Startseite Ghrelin action on GnRH neurons and pituitary gonadotropes might be mediated by GnIH-GPR147 system
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Ghrelin action on GnRH neurons and pituitary gonadotropes might be mediated by GnIH-GPR147 system

  • Onder Celik EMAIL logo , Nilufer Celik , Suleyman Aydin , Banu Kumbak Aygun , Esra Tustas Haberal , Tuncay Kuloglu , Mustafa Ulas , Lebriz Hale Aktun , Mustafa Acet und Sudenaz Celik
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 18. Dezember 2015
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Manuskript einreichen Informationen für Autor*innen
Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation
Aus der Zeitschrift Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation Band 25 Heft 2

Abstract

Acylated ghrelin (AG) effect on GnRH secretion is mediated, at least in part, by GH secreta-gogue receptor (GHS-R) which is present in the GnRH neurons. As the acylation is mandatory for binding to GHS-R, unacylated isoform of ghrelin (UAG) action on gonadotropin secretion is likely to be mediated by other receptors or mediators that have not been identified yet. UAG, therefore, may act partially via a GHS-R-independent mechanism and inhibitory impact of UAG on GnRH neurons may be executed via modulation of other neuronal networks. Ghrelin and gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH), two agonistic peptides, have been known as important regulators of reproductive events. Potential impact of ghrelin on the activity of GnIH neurons is not exactly known. Both GnIH and ghrelin are potent stimulators of food intake and inhibitors of gonadotropin release. By binding G-protein coupled GnIH receptor (GnIH-R), GPR147, which is located in the human gonadotropes and GnRh neurons, GnIH exerts an inhibitory effect on both GnRH neurons and the gonadotropes. The GnIH-GPR147 system receives information regarding the status of energy reservoir of body from circulating peptides and then transfers them to the kisspeptin-GnIH-GnRH network. Due to wide distribution of this network in brain GnIH neurons may project on ghrelin neurons in the arcuate nucleus and contribute to the regulation of UAG’s central effects or vice versa. Together, the unidentified ghrelin receptor in the hypothalamus and hypophysis may be GnIH-R. Therefore, it is reasonable that ghrelin may act on both hypothalamus and hypophysis via GnIH-GPR147 system to block gonadotropin synthesis and secretion.

Keywords: ghrelin; GnIH-GPR147 system; GnRH neurons; pituitary gonadotropes
Corresponding author: Onder Celik, MD, Professor, Metin Oktay Mah, 52/ 96 Sokak No 3/39, Kat: 7, Karabağlar, İzmir, Turkey, Phone: +905304203566, E-mail: ; and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Usak, Turkey

References

1. Forger NG, Dark J, Barnes BM, Zucker I. Fat ablation and food restriction influence reproductive development and hibernation in ground squirrels. Biol Reprod 1986;34:831–40.10.1095/biolreprod34.5.831Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Kimm SY, Barton BA, Obarzanek E, McMahon RP, Sabry ZI, Waclawiw MA, Schreiber GB, Morrison JA, Similo S, Daniels SR. Racial divergence in adiposity during adolescence: The NHLBI Growth and Health Study. Pediatrics 2001;107:E34.10.1542/peds.107.3.e34Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

3. Frisch RE, Wyshak G, Vincent L. Delayed menarche and amenorrhea in ballet dancers. N Engl J Med 1980;303:17–9.10.1056/NEJM198007033030105Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

4. Frisch RE, Gotz-Welbergen AV, McArthur JW, Albright T, Witschi J, Bullen B, Birnholz J, Reed RB, Hermann H. Delayed menarche and amenorrhea of college athletes in relation to age of onset of training. J Am Med Assoc 1981;246:1559–63.10.1001/jama.1981.03320140047029Suche in Google Scholar

5. Pinilla L, Aguilar E, Dieguez C, Millar RP, Tena-Sempere M. Kisspeptins and reproduction: physiological roles and regulatory mechanisms. Physiol Rev 2012;92:1235–316.10.1152/physrev.00037.2010Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

