Startseite Wirtschaftswissenschaften Entrepreneurs without Academic Entrepreneurial Education – Unravelling Behavioral Patterns and Coping Mechanisms
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Entrepreneurs without Academic Entrepreneurial Education – Unravelling Behavioral Patterns and Coping Mechanisms

  • Lukas J. Kaiser ORCID logo , Katharina Brenk ORCID logo , Katja A. Mix ORCID logo , Dominik K. Kanbach ORCID logo und Sascha Kraus ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 28. November 2025
Entrepreneurship Research Journal
Aus der Zeitschrift Entrepreneurship Research Journal

Abstract

Education intricately shapes human behavior, including entrepreneurial endeavors. Recent academic discussions have focused on entrepreneurial education programs and their effects on firm’s performance, thereby overlooking behavioral implications. However, this research domain is particularly important for entrepreneurs without academic entrepreneurship-related education, potentially lacking theoretical skills, knowledge, and access to resources. Adopting grounded theory methodology, this study analyzes interview data from 41 entrepreneurs. The findings demonstrate the interplay of education-related starting challenges, entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial characteristics, influencing entrepreneurial behavior. In a new conceptual framework, the three identified coping mechanisms using self-learning opportunities, learning through practical experience and actively looking for support, play a central role in overcoming potential disadvantages. This study thus contributes to the academic discussion of entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial behavior opening various avenues for further research. Furthermore, it provides practical implications for entrepreneurs, policy makers, organizations and institutions.

Keywords: entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial behavior; entrepreneurship education; higher education; venture development
Corresponding author: Sascha Kraus, School of Economic Disciplines, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany; and Department of Business Management, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa, E-mail:

Acknowledgments

We thank all interviewees for participating in our research study and sharing their valuable perspectives on entrepreneurial behavior.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors report there are no conflicting interests to declare.

  2. Research funding: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Appendix A: Interview Overview

Appendix B: Interview Guideline

Introduction:

  1. Our individual background (HHL PhD candidates)

  2. Purpose of this research project

  3. Disclaimer: anonymous

  4. Do you agree with recording this interview?

Warm Up:

Since you are a *position* in *company* since *year*, it would be great to get insights and personal examples on the following topics:

  1. When & why did you found your first company?

  2. Do you have employees, if so, how many?

  3. Did you found it alone or with co-founders? Do they hold an academic/business degree?

  4. What was your key role in founding the company?

Background Information:

  1. What is your highest (academic) degree? In which subject?

  2. Did you work in an employment relationship before you started your own business?

  3. Do you have family background or other experiences with startups/entrepreneurship?

  4. Would you, based on your education, consider yourself as an “outsider” or “disadvantaged” within the entrepreneurial world?

Entrepreneurial Behavior:

  1. How did you get to the idea of founding your own company? What was your motivation, intrinsic/extrinsic motivation? “Issues” with previous job/being employed?

  2. Would you consider yourself as a person proactively searching for new opportunities and new goals?

  3. Would you describe yourself as creative, open-minded, and curious regarding taking unconventional paths? Is it easy for you to think out-of-the-box?

  4. How do you proceed with problem solving & finding solutions? Do you have frameworks to think in or rely on gut feelings/other sources? Are there differences between you and your co-founder holding an academic/business degree?

  5. Would you describe yourself rather as a “theory”- or “practice”-oriented?

  6. What role do risks and uncertainty play during the entrepreneurial process? How do you cope with it – do you enjoy it or try to avoid it? Which methodologies do you use? Are you afraid of failing? Why do you do it anyway?

  7. Would you consider yourself as a person open to risks or more safety-oriented? Did this change over time?

  8. How do you manage change, are you afraid or do you enjoy it? To what extent did this guide your entrepreneurial process?

  9. How do you implement new decisions and changes into your business (stabilizing function)?

  10. Do you have a sparring partner/mentor supporting you regarding relevant steps within the entrepreneurial process or a network? If so, when, and how did you build it?

  11. How do you proceed with relevant business decisions?

  12. Do you have access to any other resources, e.g. financial, institutional, IT, production, or others?

Education & knowledge:

  1. When and how did you acquire the relevant business knowledge that you otherwise would have acquired in an academic/business degree?

  2. What are the most common challenges in your daily life as an entrepreneur? How do you think to approach them differently if you were holding an academic/business degree when founding your company?

  3. Did you create a business plan before founding your company? How did you acquire the knowledge for this business plan?

Leadership and Outlook:

  1. How would you characterize your personal leadership style?

  2. What is your primary goal or motivation for yourself as an entrepreneur in the next years?

Outro:

  1. Is there anything else you would like to share with us?

  2. Could you recommend 2–3 further people we could talk to for this research?

  3. Research results will be published and shared/thank you for your time.

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Received: 2024-09-08
Accepted: 2025-10-10
Published Online: 2025-11-28

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2024-0380
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entrepreneurship; entrepreneurial behavior; entrepreneurship education; higher education; venture development
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