Startseite Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with post-traumatic stress disorders and related to oxidative stress
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with post-traumatic stress disorders and related to oxidative stress

  • Ali M.A. Al-Kufaishi EMAIL logo und Noor J.T. Al-Musawi
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 14. August 2024
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Manuskript einreichen Informationen für Autor*innen
Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation
Aus der Zeitschrift Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation Band 45 Heft 4

Abstract

Objectives

The study involves the effect of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal hormones disorders, and related to oxidative stress in individuals with PTSD to those in the healthy group after they experience a specific event that results in a congenital illness or limb loss.

Methods

Obtaining serum samples from males exclusively in cases where psychiatrists have determined that the men have experienced psychological damage brought on by a particular tragedy, and testing the men for hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and oxidative stress parameters in comparison to healthy participants.

Results

It was observed that there was a notable rise in cortisol levels (5.60 ± 0.93) at 4 pm compared with healthy control (3.43 ± 0.64) resulting from the stimulating effect of the pituitary gland, and this increase has a role in raising levels of oxidative stress in patients total oxidant status (1.08 ± 0.13) compared with control (0.70 ± 0.10). High oxidative stress may lead to increased prolactin levels and decreased testosterone levels.

Conclusions

Transmission of incorrect chemical signals from the central nervous system has a role in causing disturbances in hormonal levels of the hypothalamus and its associated glands, and thus an imbalance in the metabolic rate due to high cortisol. Also, high levels of prolactin hormones play a role in a significant decrease in testosterone levels.

Keywords: HPA; post-traumatic stress disorder; PTSD; oxidative stress; hormones
Corresponding author: Ali M.A. Al-Kufaishi, Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University/College of Health and Medical Techniques, Kufa, 31003, Iraq, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

We appreciate the patients of Al Hillah Surgical Teaching Hospital and the medical staff who helped us in this research.

  1. Research ethics: The local Institutional Review Board deemed the study exempt from review. The study was approved by the “Iraqi Ministry of Health.”

  2. Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study, or their legal guardians or wards.

  3. Author contributions: The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Competing interests: No conflict of interest.

  5. Research funding: None declared. There was no funding obtained.

  6. Data availability: The raw data can be obtained on request from the corresponding author.

References

1. Sultana, E, Shastry, N, Kasarla, R, Hardy, J, Collado, F, Aenlle, K, et al.. Disentangling the effects of PTSD from Gulf War illness in male veterans via a systems-wide analysis of immune cell, cytokine, and symptom measures. Mil Med Res 2024;11:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-023-00505-4.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

2. Burback, L, Brult-Phillips, S, Nijdam, MJ, McFarlane, A, Vermetten, E. Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-art review. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024;22:557–635. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x21666230428091433.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

3. Horsch, A, Garthus-Niegel, S, Ayers, S, Chandra, P, Hartmann, K, Vaisbuch, E, et al.. Childbirth-related post-traumatic stress disorder: definition, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024;230:1116–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2023.09.089.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

4. Chambers, R, Gibson, M, Chaffin, S, Takagi, T, Nguyen, N, Mears-Clark, T. Trauma-coerced attachment and complex PTSD: informed care for survivors of human trafficking. J Hum Traffick 2024;10:41–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2021.2012386.Suche in Google Scholar

5. Murray, SL, Holton, KF. Effects of a diet low in excitotoxins on PTSD symptoms and related biomarkers. Nutr Neurosci 2024;27:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415x.2022.2152932.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

6. Basting, EJ, Medenblik, AM, Garner, AR, Sullivan, JA, Romero, GJ, Shorey, RC, et al.. Intimate partner violence perpetration among sexual minority young adults: associations with alcohol use, PTSD symptoms, internalized homophobia, and heterosexist discrimination. J Interpers Violence 2024;39:312–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231197152.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

7. Gu, Q. The application of trauma/PTSD studies to translation: take several Japanese novels as an example. Theor Pract Lang Stud 2024;14:79–87. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1401.09.Suche in Google Scholar