6. Tsutsui K, Saigoh E, Ukena K, Teranishi H, Fujisawa Y, Kikuchi M, Ishii S, Sharp PJ. A novel avian hypothalamic peptide inhibiting gonadotropin release. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;275:661–7.10.1006/bbrc.2000.3350Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

7. Fernández-Fernández R, Tena-Sempere M, Navarro VM, Barreiro ML, Castellano JM, Aguilar E, Pinilla L. Effects of ghrelin upon gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin secretion in adult female rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. Neuroendocrinology 2005;82:245–55.10.1159/000092753Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

8. Pusztai P, Sarman B, Ruzicska E, Toke J, Racz K, Somogyi A, Tulassay Z. Ghrelin: a new peptide regulating the neurohormonal system, energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2008;24:343–52.10.1002/dmrr.830Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

9. Clarke IJ, Smith JT, Henry BA, Oldfield BJ, Stefanidis A, Millar RP, Sari IP, Chng K, Fabre-Nys C, Caraty A, Ang BT, Chan L, Fraley GS. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone is a hypothalamic peptide that provides a molecular switch between reproduction and feeding. Neuroendocrinology 2012;95:305–16.10.1159/000332822Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Stengel A, Wang L, Goebel-Stengel M, Tache Y. Centrally injected kisspeptin reduces food intake by increasing meal intervals in mice. Neuroreport 2011;22:253–7.10.1097/WNR.0b013e32834558dfSuche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

11. Thompson EL, Patterson M, Murphy KG, Smith KL, Dhillo WS, Todd JF, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Central and peripheral administration of kisspeptin-10 stimulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. J Neuroendocrinol 2004;16:850–8.10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01240.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Castellano JM, Navarro VM, Fernández-Fernández R, Nogueiras R, Tovar S, Roa J, Vazquez MJ, Vigo E, Casanueva FF, Aguilar E, Pinilla L, Dieguez C, Tena-Sempere M. Changes in hypothalamic KiSS-1 system and restoration of pubertal activation of the reproductive axis by kisspeptin in undernutrition. Endocrinology 2005;146:3917–25.10.1210/en.2005-0337Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

13. Cunningham MJ, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. Leptin’s actions on the reproductive axis: perspectives and mechanisms. Biol Reprod 1999;60:216–22.10.1095/biolreprod60.2.216Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Quennell JH, Mulligan AC, Tups A, Liu X, Phipps SJ, Kemp CJ, Herbison AE, Grattan DR, Anderson GM. Leptin indirectly regulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal function. Endocrinology 2009;150:2805–12.10.1210/en.2008-1693Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

15. Ojeda SR, Lomniczi A, Mastronardi C, Heger S, Roth C, Parent AS, Matagne V, Mungenast AE. Minireview: the neuroendocrine regulation of puberty: is the time ripe for a systems biology approach? Endocrinology 2006;147:1166–74.10.1210/en.2005-1136Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Hewson AK, Tung LY, Connell DW, Tookman L, Dickson SL. The rat arcuate nucleus integrates peripheral signals provided by leptin, insulin, and a ghrelin mimetic. Diabetes 2002;51:3412–9.10.2337/diabetes.51.12.3412Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Howard AD, Feighner SD, Cully DF, Arena JP, Liberator PA, Rosenblum CI, Hamelin M, Hreniuk DL, Palyha OC, Anderson J, Paress PS, Diaz C, Chou M, Liu KK, McKee KK, Pong SS, Chaung LY, Elbrecht A, Dashkevicz M, Heavens R, Rigby M, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Dean DC, Melillo DG, Patchett AA, Nargund R, Griffin PR, DeMartino JA, Gupta SK, Schaeffer JM, Smith RG, Van der Ploeg LH. A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release. Science 1996;273:974–7.10.1126/science.273.5277.974Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Kluge M, Schussler P, Uhr M, Yassouridis A, Steiger A. Ghrelin suppresses secretion of luteinizing hormone in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:3202–5.10.1210/jc.2007-0593Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

19. Lanfranco F, Bonelli L, Baldi M, Me E, Broglio F, Ghigo E. Acylated ghrelin inhibits spontaneous luteinizing hormone pulsatility and responsiveness to naloxone but not that to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in young men: evidence for a central inhibitory action of ghrelin on the gonadal axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:3633–9.10.1210/jc.2008-0049Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Yin H, Ukena K, Ubuka T, Tsutsui K. A novel G protein-coupled receptor for gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica): identification, expression and binding activity. J Endocrinol 2005;184:257–66.10.1677/joe.1.05926Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Farkas I, Vastagh C, Sarvari M, Liposits Z. Ghrelin decreases firing activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in an estrous cycle and endocannabinoid signaling dependent manner. PloS One 2013;8:e78178.10.1371/journal.pone.0078178Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

22. Martini AC, Fernández-Fernández R, Tovar S, Navarro VM, Vigo E, Vazquez MJ, Davies JS, Thompson NM, Aguilar E, Pinilla L, Wells T, Dieguez C, Tena-Sempere M. Comparative analysis of the effects of ghrelin and unacylated ghrelin on luteinizing hormone secretion in male rats. Endocrinology 2006;147:2374–82.10.1210/en.2005-1422Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Iqbal J, Kurose Y, Canny B, Clarke IJ. Effects of central infusion of ghrelin on food intake and plasma levels of growth hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, and cortisol secretion in sheep. Endocrinology 2006;147:510–9.10.1210/en.2005-1048Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

24. Tschop M, Smiley DL, Heiman ML. Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 2000;407:908–13.10.1038/35038090Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

25. McKee KK, Palyha OC, Feighner SD, Hreniuk DL, Tan CP, Phillips MS, Smith RG, Van der Ploeg LH, Howard AD. Molecular analysis of rat pituitary and hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptors. Mol Endocrinol 1997;11:415–23.10.1210/mend.11.4.9908Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

26. van der Lely AJ, Tschop M, Heiman ML, Ghigo E. Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin. Endocr Rev 2004;25:426–57.10.1210/er.2002-0029Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

27. Gnanapavan S, Kola B, Bustin SA, Morris DG, McGee P, Fairclough P, Bhattacharya S, Carpenter R, Grossman AB, Korbonits M. The tissue distribution of the mRNA of ghrelin and subtypes of its receptor, GHS-R, in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:2988.10.1210/jcem.87.6.8739Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Halem HA, Taylor JE, Dong JZ, Shen Y, Datta R, Abizaid A, Diano S, Horvath TL, Culler MD. A novel growth hormone secretagogue-1a receptor antagonist that blocks ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion but induces increased body weight gain. Neuroendocrinology 2005;81:339–49.10.1159/000088796Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Bentley GE, Perfito N, Ukena K, Tsutsui K, Wingfield JC. Gonadotropin-inhibitory peptide in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) in different reproductive conditions, and in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) relative to chicken-gonadotropin-releasing hormone. J Neuroendocrinol 2003;15:794–802.10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.01062.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Son YL, Ubuka T, Millar RP, Kanasaki H, Tsutsui K. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone inhibits GnRH-induced gonadotropin subunit gene transcriptions by inhibiting AC/cAMP/PKA-dependent ERK pathway in LβT2 cells. Endocrinology 2012;153:2332–43.10.1210/en.2011-1904Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Ubuka T, Morgan K, Pawson AJ, Osugi T, Chowdhury VS, Minakata H, Tsutsui K, Millar RP, Bentley GE. Identification of human GnIH homologs, RFRP-1 and RFRP-3, and the cognate receptor, GPR147 in the human hypothalamic pituitary axis. PloS one 2009;4:e8400.10.1371/journal.pone.0008400Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

32. Ubuka T, Kim S, Huang YC, Reid J, Jiang J, Osugi T, Chowdhury VS, Tsutsui K, Bentley GE. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone neurons interact directly with gonadotropin-releasing hormone-I and -II neurons in European starling brain. Endocrinology 2008;149:268–78.10.1210/en.2007-0983Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Johnson MA, Tsutsui K, Fraley GS. Rat RFamide-related peptide-3 stimulates GH secretion, inhibits LH secretion, and has variable effects on sex behavior in the adult male rat. Horm Behav 2007;51:171–80.10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.09.009Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

34. Kriegsfeld LJ, Gibson EM, Williams WP 3rd, Zhao S, Mason AO, Bentley GE, Tsutsui K. The Roles of Rfamide-Related Peptide-3 in Mammalian Reproductive Function and Behaviour. J Neuroendocrinol 2010;22:692–700.10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02031.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

35. Kriegsfeld LJ, Ubuka T, Bentley GE, Tsutsui K. Seasonal control of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in birds and mammals. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015;37:65–75.10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.12.001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

36. Maddineni S, Ocón-Grove O, Krzysik-Walker S, Hendricks Iii G, Proudman J, Ramachandran R. Gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone receptor expression in the chicken pituitary gland: potential influence of sexual maturation and ovarian steroids. J Neuroendocrinol 2008;20:1078–88.10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01765.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Pineda R, Garcia-Galiano D, Sanchez-Garrido MA, Romero M, Ruiz-Pino F, Aguilar E, Dijcks FA, Blomenröhr M, Pinilla L, van Noort PI, Tena-Sempere M. Characterization of the potent gonadotropin-releasing activity of RF9, a selective antagonist of RF-amide-related peptides and neuropeptide FF receptors: physiological and pharmacological implications. Endocrinology 2010;151:1902–13.10.1210/en.2009-1259Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Roa J, Garcia-Galiano D, Castellano JM, Gaytan F, Pinilla L, Tena-Sempere M. Metabolic control of puberty onset: new players, new mechanisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010;324:87–94.10.1016/j.mce.2009.12.018Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

39. Smith JT, Reichenbach A, Lemus M, Mani BK, Zigman JM, Andrews ZB. An eGFP-expressing subpopulation of growth hormone secretagogue receptor cells are distinct from kisspeptin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and RFamide-related peptide neurons in mice. Peptides 2013;47:45–53.10.1016/j.peptides.2013.06.012Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

40. Grove KL, Cowley MA. Is ghrelin a signal for the development of metabolic systems? J Clin Invest 2005;115:3393.10.1172/JCI27211Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

41. Forbes S, Li XF, Kinsey-Jones J, O’Byrne K. Effects of ghrelin on Kisspeptin mRNA expression in the hypothalamic medial preoptic area and pulsatile luteinising hormone secretion in the female rat. Neurosci Lett 2009;460:143–7.10.1016/j.neulet.2009.05.060Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

42. Frazao R, Dungan Lemko HM, da Silva RP, Ratra DV, Lee CE, Williams KW, Zigman JM, Elias CF. Estradiol modulates Kiss1 neuronal response to ghrelin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;306:E606–E14.10.1152/ajpendo.00211.2013Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

43. Lebrethon MC, Aganina A, Fournier M, Gerard A, Parent AS, Bourguignon JP. Effects of in vivo and in vitro administration of ghrelin, leptin and neuropeptide mediators on pulsatile gonadotrophin-releasing hormone secretion from male rat hypothalamus before and after puberty. J Neuroendocrinol 2007;19:181–8.10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01518.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Furuta M, Funabashi T, Kimura F. Intracerebroventricular administration of ghrelin rapidly suppresses pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in ovariectomized rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001;288:780–5.10.1006/bbrc.2001.5854Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

45. Vulliemoz NR, Xiao E, Xia-Zhang L, Germond M, Rivier J, Ferin M. Decrease in luteinizing hormone pulse frequency during a five-hour peripheral ghrelin infusion in the ovariectomized rhesus monkey. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:5718–23.10.1210/jc.2004-1244Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

46. Fernandez-Fernandez R, Tena-Sempere M, Aguilar E, Pinilla L. Ghrelin effects on gonadotropin secretion in male and female rats. Neurosci Lett 2004;362:103–7.10.1016/j.neulet.2004.03.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

47. Fernández-Fernández R, Navarro VM, Barreiro ML, Vigo EM, Tovar S, Sirotkin AV, Casanueva FF, Aguilar E, Dieguez C, Pinilla L, Tena-Sempere M. Effects of chronic hyperghrelinemia on puberty onset and pregnancy outcome in the rat. Endocrinology 2005;146:3018–25.10.1210/en.2004-1622Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

48. Takaya K, Ariyasu H, Kanamoto N, Iwakura H, Yoshimoto A, Harada M, Mori K, Komatsu Y, Usui T, Shimatsu A, Ogawa Y, Hosoda K, Akamizu T, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Nakao K. Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:4908–11.10.1210/jcem.85.12.7167Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

49. Bentley GE, Jensen JP, Kaur GJ, Wacker DW, Tsutsui K, Wingfield JC. Rapid inhibition of female sexual behavior by gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH). Horm Behav 2006;49:550–5.10.1016/j.yhbeh.2005.12.005Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

50. Bentley G, Perfito N, Moore I, Ukena K, Tsutsui K, Wingfield J. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone in birds: possible modes of action. Acta Zool Sin 2006;52(Suppl):178–82.Suche in Google Scholar

51. Ubuka T, Ukena K, Sharp PJ, Bentley GE, Tsutsui K. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone inhibits gonadal development and maintenance by decreasing gonadotropin synthesis and release in male quail. Endocrinology 2006;147:1187–94.10.1210/en.2005-1178Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

52. Rizwan MZ, Porteous R, Herbison AE, Anderson GM. Cells expressing RFamide-related peptide-1/3, the mammalian gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone orthologs, are not hypophysiotropic neuroendocrine neurons in the rat. Endocrinology 2009;150:1413–20.10.1210/en.2008-1287Suche in Google Scholar

53. Murakami M, Matsuzaki T, Iwasa T, Yasui T, Irahara M, Osugi T, Tsutsui K. Hypophysiotropic role of RFamide-related peptide-3 in the inhibition of LH secretion in female rats. J Endocrinol 2008;199:105–12.10.1677/JOE-08-0197Suche in Google Scholar

54. Miyamoto K, Hasegawa Y, Nomura M, Igarashi M, Kangawa K, Matsuo H. Identification of the second gonadotropin-releasing hormone in chicken hypothalamus: evidence that gonadotropin secretion is probably controlled by two distinct gonadotropin-releasing hormones in avian species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1984;81:3874–8.10.1073/pnas.81.12.3874Suche in Google Scholar

55. Qi Y, Oldfield B, Clarke I. Projections of Rfamide-related peptide-3 neurones in the ovine hypothalamus, with special reference to regions regulating energy balance and reproduction. J Neuroendocrinol 2009;21:690–7.10.1111/j.1365-2826.2009.01886.xSuche in Google Scholar

56. Irwig MS, Fraley GS, Smith JT, Acohido BV, Popa SM, Cunningham MJ, Gottsch ML, Clifton DK, Steiner RA. Kisspeptin activation of gonadotropin releasing hormone neurons and regulation of KiSS-1 mRNA in the male rat. Neuroendocrinology 2004;80:264–72.10.1159/000083140Suche in Google Scholar

57. Lu S, Guan JL, Wang QP, Uehara K, Yamada S, Goto N, Date Y, Nakazato M, Kojima M, Kangawa K, Shioda S. Immunocytochemical observation of ghrelin-containing neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus. Neurosci Lett 2002;321:157–60.10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02544-7Suche in Google Scholar

58. Wang L, Saint-Pierre DH, Taché Y. Peripheral ghrelin selectively increases Fos expression in neuropeptide Y-synthesizing neurons in mouse hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. Neurosci Lett 2002;325:47–51.10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00241-0Suche in Google Scholar

59. Leupen SM, Besecke LM, Levine JE. Neuropeptide Y Y1-Receptor Stimulation Is Required for Physiological Amplification of Preovulatory Luteinizing Hormone Surges 1. Endocrinology 1997;138:2735–9.10.1210/endo.138.7.5223Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

60. Tena-Sempere M, Barreiro ML, González LC, Gaytán F, Zhang FP, Caminos JE, Pinilla L, Casanueva FF, Diéguez C, Aguilar E. Novel expression and functional role of ghrelin in rat testis. Endocrinology 2002;143:717–25.10.1210/endo.143.2.8646Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

61. Barreiro ML, Tena-Sempere M. Ghrelin and reproduction: a novel signal linking energy status and fertility? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004;226:1–9.10.1016/j.mce.2004.07.015Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

62. Anjum S, Krishna A, Tsutsui K. Inhibitory roles of the mammalian GnIH ortholog RFRP3 in testicular activities in adult mice. J Endocrinol 2014;223:79–91.10.1530/JOE-14-0333Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

63. Bentley GE, Ubuka T, McGuire NL, Chowdhury VS, Morita Y, Yano T, Hasunuma I, Binns M, Wingfield JC, Tsutsui K. Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and its receptor in the avian reproductive system. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008;156:34–43.10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.10.003Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

64. Gaytan F, Barreiro ML, Chopin LK, Herington AC, Morales C, Pinilla L, Casanueva FF, Aguilar E, Diéguez C, Tena-Sempere M. Immunolocalization of ghrelin and its functional receptor, the type 1a growth hormone secretagogue receptor, in the cyclic human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:879–87.10.1210/jc.2002-021196Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

65. Rak A, Szczepankiewicz D, Gregoraszczuk EL. Expression of ghrelin receptor, GHSR-1a, and its functional role in the porcine ovarian follicles. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009;19:68–76.10.1016/j.ghir.2008.08.006Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

66. Sirotkin A, Chrenek P, Darlak K, Valenzuela F, Kuklová Z. Some endocrine traits of transgenic rabbits. II. Changes in hormone secretion and response of isolated ovarian tissue to FSH and ghrelin. Physiol Res 2008;57:745.10.33549/physiolres.931150Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

67. Tachibana T, Sato M, Takahashi H, Ukena K, Tsutsui K, Furuse M. Gonadotropin-inhibiting hormone stimulates feeding behavior in chicks. Brain Res 2005;1050:94–100.10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.035Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2015-10-14
Accepted: 2015-11-9
Published Online: 2015-12-18
Published in Print: 2016-2-1

©2016 by De Gruyter

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Topic B: Neuroendocrine Mechanisms and Hormonal Impact on Eating Disorders, Sexuality and Reproductive System
  3. Review Articles
  4. Sexuality in eating disorders patients: etiological factors, sexual dysfunction and identity issues. A systematic review
  5. The physiology of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea associated with energy deficiency in exercising women and in women with anorexia nervosa
  6. Ghrelin action on GnRH neurons and pituitary gonadotropes might be mediated by GnIH-GPR147 system
  7. Hormones and endometrial carcinogenesis
  8. Original Article
  9. Neonatal exposure to estradiol-17β modulates tumour necrosis factor alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in brain and also in ovaries of adult female rats
https://doi.org/10.1515/hmbci-2015-0050
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
ghrelin; GnIH-GPR147 system; GnRH neurons; pituitary gonadotropes

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Topic B: Neuroendocrine Mechanisms and Hormonal Impact on Eating Disorders, Sexuality and Reproductive System
  3. Review Articles
  4. Sexuality in eating disorders patients: etiological factors, sexual dysfunction and identity issues. A systematic review
  5. The physiology of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea associated with energy deficiency in exercising women and in women with anorexia nervosa
  6. Ghrelin action on GnRH neurons and pituitary gonadotropes might be mediated by GnIH-GPR147 system
  7. Hormones and endometrial carcinogenesis
  8. Original Article
  9. Neonatal exposure to estradiol-17β modulates tumour necrosis factor alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in brain and also in ovaries of adult female rats
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 20.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hmbci-2015-0050/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen