pediatr 2001;139:494–500.10.1067/mpd.2001.116698Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
19. Hind K, Burrows M. Weight-bearing exercise and bone mineral accrual in children and adolescents: A review of controlled trials. Bone 2007;40:14–27.10.1016/j.bone.2006.07.006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
20. Lloyd RS, Faigenbaum AD, Stone MH, Oliver JL, Jeffreys I, et al. Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus. Br J Sports Med. 2013;doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092952, Ahead of print.10.1136/bjsports-2013-092952Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
21. Riksidrottsförbundet. Kunskapsöversikt: Styrketräning för barn och ungdom. FoU-rapport: 2009-1. 2009, Online (2013-09-20): http://www.rf.se.Suche in Google Scholar
22. McGladrey BW, Hannon JC, Faigenbaum AD, Shaw JM. High school physical educators’ and sport coaches’ knowledge of resistance training principles and methods. J Strength Cond Res 2013;doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000265.10.1519/JSC.0000000000000265Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
23. Reynolds ML, Ransdell LB, Lucas SM, Petlichkoff LM, Gao Y. An examination of current practices and gender differences in strength and conditioning in a sample of varsity high school athletic programs. J Strength Cond Res 2012;26:174–83.10.1519/JSC.0b013e31821852b7Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
24. Castelli D, Williams L. Health-related fitness and physical education teachers’ content knowledge. J Teach Phys Educ 2007;26:3–19.10.1123/jtpe.26.1.3Suche in Google Scholar
25. Holm, S. A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand J Statist 1979: 6: 65–70.Suche in Google Scholar
©2014 by De Gruyter
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Cardiovascular disease and prevention
- Reviews
- Future orientation: a construct with implications for adolescent health and wellbeing
- Aortic dilatation and dissection in Turner syndrome: What we know, what we are unclear about and what we should do in clinical practice?
- Original articles
- Gender differences in early trauma and high-risk behaviors among street-entrenched youth in British Columbia
- Health-promoting lifestyle and its predictors among Iranian adolescent girls, 2013
- Health risk behaviors and sexual initiation among in-school adolescents in rural communities in southwestern Nigeria
- Is change in health behavior of Dutch medical students related to change in their ideas on how a physician’s lifestyle influences their patient’s lifestyle?
- Awareness of current recommendations and guidelines regarding strength training for youth
- Non-medical prescription drug and illicit street drug use among young Swiss men and associated mental health issues
- Prevalence of health behaviors and their associated factors among a sample of university students in India
- Quality of life measures and psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus and familial Mediterranean fever
- Risk behaviors related to violence and injury among school-going adolescents in Karnataka, Southern India
- Polycystic ovary syndrome in Iranian adolescents
- Relational stressors as predictors for repeat aggressive and self-harming incidents in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient settings
- Effect of life skills training on physical activity patterns amongst school adolescents in Delhi: a non-randomized interventional study
- Association of oral hygiene habits and food intake with the risk of dental caries among undergraduate university women in Saudi Arabia
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Cardiovascular disease and prevention
- Reviews
- Future orientation: a construct with implications for adolescent health and wellbeing
- Aortic dilatation and dissection in Turner syndrome: What we know, what we are unclear about and what we should do in clinical practice?
- Original articles
- Gender differences in early trauma and high-risk behaviors among street-entrenched youth in British Columbia
- Health-promoting lifestyle and its predictors among Iranian adolescent girls, 2013
- Health risk behaviors and sexual initiation among in-school adolescents in rural communities in southwestern Nigeria
- Is change in health behavior of Dutch medical students related to change in their ideas on how a physician’s lifestyle influences their patient’s lifestyle?
- Awareness of current recommendations and guidelines regarding strength training for youth
- Non-medical prescription drug and illicit street drug use among young Swiss men and associated mental health issues
- Prevalence of health behaviors and their associated factors among a sample of university students in India
- Quality of life measures and psychiatric symptoms in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus and familial Mediterranean fever
- Risk behaviors related to violence and injury among school-going adolescents in Karnataka, Southern India
- Polycystic ovary syndrome in Iranian adolescents
- Relational stressors as predictors for repeat aggressive and self-harming incidents in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient settings
- Effect of life skills training on physical activity patterns amongst school adolescents in Delhi: a non-randomized interventional study
- Association of oral hygiene habits and food intake with the risk of dental caries among undergraduate university women in Saudi Arabia