8. de Graaff, AM, Cuijpers, P, Boschloo, L, Elsawy, M, Hunaidy, S, Seedat, S, et al.. The associations of hair cortisol and DHEA with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in refugees. Compr Psychiatry 2024;129:152438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152438.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

9. von Majewski, K, Rohleder, N, Ehring, T. Cortisol as a potential predictor of psychological treatment outcome in PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024;160:106834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106834.Suche in Google Scholar

10. Pais, M. The effect of HPA-axis dysregulation and glucocorticoid administration on strength and generalization of extinction memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024;160:106740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106740.Suche in Google Scholar

11. Joëls, M, Joëls, M. Contextualization after stress: role of corticosterone and potential relevance for PTSD. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024;160:106742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106742.Suche in Google Scholar

12. Lisanti, AJ, Dong, F, Demianczyk, A, Vogiatzi, MG, Quinn, R, Chittams, J, et al.. Salivary diurnal cortisol predicts post-traumatic stress symptoms in parents of infants with congenital heart disease. Biol Res Nurs 2024;26:341–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/10998004231224791.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Chau, AN, Eckberg, RA, Laksana, E, Ehrlich, L, Ledbetter, DR, Aczon, MD, et al.. Prehospitalization trauma and physiologic factors associated with the presence of post-traumatic stress 3 months after PICU discharge. J Intensive Care Med 2024;39:268–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/08850666231201786.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Xia, X, Chen, K, Chen, Y. Change in function and homeostasis of HPA axis: the role of vitamin family. Chem Biol Interact 2024:110899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110899.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Nady, EM, El-Derany, MO, Michel, HE, El-Demerdash, E. Pathophysiology of depression: inflammation and its relation with oxidative stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Arch Pharm Sci Ain Shams Univ 2024:13–28. https://doi.org/10.21608/aps.2024.249632.1143.Suche in Google Scholar

16. Liang, G, Kow, ASF, Yusof, R, Tham, CL, Ho, Y-C, Lee, MT. Menopause-associated depression: impact of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation on the central nervous system – a review. Biomedicines 2024;12:184. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010184.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

17. Fawzi, SF, Michel, HE, Menze, ET, Tadros, MG, George, MY. Clotrimazole ameliorates chronic mild stress-induced depressive-like behavior in rats; crosstalk between the HPA, NLRP3 inflammasome, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2024;127:111354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111354.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Okunowo, AA, Daramola, ES, Soibi-Harry, AP, Ezenwankwo, FC, Kuku, JO, Okunade, KS, et al.. Women’s knowledge of cervical cancer and uptake of pap smear testing and the factors influencing it in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. J cancer Res Pract 2018;5:105–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrpr.2018.02.001.Suche in Google Scholar

19. Al-Kufaishi, A, Al-Musawi, NJT. Assessment of oxytocin and dopamine for the patients with post-trumatic stress disorders. In: AIP conference proceedings. Babylon: AIP Publishing; 2024.10.1063/5.0199670Suche in Google Scholar

20. Kishimoto, H, Wakabayashi, H, Nishioka, S, Momosaki, R. Discriminative evaluation of sarcopenic dysphagia using handgrip strength or calf circumference in patients with dysphagia using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. J Clin Med 2023;12:118. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010118.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

21. Xiong, G, Hu, T, Yang, Y, Zhang, H, Han, M, Wang, J, et al.. Minocycline attenuates the bilirubin-induced developmental neurotoxicity through the regulation of innate immunity and oxidative stress in zebrafish embryos. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024:116859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2024.116859.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Bai, Y, Sui, R, Zhang, L, Bai, B, Zhu, Y, Jiang, H. Resveratrol improves cognitive function in post-stroke depression rats by repressing inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Neuroscience 2024;541:50–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.01.017.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Kuntić, M, Hahad, O, Münzel, T, Daiber, A. Crosstalk between oxidative stress and inflammation caused by noise and air pollution – implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxidants 2024;13:266. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13030266.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

24. Ventriglio, A, Gentile, A, Baldessarini, RJ, Bellomo, A. Early-life stress and psychiatric disorders: epidemiology, neurobiology and innovative pharmacological targets. Curr Pharm Des 2015;21:1379–87. https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612821666150105121244.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

25. Gawryluk, JW, Wang, J-F, Andreazza, AC, Shao, L, Young, LT. Decreased levels of glutathione, the major brain antioxidant, in post-mortem prefrontal cortex from patients with psychiatric disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011;14:123–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1461145710000805.Suche in Google Scholar

26. Spiers, JG, Chen, H-JC, Sernia, C, Lavidis, NA. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis induces cellular oxidative stress. Front Neurosci 2015;8:456. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00456.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

27. Kasahara, E, Inoue, M. Cross-talk between HPA-axis-increased glucocorticoids and mitochondrial stress determines immune responses and clinical manifestations of patients with sepsis. Redox Rep 2015;20:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1179/1351000214y.0000000107.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

28. Sapolsky, RM. Stress, glucocorticoids, and damage to the nervous system: the current state of confusion. Stress 1996;1:1–19. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253899609001092.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Spiers, JG, Chen, H-J, Bradley, AJ, Anderson, ST, Sernia, C, Lavidis, NA. Acute restraint stress induces rapid and prolonged changes in erythrocyte and hippocampal redox status. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013;38:2511–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.05.011.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Said, MA, El-Gohary, OA. Effect of noise stress on cardiovascular system in adult male albino rat: implication of stress hormones, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Gen Physiol Biophys 2016;35:371–7. https://doi.org/10.4149/gpb_2016003.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Arnett, MG, Muglia, LM, Laryea, G, Muglia, LJ. Genetic approaches to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulation. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016;41:245–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2015.215.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

32. Gjerstad, JK, Lightman, SL, Spiga, F. Role of glucocorticoid negative feedback in the regulation of HPA axis pulsatility. Stress 2018;21:403–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2018.1470238.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

33. Makino, Y, Yoshikawa, N, Okamoto, K, Hirota, K, Yodoi, J, Makino, I, et al.. Direct association with thioredoxin allows redox regulation of glucocorticoid receptor function. J Biol Chem 1999;274:3182–8. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.5.3182.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

34. Castro, M, Elias, LL, Elias, PCL, Moreira, AC. Physiology and pathophysiology of the HPA axis. Cushing’s Syndr Pathophysiol Diagnosis Treat 2011:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-449-4_1.Suche in Google Scholar

35. Qin, C, Li, J, Tang, K. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: development, function, and human diseases. Endocrinology 2018;159:3458–72. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2018-00453.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

36. Junceda, S, Cruz-Alonso, M, Fernandez, B, Pereiro, R, Martínez-Pinilla, E, Navarro, A. Iron dysregulation in alzheimer’s disease: LA-ICP-MS bioimaging of the distribution of iron and ferroportin in the CA1 region of the human hippocampus. Biomolecules 2024;14:295. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14030295.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

37. Sasani, H, Ozkan, M, Ersozlu, T. Investigation of the effect of tinnitus and hearing loss on hippocampus volume. Eur J Ther 2024. https://doi.org/10.58600/eurjther1925.Suche in Google Scholar

38. Cascino, G, Monteleone, AM. Early traumatic experiences and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in people with eating disorders: a narrative review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024;159:106665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106665.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Harada, H, Mori, M, Murata, Y, Kawanabe, S, Terada, K, Matsumoto, T, et al.. Dynamic changes of behavioral despair, HPA Axis activity, and hippocampal neurogenesis in male rats induced by social defeat stress. J Integr Neurosci 2023;22:43. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.jin2202043.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Dunne, N, Ivers, J-H. HPA Axis function in alcohol use disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addict Neurosci 2023:100114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100114.Suche in Google Scholar

41. Seal, S, Merz, M, Fernandes, S, Mériaux, S, Guebels, P, Movassat, J, et al.. Stress, glucose metabolism and the HPA axis: early life adversity-the missing piece of the puzzle? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023;153:106165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106165.Suche in Google Scholar

42. Moreno-Fernández, RD, Sampedro-Piquero, P, Gómez-Salas, FJ, Nieto-Quero, A, Estivill-Torrús, G, de Fonseca, FR, et al.. Social avoidance and altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in a mouse model of anxious depression: the role of LPA1 receptor. Behav Brain Res 2023;455:114681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114681.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Ceruso, A, Martínez-Cengotitabengoa, M, Peters-Corbett, A, Diaz-Gutierrez, MJ, Martínez-Cengotitabengoa, M. Alterations of the HPA axis observed in patients with major depressive disorder and their relation to early life stress: a systematic review. Neuropsychobiology 2020;79:417–27. https://doi.org/10.1159/000506484.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Han, D, Thwaites, NA, Olson, J, McGrath, LM, Doom, JR. Social buffering of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in siblings. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024;160:106806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106806.Suche in Google Scholar

45. Fan, Y, Cui, Y, Tang, R, Sarkar, A, Mehta, P, Tang, Y-Y. Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males. Stress 2024;27:2316041. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253890.2024.2316041.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

46. Nguyen, JT-T, Ferrière, A, Tabarin, A. Case report: complete restoration of the HPA axis function in Cushing’s disease with drug treatment. Front Endocrinol 2024;15:1337741. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1337741.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

47. Wu, S, Chen, W, Xia, W. Dose-response association between 24-hour total movement activity and testosterone deficiency in adult males. Front Endocrinol 2024;14:1280841. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1280841.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

48. Venuturupalli, S, Cohan, P. The endocrine system and hormones in lupus. In: Dubois’ lupus erythematosus and related syndromes. CA, USA: Elsevier; 2025:665–72 pp.10.1016/B978-0-323-93232-5.00056-3Suche in Google Scholar

49. Shahriari, A, Etemadrezaie, H, Zabihyan, S, Amirabadi, A, Aalami, AH. Alterations in hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) hormones 6 months after cranial radiotherapy in adult patients with primary brain tumors outside the HPA region. Mol Biol Rep 2024;51:373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-024-09257-3.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2024-04-16
Accepted: 2024-07-17
Published Online: 2024-08-14
Published in Print: 2024-12-17

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Original Articles
  3. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial evaluating the impact of freeze-dried garlic extract capsules on blood pressure, lipid profile, and nitric oxide levels in individuals at risk for hypertension
  4. Evaluation of diagnostic potential of maternal serum ischemia modified albumin in cases of pre-eclampsia
  5. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with post-traumatic stress disorders and related to oxidative stress
  6. Evaluation of the effect of taurine on the matrix metalloproteinase-9 and the expression changes of miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a in SH-SY5Y cell line
  7. Review Article
  8. Unveiling bisphenol A toxicity: human health impacts and sustainable treatment strategies
  9. Original Article
  10. Optimizing ICSI outcomes in women with PCOS: the influence of BMI, hormonal levels, and male fertility parameters
https://doi.org/10.1515/hmbci-2024-0017
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
HPA; post-traumatic stress disorder; PTSD; oxidative stress; hormones

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Original Articles
  3. Randomized, double-blind clinical trial evaluating the impact of freeze-dried garlic extract capsules on blood pressure, lipid profile, and nitric oxide levels in individuals at risk for hypertension
  4. Evaluation of diagnostic potential of maternal serum ischemia modified albumin in cases of pre-eclampsia
  5. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in patients with post-traumatic stress disorders and related to oxidative stress
  6. Evaluation of the effect of taurine on the matrix metalloproteinase-9 and the expression changes of miRNA-21 and miRNA-146a in SH-SY5Y cell line
  7. Review Article
  8. Unveiling bisphenol A toxicity: human health impacts and sustainable treatment strategies
  9. Original Article
  10. Optimizing ICSI outcomes in women with PCOS: the influence of BMI, hormonal levels, and male fertility parameters
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 30.11.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hmbci-2024-0017/pdf?lang=de
Button zum nach oben scrollen