Abstract
This study takes a semantic approach to Nichols’ influential locus of marking typology, as applied to the possessive noun phrase. In this approach, a careful distinction is made between two semantic types of dependency relations: those between inherently relational nouns and their argument possessors and those between inherently non-relational nouns and their modifier possessors. I furthermore propose an alternative analysis of possessive person markers in terms of locus, by distinguishing referential markers from agreement markers, depending on the distribution of grammatical feature information in the possessive NPs of individual languages. On the basis of a 37-language sample, I show that locus of marking follows two tendencies: marking the possessum in alienable possession implies marking the possessum in inalienable possession, and marking the possessor in inalienable possession implies marking the possessor in alienable possession. Moreover, I show that if inalienable person markers are referential, alienable person markers are referential as well. These tendencies reflect a greater need of alienable (modifier) possessors for expressive means of coding as compared to inalienable (argument) possessors. On a more general level, I argue against the traditional opposition between head-marking languages and dependent-marking languages, showing that, from a semantic perspective, dependent-marking may also occur on heads.
Abbreviations
1/3 = first/third person; a = actor; acc = accusative; abs = absolutive; aor = aorist tense; attr = attributive marker; cm = conjugation marker; com = comitative; dat = dative; def = definite; erg = ergative; gen = genitive; hum = human; incl = inclusive; m = masculine; min = minimal number; n = neuter; nf = non-feminine; nom = nominative; obl = oblique; opostp = object of postposition; pfv = perfective; pl = plural; poss = possessive; pst = past; rel = relative marker; sg = singular
References
AA Descriptions of sample languages
BambaraSuche in Google Scholar
Dumestre, Gérard. 2003. Grammaire fondamentale du bambara. Paris: Karthala.Suche in Google Scholar
BororoSuche in Google Scholar
Crowell, Thomas Harris. 1979. A grammar of Bororo. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms.Suche in Google Scholar
BurushaskiSuche in Google Scholar
Berger, Hermann. 1998. Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager (Neuindische Studien 13, vol. 1). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Suche in Google Scholar
Grune, Dick. 1998. Burushaski. An extraordinary language in the Karakorum Mmountains. Pontyporidd, Wales: Joseph Biddulph Publisher.Suche in Google Scholar
Lorimer, D.L.R. 1935. The Burushaski language. Vol. 1, Introduction and grammar (Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning, serie B, skrifter 19:1). Oslo: H. Aschehoug and co. and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Chinese, MandarinSuche in Google Scholar
Li, Charles N. & Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley, CA: California University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Chappell, Hilary. 1996. Inalienability and the personal domain in Mandarin Chinese discourse. In Hilary Chappell & William McGregor (eds.), The grammar of inalienability (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 14), 465–528. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110822137Suche in Google Scholar
DiegueñoSuche in Google Scholar
Miller, Amy. 2001. A grammar of Jamul Tiipay (Mouton Grammar Library 23). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110864823Suche in Google Scholar
Heath, Jeffrey. 2008. A grammar of Jamsay (Mouton Grammar Library 45). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110207224Suche in Google Scholar
Tryon, Darrel T. 1967. Drehu grammar (Pacific Linguistics Series B). Canberra: Australian National University.Suche in Google Scholar
Moyse-Faurie, Claire. 1983. Le drehu, langue de Lifou (Ìles Loyauté): Phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe (Langues et cultures du Pacifique). Paris: Société d’Études Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France.Suche in Google Scholar
Ameka, Felix. 1996. Body parts in Ewe grammar. In Hilary Chappell & William McGregor (eds.), The grammar of inalienability (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 14), 783–840. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110822137.783Suche in Google Scholar
Fula, NigerianSuche in Google Scholar
