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Study of anti-cancer properties of green silver nanoparticles against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines

  • Shweta Rajawat

    Shweta Rajawat completed her PhD at the Department of Physics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, with her doctoral thesis entitled, “Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles”. Dr. Rajawat’s complete research work during her PhD was carried out according to principles of green chemistry, focusing on applications of as-synthesized nanoparticles in the field of medicine, particularly on the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms and of MCF-7 breast cancer. Dr. Rajawat’s completed her post-graduate and graduate studies at Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur Rajasthan, India.

     EMAIL logo     , Rajnish Kurchania

    Rajnish Kurchania received his MSc in Physics from Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India in 1991 and the PhD in Materials Science from University of Leeds, Leeds (UK) in 1998. Presently he is Head and an Associate Professor with the Department of Physics, Maulana Azad Institute of Technology (MANIT), Bhopal. Dr. Kurchania is a recipient of UKIERI-Thematic Partnership, the Royal Academy of Engineering: Research Exchange Award from the UKIERI-British Council and Royal Academy of Engineering UK in collaboration with the University of Bath, UK and the Overseas Research Student (ORS) Award from the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (CVCP) of the Universities of the UK to support his doctoral studies at University of Leeds, UK. He is a life member of the Materials Research Society of India and the Indian Society for Technical Education, and a member of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. He has authored over 80 research papers in international journals and conferences of repute.

         , Katherukamen Rajukumar

    Katherukamen Rajukumar is a Senior Scientist at ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India. He is also the officer-in-charge of the transmission electron microscope facility of the institute. He has done his PhD in Veterinary Pathology from the Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar. He is currently involved in research on exotic and emerging viral diseases of animals including Pestivirus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus infections, especially antigenic, genetic and pathogenic characterization of the viruses, pathobiology of the disease and development of diagnostics. He has more than 40 research publications in national and international journals.

         , Shreyas Pitale

    Shreyas Pitale earned his PhD degree from National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India in 2009. He pursued his postdoctoral research (funded by National Research Foundation and Nano-Cluster Funds, Govt. of South Africa) at Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. He has been awarded Dr. K.S. Krishnan Research Associateship by Department of Atomic Energy-Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences, Govt. of India and he worked under this Associateship at Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), Mumbai, India. He is currently working as a Scientist at BARC, India.

         , Sonali Saha

    Sonali Saha did her PhD at the Department of Physics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, with her doctoral thesis entitled, “Bio-Synthesis and Characterization of Cu and Ag Nanoparticles”. Her complete research work during PhD was carried strictly according to the principles of green chemistry. She got her Masters in Physics from Pandit Ravishankar University, Chattisgarh, India.

         and M.S. Qureshi

    M.S. Qureshi, Ex-professor department of Physics, MANIT, is a gold medallist in MSc from Barkatullah University Bhopal, and has received his PhD degree from MANIT Bhopal. He has to his credit of first ever designing magneto electrets in the Electrets lab at MANIT.
Published/Copyright: March 14, 2016
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Green Processing and Synthesis
From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis Volume 5 Issue 2

Abstract

In the present work, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using an easy, simple, and environment-friendly method based on principles of green chemistry in the absence of a sophisticated laboratory, and their anti-cancer properties were studied. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using electrolytic deposition. As-synthesized nanoparticles were capped using black tea leaf extract. MTT assay was used to investigate anti-cancer activity. X-ray diffraction graphs show highly pure as-synthesized silver nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy images show well-dispersed spherical nanoparticles, with an average size of 9 and 15 nm, corresponding to different values of parameters used in the synthesis. For the MCF-7 cancer cell lines, 100% growth inhibition is obtained. The 50% growth inhibition concentration values against MCF-7 cancer cell lines were obtained at 70- and 30-fold dilutions of colloidal silver of almost the same concentration, 178 μg/ml, for both configurations. Silver nanoparticles can be synthesized, and their morphology can be tuned using the electrolytic deposition method with black tea leaf extract as capping agent. Silver nanoparticles with an average size of 9 nm are more effective those with an average size of 15 nm. The synthesis method is faster, cheaper, and environment friendly and renders a treatment option that can have high accessibility, reduced harmful side effects, and increased economic benefits.

Keywords: 50% growth inhibition concentration (IC50) values; green technology; MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines; silver nanoparticles

1 Introduction

Cancer is among the deadliest diseases of today’s world. Breast cancer has become a major cause of high mortality rate in women. The World Health Organization has reported that 13.1 million deaths caused by these diseases are expected by 2030 [1]. Many cancer cells initially respond to chemotherapy, but they later develop resistance [2–4]. Currently available chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents cause undesirable side effects [5, 6]. The advancement of nanotechnology in the field of medicine has created a new hope in the therapeutic and pharmaceutical fields. Ample work is being done in this field using various nanoparticles, e.g. gold, copper nanoparticles, but silver nanoparticles have an edge over others because silver has been shown in vitro to be more cytotoxic, especially where the concentration of the silver ion exceeds 5 mg/ml [7]. Applications of nanoparticles in the field of medicine only increased tremendously when the biological approach to nanoparticle synthesis came into focus, as physical methods usually give a low yield and chemical methods include the use of toxic chemicals and generation of hazardous by-products [8, 9]. The various resources used for green synthesis of nanoparticles are plants, plant products, bacteria, fungi, algae, yeast, and viruses [8].

The method [10, 11] used in the present work is original, as the combination of electrolysis and black tea leaf extract is developed for the first time, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. Black tea leaf extract is used because of theaflavins, which are anti-oxidant polyphenols that perform the role of stabilizing or capping agents because of their bulky and steric nature. Theaflavins are anti-oxidant polyphenols that are formed from the condensation of flavan-3-ols in tea leaves during the enzymatic oxidation (fermentation) of black tea. Theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3′-gallate, and theaflavin-3-3′-digallate are the main theaflavins, as shown in Figure 1A, B. The chemical structure of theaflavins is given in Table 1. Thearubigins or epicatechin and catechin are other important polyphenols present in the extract. The chemical structure of catechin (C15H14O6) is given in Table 2. It protects the system against the oxidation of lipids and suppresses cancer growth by combining protons with free radicals and stopping potential reactions. Catechin is a flavan-3-ol, a type of natural phenol. It possesses two benzene rings (called the A- and B-rings) and a di-hydropyran heterocycle (the C-ring) with a hydroxyl group on carbon 3, as shown in Figure 2. Both catechins and theaflavins contribute to the bioactivity of black tea either by additive and/or synergistic effects.

Figure 1: (A) Structure of theaflavin-1 R1=R2=H. (B) Structure of theaflavin-3,3′-digallate theaflavin-3-gallate-A R1=galloyl, R2=H.
Figure 1:

(A) Structure of theaflavin-1 R1=R2=H. (B) Structure of theaflavin-3,3′-digallate theaflavin-3-gallate-A R1=galloyl, R2=H.

Table 1:

Chemical structure of theaflavins.

CompoundRR′
TheaflavinHH
Theaflavin-3-monogallateGalloylH
Theaflavin-3′-monogallateHGalloyl
Theaflavin-3,3′-digallateGalloylGalloyl
Table 2:

Chemical structure of catechin (C15H14O6).

CompoundRR′
EpicatechinHH
EpigallocatechinHOH
Epicatechin gallateGalloylH
Epigallocatechin gallateGalloylOH
Figure 2: Chemical structure of catechin.
Figure 2:

Chemical structure of catechin.

This method is better than methods using microorganisms, as they are slower to synthesize, compared with using plant extracts, e.g. production of fungal biomass itself takes 5 days [12], as compared to few minutes taken by plants extracts. In addition, it is better in comparison to other plant extracts in terms of growth inhibition of cancer cell lines, e.g. Eucalyptus chapmaniana leaf extract, seaweed Ulva lactuca, etc. [13, 14]. Here we report almost 100% growth inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines for average nanoparticle sizes of 9 and 15 nm with different fold dilutions of as-synthesized colloidal silver (178 μg/ml). These nanoparticles are found to have a shelf life of 3 months at room temperature. The synthesis technique used is easy, simple, environment friendly, and cheaper, as it does not require a sophisticated laboratory setup.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Preparation of black tea leaf extract

Twenty milliliters of triple-deionized distilled water was brought to boil, and then 0.3433 g of black tea leaves were added. The solution was filtered when it attained a reddish brown color. The extract was cooled to room temperature and then used in the experiment. The concentration of the extract thus obtained was 17.165 mg/ml.

2.2 Synthesis

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized in an in-house-developed setup as shown in Figure 3. In this method, green electrolytic deposition of silver nanoparticles was done. This synthesis process was carried out twice for different morphologies using different parametric values. First, deposition was done at room temperature (30°C) with 200-mA current, 6.25% (v/v) concentration of the same capping agent, and 0.005 N strength of silver nitrate.

Figure 3: Sketch of the laboratory’s in-house-developed experimental setup.
Figure 3:

Sketch of the laboratory’s in-house-developed experimental setup.

Second, the deposition process was carried out at room temperature (30°C) with 200-mA current, 2.5% (v/v) concentration of freshly prepared black tea leaf extract, and 0.01 N silver nitrate as precursor.

Silver nitrate of 0.02 N was procured from Merck (AR grade) and used in diluted form by adding triple-deionized distilled water. For the electrolytic deposition, two electrodes were used. Silver wire (99% pure) was used as an anode, and a carbon rod wrapped with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) material was used as cathode. The LDPE material was used to extract silver nanoparticles deposited on the cathode rod. The length of the carbon rod and the silver wire was 4.5 cm. The diameter of the silver wire was 1.04 mm, and the diameter of the carbon rod used was 4 mm. The distance between the two electrodes was 1 cm. The whole assembly, with a magnetic bead placed inside the beaker, was then kept in a magnetic stirrer, which continuously stirs the solution in the beaker to avoid agglomeration. A DC power supply with a rating of 15 V and 3 A was used. Copper wires were used to connect the components of the circuit.

When the circuit was closed, the capping agent was added slowly to the silver nitrate solution. As soon as electrolysis starts, the color of the solution changes to light yellow within seconds. Slowly, the color changes to reddish brown and finally to dark brown. Same observations were obtained in both cases.

The color change provides a piece of evidence to support the synthesis of AgNPs, and it is believed to be due to the excitation of surface plasmon vibrations, typical of AgNPs [15–19]. The electrolysis process liberates Ag+ ions, which move toward cathode and are reduced.

(1)At the anode: Ag-e-→Ag+ (1)

Observation: The silver wire gets thinner.

(2)At the cathode: Ag++e-→Ag0 (2)

As the distance between the electrodes is very small (1 cm), most of the ions reach the cathode fast and are reduced, giving Ag0. These nanoparticles are detached from the cathode and are capped, giving a characteristic color to the colloidal solution. Few ions, before reaching the cathode, are capped by the capping agent. The Ag+ ions do not show any color. Ionic silver particles are so small that they are actually smaller than the wavelengths of visible (Vis) light, making the silver invisible and colorless even at high concentrations. Over time, the silver wire gets thinner and is finally consumed completely in 4 h. Meanwhile, the black tea leaf extract reduces the silver nitrate and immediately caps the silver ions thus produced. The color of the solution changes to yellow and then to reddish brown within 2 min, which is very fast [20]. The colloidal solution obtained here thus contains polydispersed silver nanoparticles. All colloidal silver solutions are mixtures of ionic and colloidal silver. Colloidal silver is much more likely to have a color (reddish brown, gray, etc.), whereas ionic silver is always clear. This is because the larger particles in the colloidal silver provide a greater surface area.

2.3 MTT assay protocol

To study anti-cancer activity, MTT assay was performed at Deshpande Laboratories, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, using standard operating procedures. Briefly, the compounds were dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and serially diluted with complete medium to obtain the range of test concentrations needed. The DMSO concentration was kept at <0.1% in all samples. These cell lines were then seeded in 96-well plates, treated with different fold dilutions of the test samples, and incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 for 96 h. MTT reagent was added to the wells and incubated for 4 h; the dark blue formazan product formed by the cells was dissolved in DMSO under a safety cabinet and was read at 550 nm. The percentage inhibitions were calculated and plotted with the concentrations used to calculate the 50% growth inhibition concentration (IC50) values.

2.4 Details of cell line and cell culture medium

2.4.1 Cell line MCF-7:

Assay, MTT; organism, Homo sapiens (human); organ, mammary gland, breast; morphology, epithelial; disease, adenocarcinoma; virus susceptibility, pleural effusion; virus resistance; estrogen receptor, expressed; DNA profile (STR), amelogenin; X CSF1PO, 10; D13S317, 11; D16S539, 11, 12; D5S818, 11,12; D7S820, 8, 9; THO1, 6; TPOX, 9, 12; vWA, 14, 15.

2.4.2 Cytogenetic analysis:

Modal number, 82; range, 66–87. The stemline chromosome numbers ranged from hypertriploidy to hypotetraploidy, with the 2S component occurring at 1%. There were 29–34 marker chromosomes per S metaphase; 24–28 markers occurred in at least 30% of cells, and generally, 1 large submetacentric (M1) and 3 large subtelocentric (M2, M3, and M4) markers were recognizable in over 80% of metaphases. No DM was detected. Chromosome 20 was nullisomic and X was disomic.

2.4.3 Isoenzymes:

AK-1, 1.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 X-ray diffraction study

X-ray diffraction (XRD) of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles was done using beam line (E=19 keV, λ=0.6513 Å) from the synchrotron at the Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India (Figure 4A), and using Rigaku MiniflexII X-ray diffractometer (E=21 keV, λ=1.5414 Å) (Figure 4B).

Figure 4: XRD graphs of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles for colloidal silver with an average nanoparticle size of (A) 9 and (B) 15 nm.
Figure 4:

XRD graphs of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles for colloidal silver with an average nanoparticle size of (A) 9 and (B) 15 nm.

The XRD graph in Figure 4A shows Bragg’s reflections at 2θ=16.31, 18.96, 27.55, 31.89, and 33.17, for λ=0.6513 Å, which can be indexed to the (111), (200), (220), (311), and (222) planes, respectively. A characteristic XRD pattern (Figure 4B) of the as-synthesized silver nanoparticles shows Bragg reflections at 2θ=38.18, 64.48, and 77.63, for λ=1.5414, which can be indexed to the (111), (220), and (311) planes, respectively. The XRD graphs are in accordance to the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (file no. 04-0783).

The XRD results show pure silver nanoparticles with a face-centered structure and a dominant peak corresponding to the plane with hkl values as (111). The dominant plane (111) gives low surface energy, which favors formation of spherical nanoparticles [21, 22].

3.2 Transmission electron microscopy characterization

To determine the size and shape of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization was done using HRTEM (JEOL JEM-1400) at High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

The TEM characterization of the colloidal solution for both configurations shows formation of spherical silver nanoparticles. TEM images support XRD patterns, which indicate the formation of spherical nanoparticles due to low surface energy. The spherical shape of the nanoparticle can be attributed to the fact that for spherical nanoparticles, the surface-to-volume ratio is low, leading to low surface energy and a state of minimum energy or a stable state. The average size of the nanoparticles obtained for first configuration is 9 nm, shown in Figure 5A, B, and for the second configuration is 15 nm, as shown in Figure 6A, B.

