Cathepsin S generates soluble CX3CL1 (fractalkine) in vascular smooth muscle cells
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Urša Pečar Fonović
Abstract
CX3CL1 chemokine (fractalkine) is highly expressed by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in atherosclerotic lesions. Its membrane-bound form promotes cell-cell interactions, whereas the soluble form induces chemotaxis of CX3CR1- expressing leukocytes. We show that the cysteine protease cathepsin S, expressed by VSMCs, is able to cleave membrane-anchored CX3CL1, releasing a 55-kDa fragment to the medium, thus regulating the adhesion of VSMCs and the capture of monocytes to the sites of atherogenesis. Moreover, strong co-localization of cathepsin S and CX3CL1 with a recycling endosome marker Rab11a suggests a processing of CX3CL1 in recycling endosomes during its redistribution to the plasma membrane.
We would like to thank Dr. James McKerrow (UCSF) for the kind gift of LHVS inhibitor, DDr. Boris Turk (Jozef Stefan Institute) for the kind gift of recombinant human cathepsin S, and Prof. Roger Pain for the critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by Slovenia Research Agency grant P4-0127 (J.K.)
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©2013 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston
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Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Reviews
- Endothelial progenitor cells in coronary artery disease
- Current methods for the isolation of extracellular vesicles
- S-glutathionylation: relevance in diabetes and potential role as a biomarker
- Site-directed spin labeling EPR spectroscopy in protein research
- What goes up must come down: molecular basis of MAPKAP kinase 2/3-dependent regulation of the inflammatory response and its inhibition
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- Molecular Medicine
- Effects of selective hypothermia on blood-brain barrier integrity and tight junction protein expression levels after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats
- Induction of the DNA damage response by IAP inhibition triggers natural immunity via upregulation of NKG2D ligands in Hodgkin lymphoma in vitro
- Proteomic analysis of bladder cancer by iTRAQ after Bifidobacterium infantis-mediated HSV-TK/GCV suicide gene treatment
- Cell Biology and Signaling
- Human carbonic anhydrase VII protects cells from oxidative damage
- Proteolysis
- Cathepsin S generates soluble CX3CL1 (fractalkine) in vascular smooth muscle cells