Arnott, D.W. 1970. The nominal and verbal system of Fula. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Hoskison, James Taylor. 1983. A grammar and dictionary of the Gude language. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms.Suche in Google Scholar
HittiteSuche in Google Scholar
Friedrich, Johannes. 1960. Hethitisches elementarbuch. Teil 1, Kurzgefaβte Grammatik. Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag.Suche in Google Scholar
Luraghi, Silvia. 1997. Hittite (Languages of the World. Materials 114). München: Lincom Europa.Suche in Google Scholar
Epps, Patience. 2008. A grammar of Hup (Mouton Grammar Library 43) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110199079Suche in Google Scholar
IcelandicSuche in Google Scholar
Stolz, Thomas, Sonja Kettler, Cornelia Stroh & Aina Urdze. 2008. North Germanic. In Thomas Stolz, Sonja Kettler, Cornelia Stroh & Aina Urdze (eds.), Split possession: An areal-linguistic study of the alienability correlation and related phenomena in the languages of Europe (Studies in Language Companion Series 101), 111–152. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/slcs.101Suche in Google Scholar
InanwatanSuche in Google Scholar
Vries, Lourens de. 2004. A short grammar of Inanwatan, an endangered language of the Bird’s Head of Papua (Pacific Linguistics 560). Canberra: Australian National University.Suche in Google Scholar
KhariaSuche in Google Scholar
Peterson, John. 2011. A grammar of Kharia: A South Munda language (Brill’s studies in South and Southwest Asian languages 1). Leiden: Brill.10.1163/ej.9789004187207.i-474Suche in Google Scholar
KoasatiSuche in Google Scholar
Kimball, Geoffrey D. 1991. Koasati grammar (Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indians). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Suche in Google Scholar
KrongoSuche in Google Scholar
Reh, Mechthild. 1985. Die Krongo-Sprache (nìino mó-dì): Beschreibung, Texte, Wörterverzeichnis (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 12) Berlin: Reimer.Suche in Google Scholar
KunamaSuche in Google Scholar
Bender, Lionel M. 1996. Kunama (Languages of the World. Materials 59). München: Lincom Europa.Suche in Google Scholar
Noonan, Michael P. 1992. Lango (Mouton Grammar Library 7). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
MacushiSuche in Google Scholar
Abbott, Miriam. 1991. Macushi. In Desmond C. Derbyshire & Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages, Vol. 3, 23–160. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
MalteseSuche in Google Scholar
Borg, Albert & Azzopardi-Alexander, Marie. 1997. Maltese (Routledge Descriptive Grammars). London: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar
Stolz, Thomas, Sonja Kettler, Cornelia Stroh & Aina Urdze. 2008. Maltese. In Thomas Stolz, Sonja Kettler, Cornelia Stroh & Aina Urdze (eds.), Split possession: An areal-linguistic study of the alienability correlation and related phenomena in the languages of Europe (Studies in Language Companion Series 101), 43–110. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/slcs.101Suche in Google Scholar
Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria. 1996. Possessive noun phrases in Maltese: Alienability, iconicity, and grammaticalization. Rivista di Linguistica 8(1). 245–274.Suche in Google Scholar
MangarayiSuche in Google Scholar
Merlan, Francesca. 1982. Mangarayi (Lingua Descriptive Studies 4). Amsterdam: North-Holland.Suche in Google Scholar
NasioiSuche in Google Scholar
Rausch, P.J. 1912. Die Sprache von Südost-Bougainville, Deutsche Salomonsinseln. Anthropos 7). 105–134, 585–616, 964–994.Suche in Google Scholar
Kutsch-Jojenga, Constance. 1994. Ngiti, a Central-Sudanic language of Zaire (Nilo-Saharan 9). Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.Suche in Google Scholar
NyangumartaSuche in Google Scholar
Sharp, Janet. 2004. Nyangumarta, a language of the Pilbara region of Western Australia (Pacific Linguistics 556). Canberra: Australian National University.Suche in Google Scholar
NyulnyulSuche in Google Scholar
McGregor, William. 1996. The grammar of nominal prefixing in Nyulnyul. In William McGregor (ed.), The Grammar of inalienability (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 14), 251–292. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110822137.251Suche in Google Scholar
McGregor, William. 2012. The Nyulnyul language of Dampier Land, Western Australia. Vol. 1, Grammar. Canberra: Australian National University.Suche in Google Scholar
PaumaríSuche in Google Scholar
Chapman, Shirley & Desmond C. Derbyshire. 1991. Paumarí. In Desmond C. Derbyshire & Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages, Vol. 3, 161–354. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
PuyumaSuche in Google Scholar
Teng, Stacy Fang-Ching. 2008. Reference grammar of Puyuma, an Austronesian language of Taiwan (Pacific Linguistics 595). Canberra: Australian National University.Suche in Google Scholar
SanumaSuche in Google Scholar
Borgman, Donald M. 1991. Sanuma. In Desmond C. Derbyshire & Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages, Vol. 2, 15–248. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
Donohue, Mark. Forthcoming. A grammar of the Skou language of New Guinea. http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:402710:4/component/escidoc:402709/skou_donohue2004_s.pdf (accessed 2 December 2015)Suche in Google Scholar
Rice, Keren. 1989. A grammar of Slave (Mouton Grammar Library 5). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110861822Suche in Google Scholar
TamashekSuche in Google Scholar
Heath, Jeffrey. 2005. A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali) (Mouton Grammar Library 35). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110909586Suche in Google Scholar
TidoreSuche in Google Scholar
Van Staden, Miriam. 2000. Tidore: A linguistic description of a language of the North Moluccas. Leiden: University of Leiden PhD dissertation.Suche in Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, Irina & Tolskaya, Maria. 2001. A grammar of Udihe (Mouton Grammar Library 22). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110849035Suche in Google Scholar
UngarinyinSuche in Google Scholar
Rumsey, Alan. 1982. An intra-sentence grammar of Ungarinjin, North-Western Australia (Pacific Linguistics Series B). Canberra: Australian National University.Suche in Google Scholar
UrarinaSuche in Google Scholar
Olawsky, Knut J. 2006. A grammar of Urarina (Mouton Grammar Library 37). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110892932Suche in Google Scholar
West GreenlandicSuche in Google Scholar
Fortescue, Michael. 1984. West Greenlandic (Croom Helm Descriptive Grammars). London: Croom Helm.Suche in Google Scholar
BB In-text references
Abbott, Miriam. 1991. Macushi. In Desmond C. Derbyshire & Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages, Vol. 3, 23–160. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
Aikhenvald, Alexandra. 2012. Languages of the Amazon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593569.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
Allan, Edward J. 1976. Dizi. In M. L. Bender (ed.), The non-Semitic languages of Ethiopia, 377–392. East Lansing, MI: African Studies Center, Michigan State University.Suche in Google Scholar
Ariel, Mira. 1990. Accessing noun phrase antecedents. London: Croom Helm.Suche in Google Scholar
Austin, Peter & Joan Bresnan. 1996. Non-configurationality in Australian Aboriginal languages. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 14(2). 215–268.10.1007/BF00133684Suche in Google Scholar
Baker, Marc C. 2001. Configurationality and polysynthesis. In Martin Haspelmath, Ekkehard König, Wulf Oesterreicher & Wolfgang Raible (eds.), Language typology and language universals, Vol. 2, 1433–1441. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110194265-040Suche in Google Scholar
Baker, Mark C. 1996. The polysynthesis parameter. New York: Oxford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Bally, Charles. 1995. The expression of concepts of the personal domain and indivisibility in Indo-European languages (translated by Hilary Chappell). In Hilary Chappell & William McGregor (eds.), The grammar of inalienability (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 14), 31–61. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110822137.31Suche in Google Scholar
Barker, Chris. 1995. Possessive descriptions. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.Suche in Google Scholar
Berger, Hermann. 1998. Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager (Neuindische Studien 13, Vol. 1). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Suche in Google Scholar
Bickel, Balthasar. 2003. Referential density in discourse and syntactic typology. Language 79(4). 708–736.10.1353/lan.2003.0205Suche in Google Scholar
Bickel, Balthasar. 2010. Grammatical relations typology. In Jae Jung Song (ed.), The Oxford handbook of language typology, 399–444. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199281251.013.0020Suche in Google Scholar
Bickel, Balthasar & Johanna Nichols. 2007. Inflectional morphology. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language typology and syntactic description, Vol. 3, 169–240. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511618437.003Suche in Google Scholar
Bresnan, Joan. 2001. Lexical-functional syntax. Malden, MA: Basic Blackwell.Suche in Google Scholar
Bresnan, Joan & Sam. A. Mchombo. 1987. Topic, pronoun, and agreement in Chicheŵa. Language 63(4). 741–782.10.2307/415717Suche in Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Henry Holt.Suche in Google Scholar
Campbell, Lyle & William J. Poser. 2008. Language classification: History and method. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486906Suche in Google Scholar
Chapman, Shirley & Desmond C. Derbyshire 1991. Paumarí. In Desmond C. Derbyshire & Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds.), Handbook of Amazonian languages, Vol. 3, 161–354. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
Chappell, Hilary & Sandra A. Thompson. 1992. Semantics and pragmatics of associative de in Mandarin discourse. Cahiers de linguistique Asie Orientale 21(2). 199–229.10.1163/19606028-90000330Suche in Google Scholar
Chappell, Hilary & William McGregor. 1989. Alienability, inalienability and nominal classification. Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (General Session) 15. 24–36.10.3765/bls.v15i0.1734Suche in Google Scholar
Chappell, Hilary & William McGregor. 1996. Prolegomena to a theory of inalienability. In Hilary Chappell & William McGregor (eds.), The grammar of inalienability (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 14), 3–30. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110822137.3Suche in Google Scholar
Corbett, Greville G. 2013. Number of genders. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info/chapter/30 (accessed 14 July 2015).Suche in Google Scholar
Corbett, Greville. G. 2003. Agreement: The range of the phenomenon and the principles of the Surrey Database of Agreement. Transactions of the Philological Society 101(2). 155–202.10.1111/1467-968X.00117Suche in Google Scholar
Corbett, Greville. G. 2006. Agreement. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Croft, William. 2008. On iconicity of distance. Cognitive Linguistics 19(1). 49–57.10.1515/COG.2008.003Suche in Google Scholar
Croft, William. 2013. Agreement as anaphora, anaphora as coreference. In Dik Bakker & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), Languages across boundaries: Studies in memory of Anna Siewierska, 107–129. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110331127.95Suche in Google Scholar
Crowell, Thomas Harris. 1979. A grammar of Bororo. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms.Suche in Google Scholar
Dahl, Östen. & Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm. 1998. Alienability splits and the grammaticalization of possessive constructions. In Timo Haukioja (ed.), Papers from the 16th Scandinavian conference of linguistics, 38–49. Turku: University of Turku.Suche in Google Scholar
Dik, Simon C. 1997. The theory of Functional Grammar (Functional Grammar Series 2). Berlin: Mouton de Guyter.Suche in Google Scholar
dos Anjos, Zoraide. 2011. Fonologia e gramática Katukina-Kanamari [Phonology and grammar Katukina-Kanamari] (LOT Dissertation Series 281). Utrecht: LOT.10.20396/liames.v0i12.1486Suche in Google Scholar
Dragunov, Aleksandr. A. 1960. Untersuchungen zur Grammatik der modernen chinesischen Sprache. Translated by Wolfgang Lippert, edited by Paul Ratchnevsky. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. [Orig.: Дρагувңов, А. А. 1952. Исследования по грамматике современного китайского языка. 1. Части речи. Moskow: Institute of Oriental Studies, Academy of Sciences of the USSR.]Suche in Google Scholar
Dryer, Matthew S. & Martin Haspelmath (eds.). 2013. The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info (accessed 29 January 2014).Suche in Google Scholar
Egerod, Søren. 1985. To have and have not: The category of possession in East Asian languages and the role it plays in the syntactic core. Paper presented at the 18th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Mahidol University and Ramkhamhaeng University, August.Suche in Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas & Eva Fenwick. 2013. Marking vs. indexing: Revisiting the Nichols marking-locus of marking typology. In Balthasar Bickel, Lenora Grenoble, David A. Peterson & Alan Timberlake (eds.), What’s where why? Language typology and historical contingency: A festschrift to honor Johanna Nichols. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.104.03evaSuche in Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas. 1999. Why argument affixes in polysynthetic languages are not pronouns: Evidence from Bininj Gun-wok. Sprachtypologie and Universalienforschung 52(3/4). 255–281.10.1524/stuf.1999.52.34.255Suche in Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas. 2002. The true status of grammatical object affixes: Evidence from Bininj Gun-wok. In Evans, Nicholas & Hans-Jürgen Sasse (eds.), Problems of polysynthesis, 15–50. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.10.1524/9783050080956Suche in Google Scholar
Everitt, Brian. 1977. The analysis of contingency tables. London: Chapman & Hall.10.1007/978-1-4899-2927-3Suche in Google Scholar
Fedden, Sebastian, Dunstan Brown, Greville Corbett, Gary Holton, Marian Klamer, Laura C. Robinson & Antoinette Schapper. 2013. Conditions on pronominal marking in the Alor-Pantar languages. Linguistics 51(1). 33–74.10.1515/ling-2013-0002Suche in Google Scholar
Gil, David. 2013. Genitives, adjectives and relative clauses. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info/chapter/60 (accessed 29 January 2014).Suche in Google Scholar
Givón, Talmy (ed.). 1983. Topic continuity in discourse: A quantitative cross-language study (Typological Studies in Language 3). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.3Suche in Google Scholar
Grimes, Barbara F. (ed.). 2000. Ethnologue: Languages of the world, 14th edn. Dallas, TX: SIL International.Suche in Google Scholar
Grune, Dick. 1998. Burushaski. An extraordinary language in the Karakorum Mountains. Pontyporidd, Wales: Joseph Biddulph Publisher.Suche in Google Scholar
Haiman, John. 1983. Iconic and economic motivation. Language 59(4). 781–819.10.2307/413373Suche in Google Scholar
Haiman, John. 1985. Natural syntax. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 1993. Review of Johanna Nichols, Linguistic diversity in space and time. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992. Journal of Linguistics 29(2). 494–500.10.1017/S0022226700000438Suche in Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 2006. Explaining alienability contrasts in adnominal possession: Economy vs. iconicity. Paper presented at the Syntax of the World’s Languages 2, University of Lancaster, 14–17 September.Suche in Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 2008a. Frequency vs. iconicity in the explanation of grammatical asymmetries. Cognitive Linguistics 19(1). 1–33.10.1515/COG.2008.001Suche in Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 2008b. Reply to Haiman and Croft. Cognitive Linguistics 19(1). 59–66.10.1515/COG.2008.004Suche in Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 2013a. Argument indexing: A conceptual framework for the syntax of bound person forms. In Dik Bakker & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), Languages across boundaries: Studies in memory of Anna Siewierska, 197–226. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110331127.197Suche in Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 2013b. Occurrence of nominal plurality. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info/chapter/34 (accessed 14 July 2015).Suche in Google Scholar
Heath, Jeffrey. 2008. A grammar of Jamsay (Mouton Grammar Library 45). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110207224Suche in Google Scholar
Heine, Bernd. 1997. Possession: Cognitive resources, forces, and grammaticalization (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 83). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511581908Suche in Google Scholar
Hengeveld, Kees. 2012. Referential markers and agreement markers in Functional Discourse Grammar. In Daniel Garcia Velasco & Gerry Wanders (eds.), The morphosyntactic level in Functional Discourse Grammar [Special issue]. Language Sciences 34(4). 468–479.10.1016/j.langsci.2012.03.001Suche in Google Scholar
Hengeveld, Kees & Lachlan J. Mackenzie. 2008. Functional discourse grammar: A typologically based theory of language structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278107.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
Hewson, John. 2014. Bambara. In Derek Nurse, Sarah Rose & John Hewson (eds.), Verbal categories in Niger-Congo languages. http://www.mun.ca/linguistics/nico/ (accessed 29 January 2014).Suche in Google Scholar
Jelinek, Eloise. 1984. Empty categories in non-configurational languages. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 2. 39–76.10.1007/BF00233713Suche in Google Scholar
Kaufman, Terrence. 1990. Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In Doris L. Payne (ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages, 13–74. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Keenan, Edward L. & Bernard Comrie. 1977. Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 8(1). 63–99.10.4324/9781315880259-11Suche in Google Scholar
Kibrik, Andrej A. 2011. Reference in discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199215805.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
Kibrik, Andrej A. 2012. What’s in the head of head-marking languages, or is there case in head-marking languages? In Pirkko Suihkonen, Bernard Comrie & Valery Solovyev (eds.), Argument structure and grammatical relations: A crosslinguistic typology (Studies in Language Companion Series 126), 211–240. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/slcs.126.10kibSuche in Google Scholar
Kimball, Geoffrey D. 1991. Koasati grammar (Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indians). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria. 2003. Possessive noun phrases in the languages of Europe. In Frans Plank (ed.), Noun phrase structure in the languages of Europe, 621–722. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110197075.4.621Suche in Google Scholar
Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria. 2004. “Maria’s ring of gold”: Adnominal possession and non-anchoring relations in the European languages. In Ji-Yung Kim, Yury A. Lander & Barbara. H. Partee (eds.), Possessives and beyond: Semantics and syntax, 155–181. Amherst, MA: GLSA Publications.Suche in Google Scholar
Lehmann, Christian. 1982. Universal and typological aspects of agreement. In Hansjakob Seiler & Franz Josef Stachowiak (eds.), Apprehension: Das sprachliche Erfassen von Gegenstanden, Vol. 2, 201–267. Tübingen: Narr.Suche in Google Scholar
Lehmann, Christian. 1983. Rektion und syntaktische Relationen. Folia Linguistica 17. 339–378.10.1515/flin.1983.17.1-4.339Suche in Google Scholar
Lehmann, Christian. 1985. On grammatical relationality. Folia Linguistica 19. 67–109.10.1515/flin.1985.19.1-2.67Suche in Google Scholar
LeSourd, Philip S. 2006. Problems for the pronominal argument hypothesis in Maliseet Passamaquoddy. Language 82(3). 486–514.10.1353/lan.2006.0150Suche in Google Scholar
Li, Charles N. & Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley, CA: California University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Lichtenberk, Frantisek, Jyotsna Vaid & Hsin-Chin Chen. 2011. On the interpretation of alienable vs. inalienable possession: A psycholinguistic investigation. Cognitive Linguistics 22(4). 659–689.10.1515/cogl.2011.025Suche in Google Scholar
Lorimer, D. L. R. 1935. The Burushaski language. Vol. 1, Introduction and grammar (Instituttet for sammenlignende kulturforskning, Serie B: Skrifter, 19:1). Oslo: H. Aschehoug and co. and Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
McGregor, William. 1996. The grammar of nominal prefixing in Nyulnyul. In Hilary Chappell & William McGregor (eds.), The grammar of inalienability (Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 14), 251–292. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110822137.251Suche in Google Scholar
McGregor, William. 2012. The Nyulnyul language of Dampier Land, Western Australia. Vol. 1, Grammar. Canberra: Australian National University.Suche in Google Scholar
Merlan, Francesca. 1982. Mangarayi (Lingua Descriptive Studies 4). Amsterdam: North-Holland.Suche in Google Scholar
Miller, Amy. 2001. A grammar of Jamul Tiipay (Mouton Grammar Library 23). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110864823Suche in Google Scholar
Mithun, Marianne. 1991. The development of bound pronominal paradigms. In Winfred P. Lehman & Helen-Jo Jakusz Hewitt (eds.), Language typology: Typological models in reconstruction (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 81), 85–104. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.81.07mitSuche in Google Scholar
Munro, Pamela & Lynn Gordon. 1982. Syntactic relations in Western Muskogean: A typological perspective. Language 58(1). 81–115.10.2307/413532Suche in Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna. 1986. Head-marking and dependent-marking grammar. Language 62(1). 56–119.10.1353/lan.1986.0014Suche in Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna. 1988. On alienable and inalienable possession. In William Shipley (ed.), In honor of Mary Haas, 475–521. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110852387.557Suche in Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna. 1990. Linguistic diversity and the first settlement of the New World. Language 66(3). 475–521.10.2307/414609Suche in Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna. 1992. Linguistic diversity in space and time. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226580593.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna & Balthasar Bickel. 2013a. Locus of marking in possessive noun phrases. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info/chapter/24 (accessed 29 January 2014).Suche in Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna & Balthasar Bickel. 2013b. Possessive classification. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info/chapter/59 (accessed 21 June 2015).Suche in Google Scholar
Nikolaeva, Irina & Andrew Spencer. 2013. Possession and modification: A perspective from canonical typology. In Dunstan Brown, Marina Chumakina & Greville Corbett (eds.), Canonical morphology and syntax, 207–239. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604326.003.0009Suche in Google Scholar
Noonan, Michael P. 1992. Lango (Mouton Grammar Library 7). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Suche in Google Scholar
Osborne, C.R. 1974. The Tiwi language (Australian Aboriginal Studies 55). Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.Suche in Google Scholar
Partee, Barbara H. 1997 [1983]. Uniformity vs. versatility: The genitive, a case study. In Johan van Benthem & Alice ter Meulen (eds.), Handbook of logic and language, 464–470. Amsterdam & Cambridge, MA: Elsevier and MIT Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Partee, Barbara H. & Vladimir Borschev. 2003. Genitives, relational nouns, and argument-modifier ambiguity. In Ewald Lang, Claudia Maienborn & Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen (eds.), Modifying adjuncts (Interface Explorations Series), 67–112. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110894646.67Suche in Google Scholar
Reh, Mechthild. 1985. Die Krongo-Sprache (nìino mó-dì): Beschreibung, Texte, Wörterverzeichnis (Kölner Beiträge zur Afrikanistik 12). Berlin: Reimer.Suche in Google Scholar
Rice, Keren. 1989. A grammar of Slave (Mouton Grammar Library 5). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110861822Suche in Google Scholar
Rijkhoff, Jan. 2002. The noun phrase. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237822.001.0001Suche in Google Scholar
Rijkhoff, Jan & Dik Bakker. 1998. Language sampling. Language Typology 2(3). 263–314.10.1515/lity.1998.2.3.263Suche in Google Scholar
Rijkhoff, Jan, Dik Bakker, Kees Hengeveld & Peter Kahrel. 1993. A method of language sampling. Studies in Language 17(1). 169–203.10.1075/sl.17.1.07rijSuche in Google Scholar
Roberts, John R. 1987. Amele (Croom Helm Descriptive Grammar Series). London: Croom HelmSuche in Google Scholar
Ruhlen, Merritt. 1991. A guide to the world’s languages, Vol. 1. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Rumsey, Alan. 1982. An intra-sentence grammar of Ungarinjin, North-Western Australia (Pacific Linguistics Series B). Canberra: Australian National University.Suche in Google Scholar
Schultze-Berndt, Eva. 2011. Looking for the governor, or the problem of argument status in double-marking languages: A Construction Grammar perspective. Paper presented at the Explorations in Syntactic Government and Subcategorisation conference, University of Cambridge, 31 August–3 September.Suche in Google Scholar
Seiler, Hansjakob. 1983. Possession as an operational dimension of language. Tubingen: Gunter Narr.Suche in Google Scholar
Sharp, Janet. 2004. Nyangumarta, a language of the Pilbara region of Western Australia (Pacific Linguistics 556). Canberra: Australian National University.Suche in Google Scholar
Siewierska, Anna. 1994. Review of Johanna Nichols, Linguistic diversity in space and time. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992. Linguistics 32(1). 148–153.Suche in Google Scholar
Siewierska, Anna. 1998. Nominal and verbal person marking. Linguistic Typology 2(1). 1–53.10.1515/lity.1998.2.1.1Suche in Google Scholar
Siewierska, Anna. 1999. From anaphoric pronoun to grammatical agreement marker: Why objects don’t make it. Folia Linguistica 33(2). 225–251.10.1515/flin.1999.33.1-2.225Suche in Google Scholar
Siewierska, Anna. 2001. On the argument status of cross-referencing forms. In Pérez Quintero & María Jesus (eds.), Challenges and developments in Functional Grammar. [Special issue]. Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 42. 215–236.Suche in Google Scholar
Siewierska, Anna. 2004. Person. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511812729Suche in Google Scholar
Siewierska, Anna. 2013. Gender distinctions in independent personal pronouns. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The world atlas of language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info/chapter/44 (accessed 14 July 2015).Suche in Google Scholar
Speas, M. 1990. Phrase structure in natural language. Dordrecht: Kluwer.10.1007/978-94-009-2045-3Suche in Google Scholar
Stolz, Thomas, Sonja Kettler, Cornelia Stroh & Aina Urdze (eds.). 2008. Split possession: An areal-linguistic study of the alienability correlation and related phenomena in the languages of Europe (Studies in language companion series 101), 111–152. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/slcs.101Suche in Google Scholar
Taylor, John R. 1996. Possessives in English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Suche in Google Scholar
Teng, Stacy Fang-Ching. 2008. Reference grammar of Puyuma, an Austronesian language of Taiwan (Pacific Linguistics 595). Canberra: Australian National University.Suche in Google Scholar
Tiee, Henry. 1986. A reference grammar of Chinese sentences. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.Suche in Google Scholar
Van Lier, Eva & Marlou van Rijn. 2013. Argument coding in nominalizations of central-eastern oceanic languages. Lingue e Linguaggio 2. 279–306.Suche in Google Scholar
Van Rijn, Marlou. 2016. The grammaticalization of possessive person marking: A typological approach. Transactions of the Philological Society. http://onlinelibary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-968X.12077/abstract (accessed 6 January 2015).10.1111/1467-968X.12077Suche in Google Scholar
Van Staden, Miriam. 2000. Tidore: A linguistic description of a language of the North Moluccas. Leiden: Leiden University PhD dissertation.Suche in Google Scholar
Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena. 2011. Typological variation in grammatical relations. Leipzig: University of Leipzig PhD dissertation.Suche in Google Scholar
Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena & Giorgio Iemmolo. 2013. When is there agreement? Typologizing suspension restrictions on agreement. Paper presented at the Association for Linguistic Typology 10th biennial conference, University of Leipzig, 15–18 August.Suche in Google Scholar
©2016 by De Gruyter Mouton
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Semantic change from space-time to contrast: The case of Italian adversative connectives
- Standard and Colloquial Belgian Dutch pronouns of address: A variationist-interactional study of child-directed speech in dinner table interactions
- On competition and blocking in inflectional morphology: Evidence from the domainof number in New Persian
- The Do-So-Diagnostic: Against finite VPs and for flat non-finite VPs
- Differential subject marking in Azhee
- Verbal prefixation, construction grammar, and semantic compatibility: Evidence from the locative alternation in Polish
- Proverbial rhetorical questions in colloquial Jordanian Arabic
- Evaluative nominals in Present-day English: A corpus-based study of the definiteness and syntactic distribution of subjective and objective NPs
- Locus of marking typology in the possessive NP: A new approach
- Book Reviews
- Isabelle Buchstaller: Quotatives: New trends and sociolinguistic implications
- Bettelou Los: A historical syntax of English
- Conference Report
- Report on the 48th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea (2–5 September 2015, Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden)
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Semantic change from space-time to contrast: The case of Italian adversative connectives
- Standard and Colloquial Belgian Dutch pronouns of address: A variationist-interactional study of child-directed speech in dinner table interactions
- On competition and blocking in inflectional morphology: Evidence from the domainof number in New Persian
- The Do-So-Diagnostic: Against finite VPs and for flat non-finite VPs
- Differential subject marking in Azhee
- Verbal prefixation, construction grammar, and semantic compatibility: Evidence from the locative alternation in Polish
- Proverbial rhetorical questions in colloquial Jordanian Arabic
- Evaluative nominals in Present-day English: A corpus-based study of the definiteness and syntactic distribution of subjective and objective NPs
- Locus of marking typology in the possessive NP: A new approach
- Book Reviews
- Isabelle Buchstaller: Quotatives: New trends and sociolinguistic implications
- Bettelou Los: A historical syntax of English
- Conference Report
- Report on the 48th Annual Meeting of the Societas Linguistica Europaea (2–5 September 2015, Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden)