Off-axis tensile strength and evaluation of the in-plane shear strength of paper

References

Azzi, V.D., Tsai, S.W. (1965) Anisotropic strength of composites. Exp. Mech. 5:283–288.Search in Google Scholar

Baum, G.A., Habeger, C.C., Fleischman, E.H. (1981) Measurement of the orthotropic elastic constants of paper. IPC Tech. Pap. Ser. 117:1–25.Search in Google Scholar

Carlsson, L.A., Lindstrom, T. (2005) A shear-lag approach to the tensile strength of paper. Compos. Sci. Technol. 65:183–189.Search in Google Scholar

Castro, J., Ostoja-Starzewski, M. (2003) Elasto-plasticity of paper. Int. J. Plast. 19:2083–2098.10.1016/S0749-6419(03)00060-3Search in Google Scholar

Caulfield, D.F., Gunderson, D.E. Paper testing and strength characteristics. Proc. TAPPI 1988 Paper Preservation Symposium. TAPPI Press, Washington, DC/Atlanta, GA, 1988. pp. 31–40.Search in Google Scholar

Chamis, C.C., Sinclair, J.H. (1977) Ten-deg off-axis test for shear properties in fiber composites. Exp. Mech. 17:339–346.Search in Google Scholar

Cowin, S.C. (1979) On the strength anisotropy of bone and wood. Trans. ASME J. Appl. Mech. 46:832–838.Search in Google Scholar

Cox, H.L. (1951) The elasticity and strength of paper and other fibrous materials. Br. J. Appl. Phys. 3:72–79.Search in Google Scholar

Dahl, K.B., Malo, K.A. (2009a) Nonlinear shear properties of spruce softwood: experimental results. Wood Sci. Technol. 43:539–558.10.1007/s00226-009-0247-4Search in Google Scholar

Dahl, K.B., Malo, K.A. (2009b) Nonlinear shear properties of spruce softwood: numerical analyses of experimental results. Compos. Sci. Technol. 69:2144–2151.10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.05.011Search in Google Scholar

de Ruvo, A., Carlsson, L., Fellers, C. (1980) The biaxial strength of paper. TAPPI 63:133–146.Search in Google Scholar

Enomae, T., Hamada, H., Ifuku, T., Noda, T. Determination of porosity of paper and coatings by mercury buoyancy method. Proc. Annu. Conf. Soc. Fiber Sci. Technol. Jpn., 1E02, Kyoto, Japan, 2003.Search in Google Scholar

Fellers, C. (1977) Procedure for measuring the interlaminar shear properties of paper. Svensk Papperst. 3:89–93.Search in Google Scholar

Hankinson, R.L. Investigation of crushing strength of spruce at varying angles of grain. Air Service Information Circular No. 259, U.S. Air Service, 1921.Search in Google Scholar

Heckers, W., Gottsching, L. (1980) Ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Scherfestigkeit in der Bahnebene von Papier und Karton. Das Pap. 34:1–5.Search in Google Scholar

ISO Standard 1924-2-2008 (2008) Paper and board – determination of tensile properties. Part 2: constant rate of elongation method (20 mm/min).Search in Google Scholar

JIS Standard P8118-1996 (1996) Testing method for thickness and bulk density of paper and paperboard.Search in Google Scholar

JIS Standard P8113-2006 (2006) Paper and board – determination of tensile properties. Part 2: constant rate of elongation method.Search in Google Scholar

JIS Standard Z2101-2009 (2009) Methods of test for woods.Search in Google Scholar

Jones, A.R. (1967) An experimental investigation of the in-plane elastic moduli of paper. The Institute of Paper Science and Technology. Doctoral dissertation reprint, pp. 1–137.Search in Google Scholar

Khoury, M., Tourtollet, G.E., Schroder, A. (1999) Contactless measurement of the elastic Young’s modulus of paper by an ultrasonic technique. Ultrasonics 37:133–139.10.1016/S0041-624X(98)00049-3Search in Google Scholar

Kimura, M., Iwasaki, Y., Kadoya, T., Oda, M. (1979) Study on determination of paper thickness by mercury buoyancy method. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 25:139–144.Search in Google Scholar

Kimura, M., Nakao, T., Katoh, M. (1985) Experimental method for calculating Young’s modulus of paper from elongation test. Jpn. TAPPI J. 39:1057–1062.10.2524/jtappij.39.1057Search in Google Scholar

Kollman, F.F.P., Côte, W.A. Principles of Wood Science and Technology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1968.Search in Google Scholar

Mäkelä, P., Östlund, S. (2003) Orthotropic elastic-plastic material model for paper materials. Int. J. Solid. Struct. 40:5599–5620.Search in Google Scholar

Mann, R.W., Baum, G.A., Habeger, C.C. (1979) Determination of all nine orthotropic elastic constants for machine-made paper. IPC Tech. Pap. Ser. 84:1–17.Search in Google Scholar

Mascia, N.T., Nicolas, E.A. (2012) Evaluation of Tsai-Wu criterion and Hankinson’s formula for a Brazilian wood species by comparison with experimental off-axis strength tests. Wood Mater. Sci. Eng. 7:49–58.10.1080/17480272.2012.654820Search in Google Scholar

Nahas, M.N. (1986) Survey of failure and post-failure theories of laminated fiber reinforced composites. J. Compos. Technol. Res. 8:138–153.Search in Google Scholar

Norris, C.B. (1962) Strength of orthotropic materials subjected to combined stresses. Forest Prod. Lab. Rep. 1816:1–40.Search in Google Scholar

Norris, C.B., McKinnon, P.F. (1956) Compression, tension and shear tests on yellow-poplar plywood panels of sizes that do not buckle with tests made at various angles to the face grain. For. Prod. Lab. Rep. 1328:1–50.Search in Google Scholar

Oda, M., Kadoya, T., Usuda, M., Kimura, M. (1979) Stiffness of paper I: subjective judgments and Clark’s stiffness measurement. Jpn. TAPPI J. 33:214–219.10.2524/jtappij.33.3_214Search in Google Scholar

Oh, S.-C. (2011) Applying failure criteria to the strength evaluation of 3-ply laminated veneer lumber according to grain direction by uniaxial tension test. Constr. Build. Mater. 25:1480–1484.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.08.002Search in Google Scholar

Pan, N., Zhang, X. (1997) Shear strength of fibrous sheets: an experimental investigation. Textile Res. J. 67:593–600.Search in Google Scholar

Pindera, M.J., Herakovich, C.T. (1986) Shear characterization of unidirectional composites with the off-axis tension test. Exp. Mech. 26:103–112.Search in Google Scholar

Pindera, M.J., Choski, G., Hidde, J.S., Herakovich, C.T. (1987) A methodology for accurate shear characterization of unidirectional composites. J. Compos. Mater. 21: 1164–1184.Search in Google Scholar

Rowlands, R.E., Gunderson, D.E., Suhling, J.C., Johnson, M.W. (1985) Biaxial strength of paperboard predicted by Hill-type theories. J. Strain Anal. 20:121–127.10.1243/03093247V202121Search in Google Scholar

Schulgasser, K. (1983) The in-plane Poisson ratio of paper. Fibre Sci. Technol. 19:297–309.Search in Google Scholar

Suhling, J.C., Rowlands, R.E., Johnson, M.W., Gunderson, D.E. (1985) Tensorial strength analysis of paperboard. Exp. Mech. 20:75–84.Search in Google Scholar

TAPPI Standard T404 (1992) Tensile breaking strength and elongation of paper and paperboard (using pendulum-type tester).Search in Google Scholar

TAPPI Standard T494 (2001) Tensile breaking properties of paper and paperboard (using constant rate of elongation apparatus).Search in Google Scholar

Uesaka, T., Murakami, K., Imamura, R. (1977) Dependence of in-plane elastic moduli of paper on basis weight. J. Soc. Mater. Sci. Jpn. 25:472–476.Search in Google Scholar

Uesaka, T., Murakami, K., Imamura, R. (1979) Biaxial tensile behavior of paper. TAPPI 62:111–114.Search in Google Scholar

Waterhouse, J.F. (1984) The ultimate strength of paper. IPC Tech. Pap. Ser. 146:1–35.Search in Google Scholar

Wu, R.-Y., Stachurski, Z. (1984) Evaluation of the normal stress interaction parameter in the tensor polynomial strength theory for anisotropic materials. J. Compos. Mater. 18:456–463.Search in Google Scholar

Xavier, J.C., Garrido, N.M., Oliveira, M., Morais, J.L., Camanho, P.P., Pierron, F. (2004) A comparison between the Iosipescu and off-axis shear test methods for the characterization of Pinus pinaster Ait. Composites A 35:827–840.10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.01.013Search in Google Scholar

Xavier, J.C., Oliveira, M., Morais, J., Pinto, T. (2009) Measurement of the shear properties of clear wood by the Arcan test. Holzforschung 63:217–225.10.1515/HF.2009.034Search in Google Scholar

Yokoyama, T., Nakai, K. Evaluation of in-plane orthotropic elastic constants of paper and paperboard. Proc. SEM Ann. Conf. Expos. Exp. Appl. Mech., Springfield, MA, 2007.Search in Google Scholar

Yokoyama, T., Nakai, K. Orientation dependence of in-plane tensile properties of paper: experiments and theories. Proc. Jpn. Soc. Mech. Eng. M&M Conf., OS1108, Ehime, Japan, 2009.10.1299/jsmemm.2009.115Search in Google Scholar

Yoshihara, H. (2009a) Shear properties of wood measured by the asymmetric four-point bending test of notched specimen. Holzforschung 63:211–216.10.1515/HF.2009.035Search in Google Scholar

Yoshihara, H. (2009b) Prediction of the off-axis stress-strain relation of wood under compression loading. Eur. J. Wood Prod. 67:183–188.10.1007/s00107-009-0320-6Search in Google Scholar

Yoshihara, H., Ohta, M. (2000) Estimation of the shear strength of wood by uniaxial-tension tests of off-axis specimens. J. Wood Sci. 46:159–163.10.1007/BF00777364Search in Google Scholar

Yoshihara, H., Suzuki, A. (2005) Shear stress/shear strain relation of wood obtained by asymmetric four-point bending test of side-tapered specimen. J. Test. Eval. 33:55–60.10.1520/JTE11936Search in Google Scholar

Yoshihara, H., Ohsaki, H., Kubojima, Y., Ohta, M. (1999) Applicability of the Iosipescu shear test on the measurement of the shear properties of wood. J. Wood Sci. 45:24–29.10.1007/BF00579520Search in Google Scholar

Yoshihara, H., Ohsaki, H., Kubojima, Y., Ohta, M. (2001) Comparisons of shear stress/shear strain relations of wood obtained by Iosipescu and torsion tests. Wood Fiber Sci. 33:275–283.Search in Google Scholar