Figure 5: (A) TEM picture of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles with an average size of 9 nm. (B) TEM images of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles for the first configuration.
Figure 5:

(A) TEM picture of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles with an average size of 9 nm. (B) TEM images of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles for the first configuration.

Figure 6: (A) TEM picture of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm. (B) TEM images of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles for the second configuration.
Figure 6:

(A) TEM picture of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm. (B) TEM images of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles for the second configuration.

Smaller nanoparticles are obtained for configuration with higher concentration of surfactant and lower concentration of precursor. An increase in the concentration of the precursor increases the size of the nanoparticles because the rate of reaction increases with the increase in the concentration of the precursor. The capping agent cannot effectively cap the nanoparticles synthesized at a faster rate in the nucleation state, thus allowing them to enter into the growth phase.

To study the interaction between the capping agent and silver nanoparticles Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) characterization was done using Bruker α FTIR instrument. The FTIR graph of the black tea extract (Figure 7A) shows peaks at 3737, 3323.24, and 3242.64 cm-1, which correspond to the O-H stretch. The peaks at 2232 and 2885.14 cm-1 could be attributed to the stretching and bending modes of the C-H bonds. The peak at 1637.17 cm-1 could be attributed to the C=O (found in proteins) stretch of the acid groups present in thearubigins; the peak at 1207.24 and 1085.85 cm-1 can be assigned to the C-O stretch, and small peaks present at 981.83 cm-1 confirms the presence of aromatic substituted rings. The peak at 1020–1091 cm-1 corresponds to C-N stretching vibrations of aliphatic amines or to alcohols or phenols representing the presence of polyphenols.

Figure 7: FTIR graph for (A) black tea leaf extract and (B) as-synthesized silver nanoparticles capped by black tea leaf extract.
Figure 7:

FTIR graph for (A) black tea leaf extract and (B) as-synthesized silver nanoparticles capped by black tea leaf extract.

The shift in CH stretch (Figure 7B) from 2232.26 to 2237.35 cm-1 and a shift in O-H stretch from 3737.73 to 3743.76 cm-1 indicate a weak coordination between the carbonyl group and the silver nanoparticles and thus proves that the silver nanoparticles are protected by the natural compounds present in tea.

3.3 UV-Vis characterization

Silver nanoparticles were further characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy (Double Beam Spectrophotometer 2202; Systronics). Figure 8 shows that the peak wavelength was 525 and 528 nm for 9- and 15-nm nanoparticles, respectively. A slight blue shift in the peaks in the UV-Vis graphs is observed when particle size decreases. The concentration of the colloidal silver solution was calculated in both cases using Eqs. (3) and (4). The concentration of the colloidal solution for the first configuration was calculated using UV-Vis graphs (Figure 8) from the Beer-Lambert law:

Figure 8: UV-Vis graph of silver nanoparticles with an average size of 9 and 15 nm with peak wavelength at 525 and 528 nm.
Figure 8:

UV-Vis graph of silver nanoparticles with an average size of 9 and 15 nm with peak wavelength at 525 and 528 nm.

(3)A=εcl, (3)

where A is the absorbance, ε is molar extinction coefficient, c is the concentration of the solution, and l is the dimension of the cuvette. The molar extinction coefficient for silver nanoparticles in water is calculated using Mie theory-based power law:

(4)ε=a dγ, (4)

where a=2.3×105m-1 cm-1, γ=3.48, and d is the diameter of the silver nanoparticle (≤38 nm) [23].

Here, A=1.01 and l=1 cm; therefore,

c=A/εl=1.01/2.3×105×(9)3.48c=1.65×10-3 mol/l =1.65×10-3×107.8682/1000 (1 ppm=1 mg/l) =178.01-178 ppm

Similarly, the concentration of the colloidal silver obtained from the second configuration was calculated, where A=1.2468. Thus,

c=A/εl (l=1 cm)c=1.2468/2.3×105×(15)3.48  =1.653×10-3 mol/l  =1.653×10-3×107.8682/1000=178.306-178 ppm

3.4 Anti-cancer studies using MTT assay

Anti-cancer studies on as-synthesized silver nanoparticles against MCF-7 breast cancer cells were carried out. Silver nanoparticle is actually a drug that is functionalized by black tea leaf extract. Silver nanoparticles reach tumor cells through the leakage points in the blood vessels caused by the presence of cancer cells [24] and attach to the tumor cells via ligands, which lead to endocytosis [25]. The ligands are detached from the silver nanoparticle inside the cell and are removed from the cell through efflux pump mechanism [26]. The presence of these ligands in the surrounding environment of tumor cells is effective in preventing or reducing the risk of cancer [27–29].

Once the ligands are detached from the nanoparticle, NP releases reactive oxygen species, which damages DNA inside the nucleus and causes plasmid breakage and cell membrane disruption [28, 29].

Figures 9 and 10 show that almost 100% growth inhibition is obtained in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines with 9- and 15-nm as-synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Figure 9: Dose-dependent curve of 9-nm as-synthesized silver nanoparticles.
Figure 9:

Dose-dependent curve of 9-nm as-synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Figure 10: Dose-dependent curve of 15-nm as-synthesized silver nanoparticles.
Figure 10:

Dose-dependent curve of 15-nm as-synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Table 3 shows that 9-nm silver nanoparticles are more effective than 15 nm in MCF-7 cancer cell lines, as 70-fold dilutions of the sample render a growth inhibition percentage equivalent to 30-fold dilutions of sample with 15-nm nanoparticles. This can be attributed to the fact that there is a higher degree of interaction between the 9-nm nanoparticles and the cancer cells. The advantage of as-synthesized Ag nanoparticles of colloidal silver is reduced toxicity, which is due to the green approach, as compared to silver nanoparticles, which are synthesized differently [30, 31].

Table 3:

IC50 values of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles with average sizes of 9 and 15 nm for MCF-7 cancer cell lines.

S. No.Particle size (nm)IC50 value of 178 μg/ml colloidal silver (fold dilutions)
1970
21530

4 Conclusion

From the present work, we conclude that silver nanoparticles can be synthesized and their morphology can be tuned using electrolytic deposition method, with black tea leaf extract as capping agent. Nanoparticles synthesized using black tea leaves have an edge over nanoparticles capped using other plant extracts because of their anti-oxidant and anti-cancer properties. For MCF-7 cancer cell lines, 100% growth inhibition was obtained and the effective size of the silver nanoparticles is approximately 9 nm. The synthesis method is faster, cheaper (minimum sophistication), environment friendly, and renders a treatment option that can have high accessibility, reduced harmful side effects, and increased economic benefits.

Corresponding author: Shweta Rajawat, Department of Physics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462003, India, e-mail:

About the authors

Shweta Rajawat

Shweta Rajawat completed her PhD at the Department of Physics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, with her doctoral thesis entitled, “Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles”. Dr. Rajawat’s complete research work during her PhD was carried out according to principles of green chemistry, focusing on applications of as-synthesized nanoparticles in the field of medicine, particularly on the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms and of MCF-7 breast cancer. Dr. Rajawat’s completed her post-graduate and graduate studies at Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur Rajasthan, India.

Rajnish Kurchania

Rajnish Kurchania received his MSc in Physics from Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India in 1991 and the PhD in Materials Science from University of Leeds, Leeds (UK) in 1998. Presently he is Head and an Associate Professor with the Department of Physics, Maulana Azad Institute of Technology (MANIT), Bhopal. Dr. Kurchania is a recipient of UKIERI-Thematic Partnership, the Royal Academy of Engineering: Research Exchange Award from the UKIERI-British Council and Royal Academy of Engineering UK in collaboration with the University of Bath, UK and the Overseas Research Student (ORS) Award from the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (CVCP) of the Universities of the UK to support his doctoral studies at University of Leeds, UK. He is a life member of the Materials Research Society of India and the Indian Society for Technical Education, and a member of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. He has authored over 80 research papers in international journals and conferences of repute.

Katherukamen Rajukumar

Katherukamen Rajukumar is a Senior Scientist at ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, Bhopal, India. He is also the officer-in-charge of the transmission electron microscope facility of the institute. He has done his PhD in Veterinary Pathology from the Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar. He is currently involved in research on exotic and emerging viral diseases of animals including Pestivirus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus infections, especially antigenic, genetic and pathogenic characterization of the viruses, pathobiology of the disease and development of diagnostics. He has more than 40 research publications in national and international journals.

Shreyas Pitale

Shreyas Pitale earned his PhD degree from National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India in 2009. He pursued his postdoctoral research (funded by National Research Foundation and Nano-Cluster Funds, Govt. of South Africa) at Department of Physics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. He has been awarded Dr. K.S. Krishnan Research Associateship by Department of Atomic Energy-Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences, Govt. of India and he worked under this Associateship at Bhabha Atomic Research Center (BARC), Mumbai, India. He is currently working as a Scientist at BARC, India.

Sonali Saha

Sonali Saha did her PhD at the Department of Physics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, with her doctoral thesis entitled, “Bio-Synthesis and Characterization of Cu and Ag Nanoparticles”. Her complete research work during PhD was carried strictly according to the principles of green chemistry. She got her Masters in Physics from Pandit Ravishankar University, Chattisgarh, India.

M.S. Qureshi

M.S. Qureshi, Ex-professor department of Physics, MANIT, is a gold medallist in MSc from Barkatullah University Bhopal, and has received his PhD degree from MANIT Bhopal. He has to his credit of first ever designing magneto electrets in the Electrets lab at MANIT.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Dr. K. K. Appukuttan, Director, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, for the support, IUC-DAE Indore for providing the XRD facilities, Prof. Dr. Mukul Kulshrestha, Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, for the UV-Vis facility, and Deshpande Laboratory for the in vitro anti-cancer testing of as-synthesized silver nanoparticles.

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Received: 2015-10-12
Accepted: 2016-1-5
Published Online: 2016-3-14
Published in Print: 2016-4-1

©2016 by De Gruyter

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2015-0104
Keywords for this article
50% growth inhibition concentration (IC50) values; green technology; MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines; silver nanoparticles
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 3.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. In this issue
  3. Editorial
  4. Science needs passion – science is passion – science gives passion
  5. Original articles
  6. Performance evaluation of various bioreactors for methane fermentation of pretreated wheat straw with cattle manure
  7. Recyclable graphene-supported palladium nanocomposites for Suzuki coupling reaction
  8. Optimization of the asymmetric synthesis of chiral aromatic alcohol using freeze-dried carrots as whole-cell biocatalysts
  9. Green synthesis of 2-aryl benzothiazole heterogenous catalyzed by MoO3 nanorods
  10. Factorial design study to access the “green” iodocyclization reaction of 2-allylphenols
  11. Stereoselective synthesis of (1S,2S)-1-phenylpropane-1,2-diol by cell-free extract of Lactobacillus brevis
  12. Ultrasound-assisted preparation of ZnO nanostructures: understanding the effect of operating parameters
  13. Study of anti-cancer properties of green silver nanoparticles against MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines
  14. Syntheses of ultra-fine barium carbonate powders by homogeneous precipitation method
  15. Green synthesis of novel antioxidant luminescent silica nanoparticle embedded carbon nanocomposites from a blue-green alga
  16. Preparation of TiC by carbothermal reduction in vacuum and acid leaching using blast furnace slag bearing titania
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