The active form of goat insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a single-chain structure comprising three domains B-C-A, constitutively expressed and secreted by testicular Leydig cells
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Siqin
, Itaru Minagawa , Mitsutoshi Okuno , Kimihiko Yamada , Yasushi Sugawara , Yoshio Nagura , Koh-Ichi Hamano , Enoch Y. Park , Hiroshi Sasada and Tetsuya Kohsaka
Abstract
Relaxin-like factor (RLF), also called insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3), is a member of the insulin/relaxin gene family and is produced by testicular Leydig cells. While the understanding of its effects is growing, very little is known about the structural and functional properties of native INSL3. Here, we demonstrate that native INSL3 isolated from goat testes is a single-chain structure with full biological activity, and is constitutively expressed and secreted by Leydig cells. Using a series of chromatography steps, native INSL3 was highly purified as a single 12-kDa peak as revealed by SDS-PAGE. MS/MS analysis provided 81% sequence coverage and revealed a distinct single-chain structure consisting of the B-, C-, and A-domains deduced previously from the INSL3 cDNA sequence. Moreover, the N-terminal peptide was six amino acid residues longer than predicted. Native INSL3 exhibited full bioactivity in HEK-293 cells expressing the receptor for INSL3. Immunoelectron microscopy and Western blot analysis revealed that INSL3 was secreted by Leydig cells through the constitutive pathway into blood and body fluids. We conclude, therefore, that goat INSL3 is constitutively secreted from Leydig cells as a B-C-A single-chain structure with full biological activity.
We thank Ms. Mai Kotani (the former staff of National Livestock Breeding Center Nagano Station, Japan) for collection of the goat testes. This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (grant number: 24580408 to TK).
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Articles in the same Issue
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- Molecular Medicine
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Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Reviews
- Imaging the invisible: resolving cellular microcompartments by superresolution microscopy techniques
- Structure and function of MK5/PRAK: the loner among the mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinases
- Functional ribosome biogenesis is a prerequisite for p53 destabilization: impact of chemotherapy on nucleolar functions and RNA metabolism
- Interleukin-6 and interleukin-11: same same but different
- Cathepsin K: a unique collagenolytic cysteine peptidase
- Research Articles/Short Communications
- Protein Structure and Function
- The active form of goat insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a single-chain structure comprising three domains B-C-A, constitutively expressed and secreted by testicular Leydig cells
- Molecular Medicine
- Zinc-dependent contact system activation induces vascular leakage and hypotension in rodents
- Cell Biology and Signaling
- ACE inhibition enhances bradykinin relaxations through nitric oxide and B1 receptor activation in bovine coronary arteries
- Changes in COX-2 and oxidative damage factors during differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells to hepatocyte-like cells is associated with downregulation of P53 gene
- Overexpression of miR-126 promotes the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells toward endothelial cells via activation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK pathways and release of paracrine factors
- Novel Techniques
- Synthesis of a novel benzodifuran derivative and its molecular recognition of poly rA RNA