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Dependence of specific absorption rate and its distribution inside a homogeneous fruit model on frequency, angle of incidence, and wave polarization

  • Ardhendu Kundu ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Bhaskar Gupta and Amirul I. Mallick
Published/Copyright: November 19, 2021
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Frequenz
From the journal Frequenz Volume 76 Issue 1-2

Abstract

Electromagnetic regulatory guidelines prescribed by the international and national organizations are in effect worldwide to protect humans from immediate health effects. For restricting human exposure to electromagnetic radiation in near field, a quantitative term ‘specific absorption rate (SAR) limit’ has been coined and well established in literature. In addition, reference power density limit has also been prescribed in far field for human safety. At the same time, plants and fruits also absorb reasonable amount of electromagnetic energy due to high permittivity and electrical conductivity. Unfortunately, there is not much concern regarding electromagnetic energy absorption in plants and fruits, and no prescribed SAR limit in spite of recent reports in literature. Unlike humans, plants and fruits are of asymmetric shapes and sizes; therefore even at a particular frequency and fixed reference power density, electromagnetic energy absorption rate i.e., SAR in plants and fruits is expected to differ depending upon angle of incidence and wave polarization. To address these issues in detail, a typical bunch of three single layered water apples has been prototyped and exposed to plane wave irradiation at five different frequency bands as per the existing Indian electromagnetic regulatory guidelines. Broadband dielectric properties of water apples have been measured using open ended coaxial probe technique; thereafter, measured dielectric properties have been fed into the designed model. At a particular frequency, reasonable variations in magnitude and position of maximum local point (MLP) SAR, 1 g averaged SAR, and 10 g averaged SAR data have been noted for six different combinations of angle of incidence and wave polarization. This whole course of action is repeated over five different frequency bands. Moreover, variations in observed SAR data are also compared with previously reported variations in SAR data for a multilayer fruit structure. Observations indicate different order of changes in SAR for different fruit structures due to similar combinations of frequency, power density, angle of incidence, and wave polarization. Hence, direct definition of SAR limits for plant and fruit structures should be adopted even in far field in conjunction with reference power density.

Keywords: dielectric properties; electromagnetic exposure; electromagnetic regulatory guidelines; fruits; plants; specific absorption rate (SAR)
Corresponding author: Ardhendu Kundu, Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India, E-mail:

Funding source: Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) 2.0 scheme, Govt. of India

Award Identifier / Grant number: R-11/269/19

Acknowledgment

Authors acknowledge School of Nuclear Studies and Application, Jadavpur University for making the open ended coaxial dielectric measurement kit available.

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.

  2. Research funding: This study was funded by Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA) 2.0 scheme, Govt. of India (internal project ref. no. R-11/269/19, Jadavpur University).

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

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Received: 2021-03-01
Accepted: 2021-10-24
Published Online: 2021-11-19
Published in Print: 2022-01-27

© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.1515/freq-2021-0049
Keywords for this article
dielectric properties; electromagnetic exposure; electromagnetic regulatory guidelines; fruits; plants; specific absorption rate (SAR)

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Research Articles
  3. Ground plane and selective buried oxide based planar junctionless transistor
  4. Ultra wideband bandpass filters with specified relative bandwidth
  5. Reconfigurable bandstop filter using active frequency selective surface, design and fabrication
  6. 60 GHz beam-tilting coplanar slotted SIW antenna array
  7. Circularly polarized CPW fed MIMO/Diversity antenna for Wi-Fi and WLAN applications
  8. A wideband 4-port MIMO antenna supporting sub-6 GHz spectrum for 5G mobile terminals
  9. An octagonal ultra-wideband double slit antenna for WiMAX and WLAN rejection
  10. A wideband metamaterial cross polarizer conversion for C and X band applications
  11. Numerical modeling of electromagnetic scattering from complex shape object with coating
  12. An efficient adaptive modulation technique over realistic wireless communication channels based on distance and SINR
  13. Performance analysis of hybrid Fi-Wi network employing OCDMA based NG-PON
  14. Dependence of specific absorption rate and its distribution inside a homogeneous fruit model on frequency, angle of incidence, and wave polarization
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