Startseite Naturwissenschaften Effects of extractives on mechanical properties and durability of rubberwood-HDPE composites
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

Effects of extractives on mechanical properties and durability of rubberwood-HDPE composites

  • Zilun Wang , Chuanshuang Hu , Jin Gu , Banyat Cherdchim , Dengyun Tu EMAIL logo und Litao Guan EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 29. Februar 2020

Abstract

In this study, the effects of rubberwood extractives on the mechanical properties and fungal decay resistance of rubberwood-based wood plastic composites (WPCs) were explored. Three different solvents, benzene-ethanol, methanol, and deionized water, were used to remove the extractives of the rubberwood flour (RWF). The surface topographies of the prepared rubberwood-based WPC and the rubberwood itself were characterized using digital instruments and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the mechanical properties of the WPC prepared using extracted RWF were higher than those of the WPC prepared with unextracted RWF. The sequences of resistance to the growth of mold on the surface of the WPC were ranked as follows: deionized-water-extracted WPC > methanol-extracted WPC > benzene-ethanol-extracted WPC > unextracted WPC. The WPC made with extracted RWF had better brown-rot resistance and worse white-rot resistance than the unextracted WPC. These results demonstrate that the removal of rubberwood extractives has a positive effect on the mechanical properties and mold and fungal decay resistance of rubberwood-based WPCs.

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: The work was supported by the Science and Technology Plan Projects of Guangdong Province (project nos. 2017A050501030 and 2019A050503009) and the Guangzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Woody Biomass Functional New Materials (no. 201905010005). The financial support of the Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province is gratefully acknowledged.

  3. Employment or leadership: None declared.

  4. Honorarium: None declared.

References

ASTM D256. (1997) Standard test methods for determining the izod pendulum impact resistance of plastics. In: A.S.T.A. Materials (Ed.), Annual book of ASTM standards, West Conshohocken.Suche in Google Scholar

ASTM D790. (2003) Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials. In: A.S.T.A. Materials (Ed.), Annual book of ASTM standards, Conshohocken.Suche in Google Scholar

ASTM D3273. (2016) Standard test method for resistance to growth of mold on the surface of interior coatings in an environmental chamber. In: A.S.T.A. Materials (Ed.), Annual book of ASTM standards, West Conshohocken.Suche in Google Scholar

Bledzki, A.K., Faruk, O. (2003) Wood fibre reinforced polypropylene composites: effect of fibre geometry and coupling agent on physico-mechanical properties. Appl. Compos. Mater. 10:365–379.10.1023/A:1025741100628Suche in Google Scholar

Cherdchim, B., Satansat, J. (2016) Influences of ethylene stimulation of rubber trees (Hevea brasilliensis) on the extractives and fungal resistance of lumber. Cerne 22:223–232.10.1590/01047760201622032183Suche in Google Scholar

EN 113. (1996) Wood preservatives – test method for determining the protective effectiveness against wood destroying basidiomycetes – determination of the toxic values. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.Suche in Google Scholar

Eom, T., Chaiprapat, S., Charnnok, B. (2019) Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis and methane production from rubberwood waste using steam explosion. J. Environ. Manage. 235:231–239.10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.01.041Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Farahani, M.R.M., Banikarim, F. (2013) Effect of nano-zinc oxide on decay resistance of wood-plastic composites. Bioresources 8:5715–5720.10.15376/biores.8.4.5715-5720Suche in Google Scholar

Fengel, D., Wegener, G. Wood – Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York, 1984.10.1515/9783110839654Suche in Google Scholar

Grabner, M., Muller, U., Gierlinger, N., Wimmer, R. (2005) Effects of heartwood extractives on mechanical properties of larch. IAWA J. 26:211–220.10.1163/22941932-90000113Suche in Google Scholar

Gu, J., Zhang, Q., Dang, J., Zhang, J., Yang, Z. (2009) Thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of aluminum nitride filled linear low-density polyethylene composites. Polym. Eng. Sci. 49:1030–1034.10.1002/pen.21336Suche in Google Scholar

Gu, J., Guo, Y., Lv, Z., Geng, W., Zhang, Q. (2015a) Highly thermally conductive POSS-g-SiCp/UHMWPE composites with excellent dielectric properties and thermal stabilities. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 78:95–101.10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.08.004Suche in Google Scholar

Gu, J., Li, N., Tian, L., Lv, Z., Zhang, Q. (2015b) High thermal conductivity graphite nanoplatelet/UHMWPE nanocomposites. RSC Adv. 5:36334–36339.10.1039/C5RA03284ASuche in Google Scholar

Hawley, L.F., Fleck, L.C., Richards, C.A. (1924) The relation between durability and chemical composition in wood. Ind. Eng. Chem. 16:699–700.10.1021/ie50175a015Suche in Google Scholar

Jebrane, M., Pockrandt, M., Terziev, N. (2014) Natural durability of selected larch and Scots pine heartwoods in laboratory and field tests. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 91:88–96.10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.03.018Suche in Google Scholar

Kadir, A.A., Sudin, R. (1989) Carbohydrates in rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell.). Holzforschung 3:173–178.10.1515/hfsg.1989.43.3.173Suche in Google Scholar

Kim, J., Harper, D.P., Taylor, A.M. (2009) Effect of extractives on water sorption and durability of wood-plastic composites. Wood Fiber Sci. 3:279–290.Suche in Google Scholar

Liu, X. (1998) Study on rubberwood-attacking fungi and relevant controlling technology. China Wood Ind. 12:21–23 (In Chinses).Suche in Google Scholar

Liu, F.P., Rials, T.G., Simonsen, J. (1998) Relationship of wood surface energy to surface composition. Langmuir 14:536–541.10.1021/la970573ySuche in Google Scholar

Ma-in, K., H-Kittikun, A., Phongpaichit, S. (2014) Application of plant essential oils in prevention of fungal growth on Para rubberwood. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 72:413–416.10.1007/s00107-014-0790-zSuche in Google Scholar

Matan, N., Matan, N., Woraprayote, W., Saengkrajang, W., Sirisombat, N. (2009) Durability of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) treated with peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil, and their main components. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 63:621–625.10.1016/j.ibiod.2008.12.008Suche in Google Scholar

Mohareb, A., Sirmah, P., Desharnais, L., Dumarçay, S., Pétrissans, M., Gérardin, P. (2010) Effect of extractives on conferred and natural durability of Cupressus lusitanica heartwood. Ann. For. Sci. 67:7.10.1051/forest/2010006Suche in Google Scholar

Morrell, J.J., Stark, N.M., Pendleton, D.E., McDonald, A.G. (2006) Durability of wood–plastic composites. Wood Design Focus 16:7–10.Suche in Google Scholar

Nair, S., Pandey, K.K., Giridhar, B.N., Vijayalakshmi, G. (2017) Decay resistance of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) impregnated with ZnO and CuO nanoparticles dispersed in propylene glycol. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 122:100–106.10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.05.008Suche in Google Scholar

Naumann, A., Stephan, I., Noll, M. (2012) Material resistance of weathered wood-plastic composites against fungal decay. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegradation 75:28–35.10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.08.004Suche in Google Scholar

Oldertrøen, K., H-Kittikun, A., Aam, B.B., Larnøy, E. (2017) Resistance of rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) treated with chitosan or silane against surface molds. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 75:101–112.10.1007/s00107-016-1071-9Suche in Google Scholar

Panthapulakkal, S., Kirk, D., Sain, M. (2015) Alkaline extraction of xylan from wood using microwave and conventional heating. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 132:41330.10.1002/app.41330Suche in Google Scholar

Sablík, P., Giagli, K., Pařil, P., Baar, J., Rademacher, P. (2016) Impact of extractive chemical compounds from durable wood species on fungal decay after impregnation of nondurable wood species. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 74:231–236.10.1007/s00107-015-0984-zSuche in Google Scholar

Saha Tchinda, J., Pétrissans, A., Molina, S., Ndikontar, M.K., Mounguengui, S., Dumarçay, S., Gérardin, P. (2014) Study of the feasibility of a natural dye on cellulosic textile supports by red padouk (Pterocarpus soyauxii) and yellow movingui (Distemonanthus benthamianus) extracts. Ind. Crop. Prod. 60:291–297.10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.06.029Suche in Google Scholar

Saha Tchinda, J., Ndikontar, M.K., Fouda Belinga, A.D., Mounguengui, S., Njankouo, J.M., Durmaçay, S., Gerardin, P. (2018) Inhibition of fungi with wood extractives and natural durability of five Cameroonian wood species. Ind. Crop. Prod. 123:183–191.10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.06.078Suche in Google Scholar

Sajitha, K.L., Dev, S.A., Maria Florence, E.J. (2018) Biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis B1 against sapstain fungus in rubberwood. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 150:237–244.10.1007/s10658-017-1272-zSuche in Google Scholar

Saputra, H., Simonsen, J., Li, K. (2004) Effect of extractives on the flexural properties of wood/plastic composites. Compos. Interface 11:515.10.1163/1568554042722964Suche in Google Scholar

Schirp, A, Wolcott, M.P. (2005) Influence of fungal decay and moisture uptake on mechanical properties of extruded wood–plastic composites. Wood Fiber Sci. 37:643–652.Suche in Google Scholar

Schirp, A., Wolcott, M.P. (2006) Fungal degradation of wood-plastic composites and evaluation using dynamic mechanical analysis. J Appl Polym Sci. 99:3138–3146.10.1002/app.22945Suche in Google Scholar

Song, T., Pranovich, A., Holmbom, B. (2012) Hot-water extraction of ground spruce wood of different particle size. Bioresources 7:4214–4225.Suche in Google Scholar

Taylor, A.M., Gartner, B.L., Morrell, J.J. (2002) Heartwood formation and natural durability – a review. Wood Fiber Sci. 34:587–611.Suche in Google Scholar

Wang, W., Peng, Y., Dong, Y., Wang, K., Li, J., Zhang, W. (2018) Effect of coupling agent modified intumescent flame retardant on the mechanical properties, thermal degradation behavior, and flame retardancy of wood-flour/polypropylene composites. Polym. Composite 39:826–834.10.1002/pc.24004Suche in Google Scholar

Wei, L., Mcdonald, A.G., Freitag, C., Morrell, J.J. (2013) Effects of wood fiber esterification on properties, weatherability and biodurability of wood plastic composites. Polym. Degrad. Stabil. 98:1348–1361.10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.03.027Suche in Google Scholar

Xu, K., Feng, J., Zhong, T., Zheng, Z., Chen, T. (2015) Effects of volatile chemical components of wood species on mould growth susceptibility and termite attack resistance of wood plastic composites. Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 100:106–115.10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.02.002Suche in Google Scholar

Yingprasert, W., Matan, N., Chaowana, P. (2015) Fungal resistance and physico-mechanical properties of cinnamon oil and clove oil-treated rubberwood particleboards. J. Trop. For. Sci. 27:69–79.Suche in Google Scholar


Supplementary Material

The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2019-0180).


Received: 2019-07-09
Accepted: 2020-01-14
Published Online: 2020-02-29
Published in Print: 2020-11-26

©2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 6.3.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2019-0180/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen