Threshold for ion movements in wood cell walls below fiber saturation observed by X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM)
-
Samuel L. Zelinka
Abstract
Diffusion of chemicals and ions through the wood cell wall plays an important role in wood damage mechanisms. In the present work, free diffusion of ions through wood secondary walls and middle lamellae has been investigated as a function of moisture content (MC) and anatomical direction. Various ions (K, Cl, Zn, Cu) were injected into selected regions of 2 μm thick wood sections with a microinjector and then the ion distribution was mapped by means of X-ray fluorescence microscopy with submicron spatial resolution. The MC of the wood was controlled in situ by means of climatic chamber with controlled relative humidity (RH). For all ions investigated, there was a threshold RH below which the concentration profiles did not change. The threshold RH depended upon ionic species, cell wall layer, and wood anatomical orientation. Above the threshold RH, differences in mobility among ions were observed and the mobility depended upon anatomical direction and cell wall layer. These observations support a recently proposed percolation model of electrical conduction in wood. The results contribute to understanding the mechanisms of fungal decay and fastener corrosion that occur below the fiber saturation point.
Acknowledgments
JEJ and SLZ acknowledge funding from 2011 and 2010 USDA PECASE Awards, respectively. GMR acknowledges the SURE-REU program at UW-Madison for support to conduct research during summer 2013. The use of Advanced Photon Source facilities was supported by the US Department of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, under contract number W-31-109-Eng-38. The authors acknowledge the machine shop at the Forest Products Laboratory for construction of the in situ relative humidity chamber.
References
Baker, A.J. (1988) Corrosion of metals in preservative-treated wood. In: Wood Protection Techniques and the Use of Treated Wood in Construction. Ed. Hamel, M. Forest Products Society, Madison, WI. pp. 99–101.Search in Google Scholar
Berry, S.L., Roderick, M.L. (2005) Plant-water relations and the fibre saturation point. N. Phytol. 168:25–37.10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01528.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed
Carll, C., Highley, T.L. (1999) Decay of wood and wood-based products above ground in buildings. J. Test. Eval. 27:150–158.Search in Google Scholar
Cousins, W. (1978) Young’s modulus of hemicellulose as related to moisture content. Wood Sci. Technol. 12:161–167.Search in Google Scholar
Dennis, J.K., Zou, C., Short, N.R. (1995) Corrosion behaviour of zinc and zinc alloy coated steel in preservative treated timber. Trans. Inst. Met. Finish. 75:96–101.10.1080/00202967.1995.11871067Search in Google Scholar
Glass, S.V., Zelinka, S.L. (2010) Moisture relations and physical properties of wood. In: Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. Ed. Ross, R.J. GTR-190. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI. pp. 4.1–4.19.Search in Google Scholar
Greenland, D.J., Hayes, M.H.B. (1978) The chemsitry of soil constituents. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.Search in Google Scholar
Greenspan, L. (1977) Humidity fixed points of binary saturated aqueous solutions. J. Res. Natl. Stand. Sec. A. 81A:89–9610.6028/jres.081A.011Search in Google Scholar
Griffin, D. (1977) Water potential and wood-decay fungi. Annu. Ref. Phytopathol. 15:319–329.10.1146/annurev.py.15.090177.001535Search in Google Scholar
Jakes, J.E., Plaza, N., Stone, D.S., Hunt, C.G., Glass, S.V., Zelinka, S.L. (2013) Mechanism of transport through wood cell wall polymers. J. For. Prod. Ind. 2:10–13.Search in Google Scholar
Kelley, S.S., Rials, T.G., Glasser, W.G. (1987) Relaxation behaviour of the amorphous components of wood. J. Mater. Sci. 22:617–624.Search in Google Scholar
Lin, R.T. A study of electrical conduction in wood. State College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Syracuse, NY, 1965.Search in Google Scholar
Olsson, A.M., Salmen, L. (2004) The softening behavior of hemicelluloses related to moisture. In: Hemicelluloses: Science and Technology. Eds. Gatenholm, P., Tenkanen, M., vol. 864. ACS Publications, Washington, DC. pp. 184–197.Search in Google Scholar
Saka, S., Goring, D.A.I. (1983) The distribution of inorganic constituents in black spruce wood as determined by TEM-EDXA. J. Jpn. Wood Res. Soc. 29:648–656.Search in Google Scholar
Short, N.R., Dennis, J.K. (1997) Corrosion resistance of zinc-alloy coated steel in construction industry environments. Trans. Inst. Met. Finish. 75:47–52.10.1080/00202967.1997.11871142Search in Google Scholar
Simons, P.J., Spiro, M., Levy, J.F. (1998) Electrical transport of endogenous mineral ions in green sapwood of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine). Wood Sci. Tech. 32:403–410.Search in Google Scholar
Stamm, A.J. (1971) Review of nine methods for determining the fiber saturation points of wood and wood products. Wood Sci. 4:114–128.Search in Google Scholar
Viitanen, H., Paajanen, L. (1988) The critical moisture and temperature conditions for the growth of some mould fungi and the brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana on wood. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Madrid. IRG/WP 1369.Search in Google Scholar
Vogt, S. (2003) MAPS: A set of software tools for analysis and visualization of 3D X-ray fluorescence data sets. J. Phys. IV. 104:635–638.10.1051/jp4:20030160Search in Google Scholar
Wang, J., Morris, P.I. (2010) A review on conditions for decay initiation and progression. International Research Group on Wood Protection, Biarritz. IRG/WP 10-20444.Search in Google Scholar
Wei, H., Donohoe, B.S., Vinzant, T.B., Ciesielski, P.N., Wang, W., Gedvilas, L.M., Zeng, Y., Johnson, D.K., Ding, S.-Y., Himmel, M.E. (2011) Elucidating the role of ferrous ion co-catalyst in enhancing dilute acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnol. Biofuel. 4:48.10.1186/1754-6834-4-48Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Yu, Q., Zhuang, X., Yuan, Z., Qi, W., Wang, Q., Tan, X. (2011) The effect of metal salts on the decomposition of sweet sorghum bagasse in flow-through liquid hot water. Bioresour. Technol. 102:3445–3450.Search in Google Scholar
Zelinka, S.L., Stone, D.S. (2011) Corrosion of metals in wood: comparing the results of a rapid test method with long-term exposure tests across six wood treatments. Corros. Sci. 53:1708–1714.Search in Google Scholar
Zelinka, S., Glass, S., Stone, D. (2008) A percolation model for electrical conduction in wood with implications for wood-water relations. Wood Fib. Sci. 40:544–552.Search in Google Scholar
©2015 by De Gruyter
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review Articles
- A large-scale test set-up for measuring VOC emissions from wood products under laboratory conditions in simulated real rooms
- Industrial waste water for biotechnological reduction of aldehyde emissions from wood products
- Original Articles
- Light scattering characterization of lignosulfonate structure in saline solutions
- Differences in wood properties of Picea abies L. Karst. in relation to site of provenance and population genetics
- Rapid determination of biomass and polypropylene in three types of wood plastic composites (WPCs) using FTIR spectroscopy and partial least squares regression (PLSR)
- Thermal modification of Southern pine combined with wax emulsion preimpregnation: effect on hydrophobicity and dimensional stability
- Mixed-mode fracture toughness of bond lines of PRF and PUR adhesives in European beech wood
- Effect of specimen dimension and pre-heating temperature on supercritical CO2 dewatering of radiata pine sapwood
- Sound absorption of wood-based materials
- Threshold for ion movements in wood cell walls below fiber saturation observed by X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM)
- Oxygen plasma treatment of bamboo fibers (BF) and its effects on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of BF-unsaturated polyester composites
- A combined view on composition, molecular structure, and micromechanics of fungal degraded softwood
- Morphological changes induced in wood samples by aqueous NaOH treatment and their effects on the conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II
- Young’s modulus and shear modulus of solid wood measured by the flexural vibration test of specimens with large height/length ratios
- Effects of cell wall ultrastructure on the transverse shrinkage anisotropy of Scots pine wood
- Short Note
- Reacted copper(II) concentrations in earlywood and latewood of micronized copper-treated Canadian softwood species
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Review Articles
- A large-scale test set-up for measuring VOC emissions from wood products under laboratory conditions in simulated real rooms
- Industrial waste water for biotechnological reduction of aldehyde emissions from wood products
- Original Articles
- Light scattering characterization of lignosulfonate structure in saline solutions
- Differences in wood properties of Picea abies L. Karst. in relation to site of provenance and population genetics
- Rapid determination of biomass and polypropylene in three types of wood plastic composites (WPCs) using FTIR spectroscopy and partial least squares regression (PLSR)
- Thermal modification of Southern pine combined with wax emulsion preimpregnation: effect on hydrophobicity and dimensional stability
- Mixed-mode fracture toughness of bond lines of PRF and PUR adhesives in European beech wood
- Effect of specimen dimension and pre-heating temperature on supercritical CO2 dewatering of radiata pine sapwood
- Sound absorption of wood-based materials
- Threshold for ion movements in wood cell walls below fiber saturation observed by X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM)
- Oxygen plasma treatment of bamboo fibers (BF) and its effects on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of BF-unsaturated polyester composites
- A combined view on composition, molecular structure, and micromechanics of fungal degraded softwood
- Morphological changes induced in wood samples by aqueous NaOH treatment and their effects on the conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II
- Young’s modulus and shear modulus of solid wood measured by the flexural vibration test of specimens with large height/length ratios
- Effects of cell wall ultrastructure on the transverse shrinkage anisotropy of Scots pine wood
- Short Note
- Reacted copper(II) concentrations in earlywood and latewood of micronized copper-treated Canadian softwood species
