Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dual disorders. Educational needs for an underdiagnosed condition

References

1. Crockford DN, el-Guebaly N. Addiction psychiatry. In: Leverette JS, Hnatko GS, Prasad E, editors. Approaches to postgraduate education in psychiatry in Canada: what educators and residents need to know. Ottawa: Canadian Psychiatric Association, 2009:167–82.Suche in Google Scholar

2. Gunderson EW, Levin FR, Levounis P. Medical education. In: Galanter M, Kleber D, editors. Textbook of substance abuse treatment, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2008:665–79.Suche in Google Scholar

3. Farrell M, Howes S, Bebbington P, Brugha T, Jenkins R, et al. Nicotine, alcohol and drug dependence and psychiatric comorbidity. Results of a national household survey. Br J Psychiatry 2001;179:432–7.10.1192/bjp.179.5.432Suche in Google Scholar

4. Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, Biederman J, Conners CK, et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:716–23.10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716Suche in Google Scholar

5. Swendsen J, Conway KP, Degenhardt L, Glantz M, Jin R, et al. Mental disorders as risk factors for substance use, abuse and dependence: results from the 10-year follow-up of the National Comorbidity Survey. Addiction 2010;105:1117–28.10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.02902.xSuche in Google Scholar

6. Szerman N, Lopez-Castroman J, Arias F, Morant C, Babin F, et al. Dual diagnosis and suicide risk in a Spanish outpatient sample. Subst Use Misuse 2012;47:383–9.10.3109/10826084.2011.636135Suche in Google Scholar

7. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. text revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.Suche in Google Scholar

8. Biederman J, Faraone SV. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 2005;366:237–48.10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66915-2Suche in Google Scholar

9. Wilens TE, Faraone SV, Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. J Am Med Assoc 2004; 292:619–23.10.1001/jama.292.5.619Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

10. World Health Organisation. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1992.Suche in Google Scholar

11. Canadian Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Resource Alliance (CADDRA): Canadian ADHD practice guidelines, 3rd ed. Toronto ON: CADDRA, 2011.Suche in Google Scholar

12. Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, Caci H, Casas-Brugué M, et al. European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: the European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 2010;10:67.10.1186/1471-244X-10-67Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The NICE Guideline on diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults. National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 72. London: Alden Press, 2009.Suche in Google Scholar

14. Murphy KR, Adler LA. Assessing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: focus on rating scales. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:12–7.Suche in Google Scholar

15. Brown TE. ADHD comorbidities: handbook for ADHD complications in children and adults. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2009.Suche in Google Scholar

16. Goldman LS, Genel M, Bezman RJ, Slanetz PJ. Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Med Assoc 1998;279:1100–7.10.1001/jama.279.14.1100Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Biederman J, Petty CR, Woodworth KY, Lomedico A, Hyder LL, et al. Adult outcome of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 16-year follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry 2012;73:941–50.10.4088/JCP.11m07529Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Kooij JJ, Huss M, Asherson P, Akehurst R, Beusterien K, et al. Distinguishing comorbidity and successful management of adult ADHD. J Atten Disord 2012;16:3S–19S.10.1177/1087054711435361Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

19. Miller CJ, Flory JD, Miller SR, Harty SC, Newcorn JH, et al. Childhood ADHD and the emergence of personality disorders in adolescence: a prospective follow-up study. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:1477–84.10.4088/JCP.v69n0916Suche in Google Scholar

20. Wilens TE, Biederman J. Alcohol, drugs, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a model for the study of addictions in youth. J Psychopharmacol 2006;20:580–8.10.1177/0269881105058776Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Wilens TE. The nature of the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:4–8.Suche in Google Scholar

22. Yoshimasu K, Barbaresi WJ, Colligan RC, Voigt RG, Killian JM, et al. Childhood ADHD is strongly associated with a broad range of psychiatric disorders during adolescence: a population-based birth cohort study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012;53:1036–43.10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02567.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

23. Arias AJ, Gelernter J, Chan G, Weiss RD, Brady KT, et al. Correlates of co-occurring ADHD in drug-dependent subjects: prevalence and features of substance dependence and psychiatric disorders. Addict Behav 2008;33:1199–207.10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.05.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

24. Biederman J, Wilens TE, Mick E, Milberger S, Spencer TJ, et al. Psychoactive substance use disorders in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1652–8.10.1176/ajp.152.11.1652Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

25. Levin FR, Evans SM, Kleber HD. Practical guidelines for the treatment of substance abusers with adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Serv 1999;50:1001–3.10.1176/ps.50.8.1001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

26. vanEmmerik-van Oortmerssen K, van de Glind G, van den Brink W, Smit F, Crunelle CL, et al. Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in substance use disorder patients: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012;122:11–9.10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

27. Wilens TE, Morrison NR. The intersection of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance abuse. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2011;24:280–5.10.1097/YCO.0b013e328345c956Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

28. Asherson P, Akehurst R, Kooij JJ, Huss M, Beusterien K, et al. Under diagnosis of adult ADHD: cultural influences and societal burden. J Atten Disord 2012;16(5 Suppl):20S–38S.10.1177/1087054711435360Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregresion analysis. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:942–8.10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Biederman J, Petty CR, Clarke A, Lomedico A, Faraone SV. Predictors of persistent ADHD: an 11-year follow-up study. J Psychiatr Res 2011;45:150–5.10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.06.009Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

31. Biederman J, Petty CR, O’Connor KB, Hyder LL, Faraone SV. Predictors of persistence in girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from an 11-year controlled follow-up study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012;125:147–56.10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01797.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

32. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 2006;36:159–65.10.1017/S003329170500471XSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Kessler RC, Adler LA, Barkley R, Biederman J, Conners CK, et al. Patterns and predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence into adulthood: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57:1442–51.10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

34. Lara C, Fayyad J, de Graaf R, Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, et al. Childhood predictors of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Biol Psychiatry 2009;65:46–54.10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

35. Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler R, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, et al. Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2007;190:402–9.10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034389Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

36. Simon V, Czobor P, Bálint S, Mészáros A, Bitter I. Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2009;194:204–11.10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048827Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Schubiner H. Substance abuse in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 2005;19:643–55.10.2165/00023210-200519080-00001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Nylander L, Holmqvist M, Gustafson L, Gillberg C. ADHD in adult psychiatry. Minimum rates and clinical presentation in general psychiatry outpatients. Nord J Psychiatry 2009;63:64–71.10.1080/08039480802416323Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Tamam L, Karakus G, Ozpoyraz N. Comorbidity of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder: prevalence and clinical correlates. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008;258:385–93.10.1007/s00406-008-0807-xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Cahill BS, Coolidge FL, Segal DL, Klebe KJ, Marle PD, et al. Prevalence of ADHD and its subtypes in male and female adult prison inmates. Behav Sci Law 2012;30:154–66.10.1002/bsl.2004Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

41. Einarsson E, Sigurdsson JF, Gudjonsson GH, Newton AK, Bragason OO. Screening for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and co-morbid mental disorders among prison inmates. Nord J Psychiatry 2009;63:361–7.10.1080/08039480902759184Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

42. Gudjonsson GH, Sigurdsson JF, Sigfusdottir ID, Young S. A National epidemiological study of offending and its relationship with ADHD symptoms and associated risk factors. J Atten Disord 2012 Apr 20. [Epub ahead of print]10.1177/1087054712437584Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O. The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord 2010;2:241–55.10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

44. Still GF. Some abnormal psychical conditions in children: the Goulstonian lectures. Lancet 1902;1:1008–12.Suche in Google Scholar

45. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1968.Suche in Google Scholar

46. Friedman N, Sadhu J, Jellinek M. DSM-5: implications for pediatric mental health care. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2012;33:163–78.10.1097/DBP.0b013e3182435c5aSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

47. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1980.Suche in Google Scholar

48. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed. revised. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.Suche in Google Scholar

49. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 1996.Suche in Google Scholar

50. Wilens TE, Dodson W. A clinical perspective of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into adulthood. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:1301–11.10.4088/JCP.v65n1003Suche in Google Scholar

51. McGough JJ, Barkley RA. Diagnostic controversies in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:1948–56.10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1948Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

52. American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2013.10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596Suche in Google Scholar

53. Polanczyk G, Caspi A, Houts R, Kollins SH, Rohde LA, et al. Implications of extending the ADHD age-of-onset criterion to age 12: results from a prospectively studied birth cohort. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010;49:210–6.10.1097/00004583-201003000-00004Suche in Google Scholar

54. Bell AS. A critical review of ADHD diagnostic criteria: what to address in the DSM-V. J Atten Disord 2011;15:3–10.10.1177/1087054710365982Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

55. Lahey BB, Willcutt EG. Predictive validity of a continuous alternative to nominal subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in DSM-IV. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2010;39:761–75.10.1080/15374416.2010.517173Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

56. Willcutt EG, Nigg JT, Pennington BF, Solanto MV, Rohde LA, et al. Validity of DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes. J Abnorm Psychol 2012;121:991–1010.10.1037/a0027347Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

57. Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Loney J, Lee SS, Willcutt E. Instability of the DSM-IV subtypes of ADHD from preschool through elementary school. Arch Gen Psychiatry2005; 62:896–902.10.1001/archpsyc.62.8.896Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

58. Coghill D, Seth S. Do the diagnostic criteria for ADHD need to change? Comments on the preliminary proposals of the DSM-5 ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Committee. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;20:75–81.10.1007/s00787-010-0142-4Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Kuriyan AB, Pelham WE Jr, Molina BS, Waschbusch DA, Gnagy EM, et al. Young adult educational and vocational outcomes of children diagnosed with ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2013;41:27–41.10.1007/s10802-012-9658-zSuche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

60. Loe IM, Feldman HM. Academic and educational outcomes of children with ADHD. J Pediatr Psychol 2007;32:643–54.10.1093/jpepsy/jsl054Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

61. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, Malloy P, LaPadula M. Adult outcome of hyperactive boys: educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:565–76.10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820190067007Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

62. Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Doyle AE, Seidman LJ, Wilens TE, et al. Impact of executive function deficits and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on academic outcomes in children. J Consult Clin Psychol 2004;72:757–66.10.1037/0022-006X.72.5.757Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

63. de Graaf R, Kessler RC, Fayyad J, ten Have M, Alonso J, et al. The prevalence and effects of adult ADHD on the performance of workers: results from the WHO World Mental Health Survery Initiative. Occup Environ Med 2008;65:835–42.10.1136/oem.2007.038448Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

64. Stein MA. Impairment associated with adult ADHD. CNS Spectr 2008; 13(Suppl 12):9–11.10.1017/S1092852900003187Suche in Google Scholar

65. Barkley RA, Murphy KR, DuPaul GI, BushT. Driving in young adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: knowledge, performance, adverse outcomes, and the role of executive functioning. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2002;8:655–72.10.1017/S1355617702801345Suche in Google Scholar

66. Lambert NM, Hartsough CS. Prospective study of tobacco smoking and substance dependencies among samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants. J Learn Disabil 1998;31:533–44.10.1177/002221949803100603Suche in Google Scholar

67. Carpentier PJ, van Gogh MT, Knapen LJ, Buitelaar JK, De Jong CA. Influence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder on opioid dependence severity and psychiatric comorbidity in chronic methadone-maintained patients. Eur Addict Res 2011;17:10–20.10.1159/000321259Suche in Google Scholar

68. Schubiner H, Tzelepis A, Milberger S, Lockhart N, Kruger M, et al. Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder among substance abusers. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61:244–51.10.4088/JCP.v61n0402Suche in Google Scholar

69. Johann M, Bobbe G, Laufkötter R, Lange K, Wodarz N. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and alcohol dependence: a risk constellation. Psychiatr Prax 2004;31(Suppl 1):S102–4. [German]10.1055/s-2004-834591Suche in Google Scholar

70. Ponce Alfaro G, Rodríguez-Jiménez Caumel R, Pérez Rojo JA, Monasor Sánchez R, Rubio Valladolid G, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and vulnerability to the development of alcoholism: use of the Wender-Utah rating scale for retrospective diagnostic of ADHD in the childhood of alcoholic patients. Actas Esp Psiquiatr 2000;28:357–66.Suche in Google Scholar

71. Gray KM, Upadhyaya HP. Tobacco smoking in individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: epidemiology and pharmacological approaches to cessation. CNS Drugs 2009;23:661–8.Suche in Google Scholar

72. Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Chen L, Jones J. ADHD is associated with early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:37–44.10.1097/00004583-199701000-00015Suche in Google Scholar

73. Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ. History and significance of childhood attention deficit disorder in treatment-seeking cocaine abusers. Compr Psychiatry 1993;34:75–82.10.1016/0010-440X(93)90050-ESuche in Google Scholar

74. Pomerleau OF, Downey KK, Stelson FW, Pomerleau CS. Cigarette smoking in adult patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Subst Abuse 1995;7:373–8.10.1016/0899-3289(95)90030-6Suche in Google Scholar

75. Wilens TE, Upadhyaya HP. Impact of substance use disorder on ADHD and its treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68:e20.10.4088/JCP.0807e20Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

76. Pérez de Los Cobos J, Siñol N, Puerta C, Cantillano V, López Zurita C, et al. Features and prevalence of patients with probable adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who request treatment for cocaine use disorders. Psychiatr Res 2011;185:205–10.10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.019Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

77. Kolpe M, Carlson GA. Influence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms on methadone treatment outcome. Am J Addict 2007;16:46–8.10.1080/10601330601080073Suche in Google Scholar

78. Levin FR, Evans SM, Kleber HD. Prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among cocaine abusers seeking treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998;52:15–25.10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00049-0Suche in Google Scholar

79. Torok M, Darke S, Kaye S. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and severity of substance use: the role of comorbid psychopathology. Psychol Addict Behav 2012;26:974–9.10.1037/a0027846Suche in Google Scholar

80. Kollins SH, McClernon FJ, Fuemmeler BF. Association between smoking and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a population-based sample of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:1142–7.10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1142Suche in Google Scholar

81. Upadhyaya HP, Carpenter MJ. Is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom severity associated with tobacco use? Am J Addict 2008;17:195–8.10.1080/10550490802021937Suche in Google Scholar

82. Biederman J, Wilens TE, Mick E, Faraone SV, Spencer T. Does attention deficit hyperactivity disorder impact the developmental course of drug and alcohol abuse and dependence? Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:269–73.10.1016/S0006-3223(97)00406-XSuche in Google Scholar

83. Faraone SV, Wilens TE, Petty C, Antshel K, Spencer T, et al. Substance use among ADHD adults: implications of late onset and subthreshold diagnoses. Am J Addict 2007;16(Suppl 1):24–32.10.1080/10550490601082767Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

84. Wilens T, Spencer T, Biederman J. Are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and psychoactive substance use disorders really related? Harv Rev Psychiatry 1995;3:260–2.10.3109/10673229509017182Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

85. Ohlmeier MD, Peters K, Te Wildt BE, Zedler M, Ziegenbein M, et al. Comorbidity of alcohol and substance dependence with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Alcohol Alcohol 2008;43:300–4.10.1093/alcalc/agn014Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

86. Sringeri SK, Rajkumar RP, Muralidharan K, Chandrashekar CR, Benegal V. The association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and early-onset alcohol dependence: a retrospective study. Indian J Psychiatry 2008;50:262–5.10.4103/0019-5545.44748Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

87. Charach A, Yeung E, Climans T, Lillie E. Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and future substance use disorders: comparative meta-analyses. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;50:9–21.10.1016/j.jaac.2010.09.019Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

88. Lee SS, Humphreys KL, Flory K, Liu R, Glass K. Prospective association of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use and abuse/dependence: a meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2011;31:328–41.10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

89. Wilens TE, Vitulano M, Upadhyaya H, Adamson J, Sawtelle R, et al. Cigarette smoking associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr 2008; 153:414–9.10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.04.030Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

90. Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Mick E, Wilens TE, Fontanella JA, et al. Is cigarette smoking a gateway to alcohol and illicit drug use disorders? A study of youths with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2006;59:258–64.10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.009Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

91. Palmer RH, Young SE, Hopfer CJ, Corley RP, Stallings MC, et al. Developmental epidemiology of drug use and abuse in adolescence and young adulthood: evidence of generalized risk. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009;102:78–87.10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.012Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

92. Luty, J, Sarkhel, A, O’Gara, C, Umoh, O. Prevalence of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in opiate-dependent adults. Int J Psychiatry Clin Practice 2007;11:157–62.10.1080/13651500601017449Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

93. Davids E, von Bünau U, Specka M, Fischer B, Scherbaum N, et al. History of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and opioid dependence: a controlled study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005;29:291–6.10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.014Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

94. Eyre SL, Rounsaville BJ, Kleber HD. History of childhood hyperactivity in a clinic population of opiate addicts. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982;170:522–9.10.1097/00005053-198209000-00002Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

95. King VL, Brooner RK, Kidorf MS, Stoller KB, Mirsky AF. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and treatment outcome in opioid abusers entering treatment. J Nerv Ment Dis 1999;187:487–95.10.1097/00005053-199908000-00005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

96. Wilens TE, Martelon M, Joshi G, Bateman C, Fried R, et al. Does ADHD predict substance-use disorders? A 10-year follow-up study of young adults with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;50:543–53.10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.021Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

97. Wilens T, Adamson J, Sgambati S, Whitley J, Santry A, et al. Do individuals with ADHD self medicate with cigarettes and substances of abuse? results from a controlled family study of ADHD. Am J Addict 2007;16:14–23.10.1080/10550490601082742Suche in Google Scholar

98. Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: reconsideration and recent applications. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1997;4:231–44.10.3109/10673229709030550Suche in Google Scholar

99. Seidman LJ. Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan. Clin Psychol Rev 2006;26:466–85.10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.004Suche in Google Scholar

100. Banaschewski T, Becker K, Scherag S, Franke B, Coghill D. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an overview. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2010;19:237–57.10.1007/s00787-010-0090-zSuche in Google Scholar

101. Linnet KM, Dalsgaard S, Obel C, Wisborg K, Henriksen TB, et al. Maternal lifestyle factors in pregnancy risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and associated behaviors: review of the current evidence. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1028–40.10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1028Suche in Google Scholar

102. Stark R, Bauer E, Merz CJ, Zimmermann M, Reuter M, et al. ADHD related behaviors are associated with brain activation in the reward system. Neuropsychologia 2011;49:426–34.10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.012Suche in Google Scholar

103. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Kollins SH, Wigal TL, Newcorn JH, et al. Evaluating dopamine reward pathway in ADHD: clinical implications. J Am Med Assoc 2009;302:1084–91.10.1001/jama.2009.1308Suche in Google Scholar

104. Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, Smoller JW, Goralnick JJ, et al. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57:1313–23.10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.024Suche in Google Scholar

105. Larsson H, Anckarsater H, Råstam M, Chang Z, Lichtenstein P. Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as an extreme of a continuous trait: a quantitative genetic study of 8,500 twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2012;53:73–80.10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02467.xSuche in Google Scholar

106. Faraone SV, Biederman J. Neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:951–8.10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00240-6Suche in Google Scholar

107. de Zeeuw P, Zwart F, Schrama R, van Engeland H, Durston S. Prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke or alcohol and cerebellum volume in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and typical development. Transl Psychiatry 2012;2:e84.10.1038/tp.2012.12Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

108. Langley K, Heron J, Smith GD, Thapar A. Maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of ADHD symptoms in offspring: testing for intrauterine effects. Am J Epidemiol 2012;176:261–8.10.1093/aje/kwr510Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

109. Arnsten AFT. Toward a new understanding of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pathophysiology: an important role for prefrontal cortex dysfunction. CNS Drugs 2009;23 (Suppl 1):33–41.10.2165/00023210-200923000-00005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

110. Bush G. Cingulate, frontal, and parietal cortical dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2011;9:1160–7.10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.01.022Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

111. Koob GF, Volkow ND. Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:217–38.10.1038/npp.2009.110Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

112. Spencer TJT, Biederman JJ, Mick EE. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis, lifespan, comorbidities, and neurobiology. J Pediatr Psychol 2007;32:631–42.10.1093/jpepsy/jsm005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

113. Barkley, R. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treament, 3rd ed. New York: Guilford, 2006.Suche in Google Scholar

114. Barkley RA, Brown TE. Unrecognized Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults presenting with other psychiatric disorders. CNS Spectr 2008;13:977–84.10.1017/S1092852900014036Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

115. Bukstein OG. Clinical practice guidelines for attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review. Postgrad Med 2010;122:69–77.10.3810/pgm.2010.09.2203Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

116. Kooij JJS, Boonstra AM, Willemsen-Swinkels SH, Bekker EM, Noord Id, et al. Reliability, validity, and utility of instruments for self-report and informant report regarding symptoms of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adult patients. J Atten Disord 2008;11:445–58.10.1177/1087054707299367Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

117. Mariani JJ, Levin FR. Treatment strategies for co-occurring ADHD and substance use disorders. Am J Addict 2007;16 (Suppl 1):45–56.10.1080/10550490601082783Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

118. Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, et al. The World Health Organization adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med 2005;35:245–56.10.1017/S0033291704002892Suche in Google Scholar

119. DuPaul G, Power T, Anastopoulos A. ADHD rating scales, IV: checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York: Guilford, 1998.Suche in Google Scholar

120. Barkley RA. Barkley adult ADHD rating scale-IV (BAARS-IV). New York: Guilford, 2011.Suche in Google Scholar

121. Conners CK, Erhardt D, Sparrow E. Conners adult ADHD rating scales (CAARS). Technical Manual. New York: Multi Health Systems, 1999.Suche in Google Scholar

122. Brown TE. Brown attention-deficit disorder scales. Manual San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation, 1996.Suche in Google Scholar

123. Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The wender utah rating scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:885–90.Suche in Google Scholar

124. Epstein J, Johnson D, Conners K. Conners adult ADHD diagnostic interview for DSM-IV. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems, 1999.Suche in Google Scholar

125. Kessler RC, Green JG, Adler LA, Barkley RA, Chatterji S, et al. Structure and diagnosis of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: analysis of expanded symptom criteria from the Adult ADHD clinical diagnostic scale. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010;67:1168–78.10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.146Suche in Google Scholar

126. Wender PH. Minimal brain dysfunction in children. New York: John Wiley, 1971.Suche in Google Scholar

127. Kleber HD, Weiss RD, Anton RF, George TP, Greenfield SF, et al. Treatment of patients with substance use disorders, second edition. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(4 Suppl):5–123.Suche in Google Scholar

128. Bukstein O. Substance abuse in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Medscape J Med 2008;10:24.Suche in Google Scholar

129. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with substance use disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;44:609–21.10.1097/01.chi.0000159135.33706.37Suche in Google Scholar

130. Mayfield D, McLeod G, Hall P. The CAGE questionnaire: validation of a new alcoholism screening instrument. Am J Psychiatry 1974;131:1121–23.10.1176/ajp.131.10.1121Suche in Google Scholar

131. Saunders B, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the alcohol uses disorders iden- tification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption II. Addiction 1993;88:791–804.10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.xSuche in Google Scholar

132. Skinner HA. The drug abuse screening test. Addict Behav 1982;7:363–371.10.1016/0306-4603(82)90005-3Suche in Google Scholar

133. Humeniuk RR, Ali RR, Babor TFT, Farrell MM, Formigoni MLM, et al. Validation of the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST). Addiction 2008;103:1039–47.10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02114.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed