Startseite Linguistik & Semiotik The variation of calques in European languages, with particular reference to Spanish and German: Main patterns and trends
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

The variation of calques in European languages, with particular reference to Spanish and German: Main patterns and trends

  • Félix Rodríguez González EMAIL logo und Sebastian Knospe
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 30. März 2019

Abstract

This article compares the use of calques modelled on anglicisms in different European languages, especially Spanish and German, which do not only show structural differences (e.g. with regard to the use of noun-noun compounds, which are more common in German) but also reflect different attitudes towards English. Aspects covered range from the factors generally favouring the coinage of such replacive forms, to the reasons for the emergence of different types of calques, to variations in their use and challenges concerning their identification. To unravel the main patterns and trends in calquing, this study includes numerous examples from written and oral language, i.e. items of different register affiliation, age, length, and semantic transparency. On a theoretical level, the article incorporates findings from the fields of lexicology, contact linguistics and sociolinguistics.

References

Adamson, Robin. 2007. The defence of French: A language in crisis? Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853599507Suche in Google Scholar

Alfaro, Ricardo. 1970 [1964]. Diccionario de anglicismos. 2nd edn. Madrid: Gredos.Suche in Google Scholar

Ali, Abdul Sahib Mehdi. 2005. Calquing: A means of terminological enrichment. Turjuman 14(1). 113–135.Suche in Google Scholar

Backus, Ad & Margreet Dorleijn. 2009. Loan translations versus code-switching. In Barbara E. Bullock & Almeida Jacqueline Toribio (eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic code-switching, 75–93. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511576331.006Suche in Google Scholar

Bader, Yousef. 1994. Loan translations in written Jordanian news media. In Robert de Beaugrande, Abdullah Shunnaq & Mohamed Helmy Heliel (eds.), Language, discourse and translation in the West and Middle East, 91–102. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/btl.7.16badSuche in Google Scholar

Balteiro, Isabel & Miguel Ángel Campos. 2012. False anglicisms in the Spanish language of fashion and beauty. Ibérica 24. 233–260.Suche in Google Scholar

BDE=Robert K. Barnhart (ed.). 1988. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. New York: H. W. Wilson.Suche in Google Scholar

Betz, Werner. 1949. Deutsch und Lateinisch: Die Lehnbildungen der althochdeutschen Benediktinerregel. Bonn: Bouvier.Suche in Google Scholar

Busse, Ulrich & Manfred Görlach. 2002. German. In Manfred Görlach (ed.), English in Europe, 13–36. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273102.003.0002Suche in Google Scholar

Cacchiani, Silvia. 2016. On lexical Italian blends: Borrowings, hybridity, adaptations, and native word formations. In Sebastian Knospe, Alexander Onysko & Maik Goth (eds.), Crossing languages to play with words: Multidisciplinary perspectives, 305–336. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110465600-015Suche in Google Scholar

Carstensen, Broder & Ulrich Busse. 1993–1996. Anglizismen-Wörterbuch: Der Einfluß des Englischen auf den deutschen Wortschatz nach 1945. vol. 3. Berlin: de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar

Cellard, Jacques. 1991. Dictionnaire du français non conventionnel. Paris: Hachette.Suche in Google Scholar

CLAVE=Clave. 2012 [1996]. Diccionario de uso del español actual, 9thedn. Madrid: SM.Suche in Google Scholar

Clyne, Michael. 2003. Dynamics of language contact: English and immigrant languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511606526Suche in Google Scholar

COD= Della Thomson (ed.). 1995. Concise Oxford dictionary of current English, 9th edn. Clarendon: Oxford.Suche in Google Scholar

Colin, Jean-Paul, Jean-Pierre Mével & Christian Leclère. 1990. Dictionnaire de l’argot. Paris: Larousse.Suche in Google Scholar

CORDE=Corpus diacrónico del español. Madrid: Real Academia Española. http://www.rae.es (accessed 24 March 2018).Suche in Google Scholar

COSMAS II=Corpus Management and Analysis System II. Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. http://www.ids-mannheim.de/cosmas2/web-app/ (accessed 15 November 2017).Suche in Google Scholar

Cypionka, Marion. 1994. Französische «Pseudoanglizismen»: Lehnformationen zwischen Entlehnung, Wortbildung, Form- und Bedeutungswandel. Tübingen: Narr.Suche in Google Scholar

De Houwer, Annick & Antje Wilton (eds.). 2011. English in Europe today: Sociocultural and educational perspectives. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/aals.8Suche in Google Scholar

DEA=Manfred Görlach (ed.). 2001. Dictionary of European Anglicisms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Dietz, Klaus. 2002. Lexikalischer Transfer und Wortbildung am Beispiel des französischen Lehngutes im Mittelenglischen. In Mechthild Habermann, Peter O. Müller & Horst Haider Munske (eds.), Historische Wortbildung des Deutschen, 381–406. Tübingen: Niemeyer.10.1515/9783110940756.381Suche in Google Scholar

Dubey, Vinod. 1991. The lexical style of the Indian English newspapers. World Englishes 10(1). 19–32.10.1111/j.1467-971X.1991.tb00134.xSuche in Google Scholar

Duckworth, David. 1970. Der Einfluß des Englischen auf den deutschen Wortschatz seit 1945. Zeitschrift für deutsche Sprache 26. 9–31.Suche in Google Scholar

Dunger, Hermann. 1899. Wider die Engländerei in der deutschen Sprache. Zeitschrift des Allgemeinen Deutschen Sprachvereins 14. 241–251.Suche in Google Scholar

Dunger, Hermann. 1909. Engländerei in der deutschen Sprache. Berlin: Berggold.10.1515/bgsl.1909.1909.35.319Suche in Google Scholar

Durkin, Philip. 2014. Borrowed words: A history of loanwords in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574995.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar

Ferguson, Stuart. 1997. Language assimilation and crosslinguistic influence: A study of German exile writers. Tübingen: Narr.Suche in Google Scholar

Fiedler, Sabine. 2014. Gläserne Decke und Elefant im Raum. Phraseologische Anglizismen im Deutschen. Berlin: Logos.10.1515/east-2014-0008Suche in Google Scholar

Furiassi, Cristiano. 2010. False anglicisms in Italian. Monza: Polimetrica.Suche in Google Scholar

Furiassi, Cristiano & Henrik Gottlieb (eds.). 2015. Pseudo-English: Studies on false anglicisms in Europe. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9781614514688Suche in Google Scholar

Furiassi, Cristiano, Virginia Pulcini & Félix Rodríguez González (eds.). 2012. The Anglicization of European lexis. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/z.174Suche in Google Scholar

García de la Cuesta, Jorge. 2003. English-Spanish Spanish-English Aeronautical Dictionary. Madrid: Díaz de Santos.Suche in Google Scholar

Gómez Capuz, Juan. 1997. Towards a typological classification of linguistic borrowing (illustrated with anglicisms in Romance languages). Revista alicantina de estudios ingleses 10. 81–94.10.14198/raei.1997.10.08Suche in Google Scholar

Gómez Capuz, Juan. 2001. La interferencia pragmática del inglés sobre el español en doblajes, telecomedias y lenguaje coloquial: Una aportación al estudio del cambio lingüístico en curso. Tonos Digital 2.Suche in Google Scholar

Gómez Capuz, Juan. 2005. La inmigración léxica. Madrid: Arco/Libros.Suche in Google Scholar

Görlach, Manfred (ed.). 2002. English in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Görlach, Manfred. 2003. English words abroad. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/tlrp.7Suche in Google Scholar

Gottlieb, Henrik. 2004. Danish echoes of English. Nordic Journal of English Studies 3(2). 39–65.10.35360/njes.161Suche in Google Scholar

Gottlieb, Henrik. 2005. Anglicisms and translation. In Gunilla M. Anderman & Margaret Rogers (eds.), In and out of English: For better, for worse? 161–184. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853597893-014Suche in Google Scholar

Haugen, Einar I. 1950. The analysis of linguistic borrowing. Language 26. 210–231.10.2307/410058Suche in Google Scholar

Hoffmann, Charlotte. 1996. Societal and individual bilingualism with English in Europe. In Reinhard R. K. Hartmann (ed.), The English language in Europe, 47–60. Oxford: Intellect.Suche in Google Scholar

Humbley, John. 2008. Emprunts, vrais et faux, dans le Petit Robert 2007. In Jean Pruvost (ed.), Dictionnaires et mots voyageurs: Les 40 ans du petit Robert, de Paul Robert à Alain Rey, 221–238. Éragny-sur-Oise: Éd. des Silves.Suche in Google Scholar

Jansen, Silke. 2005. Sprachliches Lehngut im world wide web: Neologismen in der französischen und spanischen Internetterminologie. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Suche in Google Scholar

Johanson, Lars. 2002. Structural factors in Turkic language contacts. Richmond: Curzon.Suche in Google Scholar

Knospe, Sebastian. 2014. Entlehnung oder Codeswitching? Sprachmischungen mit dem Englischen im deutschen Printjournalismus. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.10.3726/978-3-653-05070-7Suche in Google Scholar

Koll-Stobbe, Amei. 2005. Forever young? Sprachliche Kodierungen von Jugend und Alter. In Heike Hartung (ed.), Alter und Geschlecht: Repräsentationen, Geschichten und Theorien des Alter(n)s, 237–252. Bielefeld: Transcript.10.1515/transcript.9783839403495.237Suche in Google Scholar

Lázaro Carreter, Fernando. 1980. Estudios de Lingüística. Barcelona: Crítica.Suche in Google Scholar

Leisi, Ernst & Christian Mair. 2008. Das heutige Englisch: Wesenszüge und Probleme. Heidelberg: Winter.Suche in Google Scholar

Linn, Andrew, Neil Bermel & Gibson Ferguson (eds.). 2015. Attitudes towards English in Europe, vol. 1: English in Europe. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9781614515517Suche in Google Scholar

Lipski, John M. 2008. Varieties of Spanish in the United States. Georgetown: Georgetown University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Lorenzo, Emilio. 1996. Anglicismos hispánicos. Madrid: Gredos.Suche in Google Scholar

Lutz, Angelika. 2002. Sprachmischung in der deutschen und englischen Wortbildung. In Mechthild Habermann, Peter O. Müller & Horst Haider Munske (eds.), Historische Wortbildung des Deutschen, 407–438. Tübingen: Niemeyer.10.1515/9783110940756.407Suche in Google Scholar

Madariaga, Salvador de. 1962. El español, colonia lingüística del inglés. Cuadernos del Congreso por la libertad de la cultura 59. 45–49.Suche in Google Scholar

Madariaga, Salvador de. 1966. ¿Vamos a Kahlahtahyood? Revista de Occidente 36. 365–373.Suche in Google Scholar

Mailhammer, Robert. 2008. The wolf in sheep’s clothing: Camouflaged borrowing in Modern German. Folia Linguistica 42(1–2). 177–193.10.1515/FLIN.2008.177Suche in Google Scholar

Matras, Yaron. 2009. Language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511809873Suche in Google Scholar

Matras, Yaron & Jeannette Sakel. 2007. Investigating the mechanisms of pattern-replication in language convergence. Studies in Language 31. 829–865.10.1075/sl.31.4.05matSuche in Google Scholar

Matthisson, Friedrich von. 1825 [1793]. Schriften, vol. 3. Zürich: Drell, Füßli und Compagnie.Suche in Google Scholar

Meriläinen, Lea, Helka Riionheimo, Päivi Kuusi & Hanna Lantto. 2016. Loan translations as a language contact phenomenon: Crossing the boundaries between contact linguistics, second language acquisition research and translation studies. Philologia Estonica Tallinnensis 1. 104–124.10.22601/PET.2016.01.07Suche in Google Scholar

Moliner, María. 2007 [1998]. Diccionario de uso del español. 3rd edn. Madrid: Gredos.Suche in Google Scholar

Montero-Martínez, S., Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera & M. García de Quesada. 2001. The translator as ‘language planner’: Syntactic calquing in an English-Spanish technical translation of chemical engineering. Meta 46(4). 687–698.10.7202/003591arSuche in Google Scholar

Morales, Gregorio 2001. Historia del 69. Quo, June, 51–52. https://www.quo.es/ser-humano/a30424/historia-del-69-50799/.Suche in Google Scholar

Muhr, Rudolf. 2002. Anglizismen als Problem der Linguistik und Sprachpflege in Österreich und Deutschland zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. In Rudolf Muhr & Bernhard Kettemann (eds.), Eurospeak: Der Einfluss des Englischen auf europäische Sprachen zur Jahrtausendwende, 9–54. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Suche in Google Scholar

Munske, Horst Haider & Alan Kirkness (eds.). 1996. Eurolatein: Das griechische und lateinische Erbe in den europäischen Sprachen. Tübingen: Niemeyer.Suche in Google Scholar

Myers-Scotton, Carol. 1995. Social motivations for code-switching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Clarendon.Suche in Google Scholar

Nefedova, Lyubov & Oleg Polyakov. 2014. On some aspects of borrowing of phrases from English into German and Russian. In Elena Arsenteva (ed.), Phraseology in multilingual society, 141–155. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Suche in Google Scholar

OED=Oxford English Dictionary online. http://www.oed.com.Suche in Google Scholar

Onysko, Alexander. 2007. Anglicisms in German: Borrowing, lexical productivity, and written codeswitching. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110912173Suche in Google Scholar

TNPD=Eric Partridge, Tom Dalzell & Terry Victor (eds.). 2006. The new Partridge dictionary of slang and unconventional English, 9th edn. New York: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar

Pfalzgraf, Falco. 2009. Linguistic purism in the history of German. In Geraldine Horan, Nils Langer & Sheila Watts (eds.), Landmarks in the history of the German language, 137–168. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Suche in Google Scholar

Picone, Michael D. 1996. Anglicisms: Neologisms and dynamic French. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/lis.18Suche in Google Scholar

Prado, Marcial. 1993. NTC’s dictionary of Spanish false cognates. Lincolnwood, IL: National Textbook Company.Suche in Google Scholar

Prado, Marcial. 2001. Diccionario de falsos amigos inglés-español. Madrid: Gredos.Suche in Google Scholar

Pratt, Chris. 1980. El anglicismo en el español peninsular contemporáneo. Madrid: Gredos.Suche in Google Scholar

Pütz, Martin & JoAnn Neff-Van Aertselaer (eds.). 2008. Developing contrastive pragmatics: Interlanguage and cross-cultural perspectives. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110207217Suche in Google Scholar

Rash, Felicity J. 1994. Amerikanismen in der deutschen Sprache der Schweiz – Ein Zwischenbericht. Sprachspiegel 50(6). 2–11.10.1515/dmvm-1994-0208Suche in Google Scholar

Rey, Alain. 2005. Dictionnaire culturel en langue française. Paris: Le Robert.Suche in Google Scholar

Rheinische Post Online. 2010. So bekämpft Ramsauer Anglizismen. https://rp-online.de/politik/deutschland/so-bekaempft-ramsauer-anglizismen_iid-23667387 (accessed 15 January 2017).Suche in Google Scholar

Rodríguez González, Félix. 1988. The proliferation and use of acronym derivatives: Conditioning factors. Cahiers de lexicologie 1. 65–82.Suche in Google Scholar

Rodríguez González, Félix. 1991. Translation and borrowing of acronyms: Main trends. International Review of Applied Linguistics 29(2). 161–170.Suche in Google Scholar

Rodríguez González, Félix. 1996. Functions of anglicisms in contemporary Spanish. Cahiers de lexicologie 68(1). 107–128.Suche in Google Scholar

Rodríguez González, Félix. 2002a. Spanish. In Manfred Görlach (ed.), English in Europe, 128–150. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199273102.003.0007Suche in Google Scholar

Rodríguez González, Félix. 2002b. Anglicismos y calcos en español actual. In Félix San Vicente (ed.), L’inglese e le altre lingue europee. Studie sull’interferenza lingüística, 149–169. Bolonia: CLUEB.Suche in Google Scholar

Rodríguez González, Félix. 2005a. Calcos y traducciones del inglés en español actual. In Pedro Fuertes (ed.), Lengua y sociedad: Aportaciones recientes en lingüística cognitiva, lenguas en contacto, lenguajes de especialidad y lingüística del corpus, 177–192. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.Suche in Google Scholar

Rodríguez González, Félix. 2005b. Diccionario de terminología y argot militar: Vocabulario del soldado y la vida del cuartel. Madrid: Verbum.Suche in Google Scholar

Rodríguez González, Félix. 2008. Anglicisms in Spanish male homosexual terminology. In Roswitha Fischer & Hanna Pułaczewska (eds.), Anglicisms in Europe: Linguistic diversity in a global context, 247–272. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Suche in Google Scholar

Rodríguez González, Félix. 2011. Diccionario del sexo y del erotismo. Madrid: Alianza Editorial.Suche in Google Scholar

Rodríguez González, Félix. 2013. Pseudoanglicismos en español actual. Revisión crítica y tratamiento lexicográfico. Revista Española de Lingüística 43(1). 123–169.Suche in Google Scholar

GDA=Rodríguez González, Félix. 2017. Gran diccionario de anglicismos. Madrid: Arco/Libros.Suche in Google Scholar

San Vicente, Félix. 1999. Actualidad del lenguaje político. In María Vittoria Calvia & Félix San Vicente (eds.), La identidad del español y su didáctica, vol. 2, 97–127. Viareggio: Baroni.Suche in Google Scholar

Sánchez Fajardo, José Antonio. 2016. Anglicisms in Cuban Spanish. Alicante: Universidad de Alicante dissertation.Suche in Google Scholar

Sánchez Fajardo, José Antonio. 2017. A dictionary of 1,000 English loanwords in Cuban Spanish with usages, synonyms, and etymologies. New York: Edwin Mellen.Suche in Google Scholar

Santoyo, Julio César. 1988. Los calcos como forma de traducción. Problemas de la traducción, 91–97. Madrid: Fundación Alfonso X el Sabio.Suche in Google Scholar

Seco, Manuel. 1977. El léxico de hoy. In Rafael Lapesa (ed.), Comunicación y lenguaje, 183–201. Madrid: Karpos.Suche in Google Scholar

Seco, Manuel, Olimpia Andrés & Gabino Ramos. 2011 [1999]. Diccionario del español actual. 2nd edn. Madrid: Aguilar.Suche in Google Scholar

Thomason, Sarah G. 2001. Language contact: An introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Suche in Google Scholar

TLF=Trésor de la langue française: Dictionnaire de la langue française du xviiie et du xxe siècle (1789-1960). 1977. Paris: CNRS.Suche in Google Scholar

Tóth, Gegerly. 2007. Linguistic interference and first-language attrition: German and Hungarian in the San Franciso Bay area. New York: Peter Lang.Suche in Google Scholar

Verein Deutsche Sprache. 2016. Der Anglizismen-INDEX. https://www.vds-ev.de/aindex/suche2.php (accessed 15 January 2017).Suche in Google Scholar

VOX=Diccionario general de la lengua española. 2009 [2006]. 2nd edn. Barcelona: Larousse.Suche in Google Scholar

Weinreich, Uriel. 1953. Languages in contact: Findings and problems. The Hague: Mouton.Suche in Google Scholar

Winford, Donald. 2003. An introduction to contact linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Suche in Google Scholar

Winter-Froemel, Esme. 2008. Unpleasant, unnecessary, unintelligible? Cognitive and communicative criteria for judging borrowings and alternative strategies. In Roswitha Fischer & Hanna Pułaczewska (eds.), Anglicisms in Europe: Linguistic diversity in a global context, 16–41. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Suche in Google Scholar

Winter-Froemel, Esme. 2011. Entlehnung in der Kommunikation und im Sprachwandel – Theorie und Analysen zum Französischen. Berlin: de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110235067Suche in Google Scholar

Winter-Froemel, Esme, Alexander Onysko & Andreea Calude. 2014. Why some non-catachrestic borrowings are more successful than others: A case study of English loans in German. In Amei Koll-Stobbe & Sebastian Knospe (eds.), Language contact around the globe: Proceedings of the LCTG3 conference, 119–142. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Suche in Google Scholar

Received: 2017-03-21
Revised: 2018-02-14
Revised: 2018-08-22
Accepted: 2018-09-28
Published Online: 2019-03-30
Published in Print: 2019-04-26

© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 3.2.2026 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/flin-2019-2009/pdf
Button zum nach oben scrollen