Startseite From Dream to Reality: The Ambivalent Role of Nascent Entrepreneurs’ Motivation in the Intention-Action Gap
Artikel
Lizenziert
Nicht lizenziert Erfordert eine Authentifizierung

From Dream to Reality: The Ambivalent Role of Nascent Entrepreneurs’ Motivation in the Intention-Action Gap

  • Tali Hadasa Blank EMAIL logo und Laëtitia Gabay-Mariani
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 22. Juni 2021

Abstract

This paper addresses nascent entrepreneurs’ intention-action gap by examining the predictive and the moderating role of different types of motivations. We draw on the theory of planned behavior and on action theory to explain the entrepreneurial action of 205 student nascent entrepreneurs operating in academic incubators within the French higher education system. Our results demonstrate an indirect influence of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on entrepreneurial action. When referring to motivation as moderating the relationship between intention and action, we show that mid-levels of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation reinforce the positive association between nascent entrepreneurs’ intentions and actions. Our study demonstrates the importance of distinguishing between motivational and volitional phases of the entrepreneurial process, and provides new insights for academic institutions seeking to incubate businesses created by student nascent entrepreneurs.


Corresponding author: Tali Hadasa Blank, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem 91010, Israel, E-mail:

References

Achtenhagen, L., L. Naldi, and L. Melin. 2010. ““Business Growth” – Do Practitioners and Scholars Really Talk about the Same Thing?” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 34 (2): 289–316, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00376.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Adam, A. F., and A. Fayolle. 2015. “Bridging the Entrepreneurial Intention-Behaviour Gap: The Role of Commitment and Implementation Intention.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 25 (1): 36–54, https://doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2015.068775.Suche in Google Scholar

Aiken, L. S., and L. G. West. 1991. Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Newbury Park: SAGE.Suche in Google Scholar

Ajzen, I. 1991. “The Theory of Planned Behavior.” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 50 (2): 179–211, https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t.Suche in Google Scholar

Ajzen, I., M. Fishbein, S. Lohmann, and D. Albarracín. 2018. “The Influence of Attitudes on Behavior.” In The Handbook of Attitudes, edited by D. Albarracín, B. T. Johnson, and M. P. Zanna, 197–255. New York: Routledge.Suche in Google Scholar

Alam, M. Z., S. Kousar, and C. A. Rehman. 2019. “Role of Entrepreneurial Motivation on Entrepreneurial Intentions and Behaviour: Theory of Planned Behaviour Extension on Engineering Students in Pakistan.” Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research 9 (1): 1–20, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-019-0175-1.Suche in Google Scholar

Amabile, T. M. 1993. “Motivational Synergy: Toward New Conceptualizations of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in the Workplace.” Human Resource Management Review 3: 185–201, https://doi.org/10.1016/1053-4822(93)90012-s.Suche in Google Scholar

Antonioli, D., F. Nicolli, L. Ramaciotti, and U. Rizzo. 2016. “The Effect of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations on Academics’ Entrepreneurial Intention.” Administrative Sciences 6 (4): 15, https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci6040015.Suche in Google Scholar

Armitage, C. J., and M. Conner. 2001. “Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A Meta-Analytic Review.” British Journal of Social Psychology 40 (4): 471–99, https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939.Suche in Google Scholar

Barba-Sánchez, V., and C. Atienza-Sahuquillo. 2017. “Entrepreneurial Motivation and Self-Employment: Evidence from Expectancy Theory.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 13 (4): 1097–115, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0441-z.Suche in Google Scholar

Bird, B. 1988. “Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention.” Academy of Management Review 13 (3): 442–53, https://doi.org/10.2307/258091.Suche in Google Scholar

Blank, T. H. 2020. “When Incubator Resources are Crucial: Survival Chances of Student Startups Operating in an Academic Incubator.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 3: 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-020-09831-4.Suche in Google Scholar

Boh, W. F., U. De-Haan, and R. Strom. 2016. “University Technology Transfer through Entrepreneurship: Faculty and Students in Spinofs.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 41 (4): 661–9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-015-9399-6.Suche in Google Scholar

Boissin, J.-P., B. Chollet, and S. Emin. 2007. “Les croyances des étudiants envers la création d’entreprise.” Revue Française de Gestion 180 (11): 25–43.10.3166/rfg.180.25-43Suche in Google Scholar

Boissin, J.-P., B. Chollet, and S. Emin. 2009. “Les déterminants de l’intention de créer une entreprise chez les étudiants: Un test empirique.” M@n@gement 12 (1): 28–51, https://doi.org/10.3917/mana.121.0028.Suche in Google Scholar

Boissin, J.-P., V. Favre-Bonté, and S. Fine-Falcy. 2017. “Diverse Impacts of the Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intention: Three Submodels, Three Student Profiles.” Revue de l’Entrepreneuriat 16 (3): 17–43, https://doi.org/10.3917/entre.163.0017.Suche in Google Scholar

Breznitz, S. M., P. A. Clayton, D. Defazio, and K. R. Isett. 2018. “Have You Been Served? The Impact of University Entrepreneurial Support on Start-Ups’ Network Formation.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 43 (2): 343–67, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9565-0.Suche in Google Scholar

Caringal-Go, J. F., and M. R. M. Hechanova. 2018. “Motivational Needs and Intent to Stay of Social Enterprise Workers.” Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 9 (3): 200–14, https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2018.1468352.Suche in Google Scholar

Carsrud, A., and M. Brännback. 2011. “Entrepreneurial Motivations: What Do We Still Need to Know?” Journal of Small Business Management 49 (1): 9–26, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627x.2010.00312.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Carsrud, A., M. Brännback, J. Elfving, and K. Brandt. 2009. “Motivations: The Entrepreneurial Mind and Behavior.” In Understanding the Entrepreneurial Mind, edited by A. Carsrud, and M. Brännback, 141–65. New York: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4419-0443-0_7Suche in Google Scholar

Chen, M. H., Y. Y. Chang, H. Y. Wang, and M. H. Chen. 2017. “Understanding Creative Entrepreneurs’ Intention to Quit: The Role of Entrepreneurial Motivation, Creativity, and Opportunity.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 7 (3): 1–15, https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2016-0001.Suche in Google Scholar

Cromie, S. 1987. “Motivations of Aspiring Male and Female Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 8 (3): 251–61, https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030080306.Suche in Google Scholar

Davidsson, P. 2006. “Nascent Entrepreneurship: Empirical Studies and Developments.” Foundations and Trends (R) in Entrepreneurship 2 (1): 1–76.10.1561/0300000005Suche in Google Scholar

Deci, E. L., and R. M. Ryan. 1985. “The General Causality Orientations Scale: Self-Determination in Personality.” Journal of Research in Personality 19 (2): 109–34, https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6.Suche in Google Scholar

Delmar, F., and S. Shane. 2004. “Legitimating First: Organizing Activities and the Survival of New Ventures.” Journal of Business Venturing 19 (3): 385–410, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9026(03)00037-5.Suche in Google Scholar

Dencker, J. C., S. Bacq, M. Gruber, and M. Haas. 2021. “Reconceptualizing Necessity Entrepreneurship: A Contextualized Framework of Entrepreneurial Processes under the Condition of Basic Needs.” Academy of Management Review 46 (1): 60–79, https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2017.0471.Suche in Google Scholar

Eesley, C. E., D. H. Hsu, and E. B. Roberts. 2014. “The Contingent Effects of Top Management Teams on Venture Performance: Aligning Founding Team Composition with Innovation Strategy and Commercialization Environment.” Strategic Management Journal 35 (12): 1798–817, https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2183.Suche in Google Scholar

Fauchart, E., and M. Gruber. 2011. “Darwinians, Communitarians, and Missionaries: The Role of Founder Identity in Entrepreneurship.” Academy of Management Journal 54 (5): 935–57, https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0211.Suche in Google Scholar

Fayolle, A. 2004. “A la recherche du cœur de l’entrepreneuriat: Vers une nouvelle vision du domaine.” Revue Internationale PME 17 (1): 101–21.10.7202/1008453arSuche in Google Scholar

Filion, L. J. 1997. “Le champ de l’entrepreneuriat: Historique, évolution, tendances.” Revue Internationale PME 10 (2): 129–72.10.7202/1009026arSuche in Google Scholar

Fini, R., R. Grimaldi, and M. Sobrero. 2009. “Factors Fostering Academics to Start up New Ventures: An Assessment of Italian Founders’ Incentives.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 34 (4): 380–402, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-008-9093-z.Suche in Google Scholar

Frese, M. 2009. “Towards a Psychology of Entrepreneurship—An Action Theory Perspective.” Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship 5 (6): 437–96, https://doi.org/10.1561/0300000028.Suche in Google Scholar

Gabay-Mariani, L. 2020. “Le processus entrepreneurial à l’épreuve de l’engagement : contributions théoriques et méthodologiques à l’analyse de l’engagement des entrepreneurs naissants : Une application au contexte de l’entrepreneuriat étudiant.” Thesis, Grenoble Alpes.Suche in Google Scholar

Gabay-Mariani, L., and A. F. Adam. 2020. “Uncovering the Role of Commitment in the Entrepreneurial Process: A Research Agenda.” In The Entrepreneurial Behaviour: Unveiling the Cognitive and Emotional Aspect of Entrepreneurship, edited by A. Caputo, and M. M. Pellegrini, 147–69. Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.10.1108/978-1-78973-507-920201011Suche in Google Scholar

Gartner, W. B. 1988. ““Who Is an Entrepreneur?” Is the Wrong Question.” American Journal of Small Business 12 (4): 11–32, https://doi.org/10.1177/104225878801200401.Suche in Google Scholar

Gollwitzer, P. 1990. “Action Phases and Mind-Sets.” In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, 2, edited by E. Higgins, and R. M. Sorrentino, 53–92. New York: The Guilford Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Gollwitzer, P. M. 1999. “Implementation Intentions: Strong Effects of Simple Plans.” American Psychologist 54 (7): 493, https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.54.7.493.Suche in Google Scholar

Gollwitzer, P. M., and P. Sheeran. 2006. “Implementation Intentions and Goal Achievement: A Meta‐Analysis of Effects and Processes.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 38: 69–119, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2601(06)38002-1.Suche in Google Scholar

Gong, Y., J. Wu, L. J. Song, and Z. Zhang. 2017. “Dual Tuning in Creative Processes: Joint Contributions of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivational Orientations.” Journal of Applied Psychology 102 (5): 829, https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000185.Suche in Google Scholar

Gubitta, P., A. Tognazzo, and F. Destro. 2016. “Signaling in Academic Ventures: The Role of Technology Transfer Offices and University Funds.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 41 (2): 368–93, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-015-9398-7.Suche in Google Scholar

Heckhausen, H., and P. M. Gollwitzer. 1987. “Thought Contents and Cognitive Functioning in Motivational versus Volitional States of Mind.” Motivation and Emotion 11 (2): 101–20, https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00992338.Suche in Google Scholar

Jin, L., K. Madison, N. D. Kraiczy, F. W. Kellermanns, T. R. Crook, and J. Xi. 2017. “Entrepreneurial Team Composition Characteristics and New Venture Performance: A Meta–Analysis.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 41 (5): 743–71, https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12232.Suche in Google Scholar

Kautonen, T., M. van Gelderen, and E. T. Tornikoski. 2013. “Predicting Entrepreneurial Behaviour: A Test of the Theory of Planned Behaviour.” Applied Economics 45 (6): 697–707, https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.610750.Suche in Google Scholar

Kautonen, T., M. van Gelderen, and M. Fink. 2015. “Robustness of the Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Entrepreneurial Intentions and Actions.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 39 (3): 655–74, https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12056.Suche in Google Scholar

Kolvereid, L. 1996. “Prediction of Employment Status Choice Intentions.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 21 (1): 47–58, https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879602100104.Suche in Google Scholar

Krueger, N. F. 1993. “The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 18 (1): 5–21, https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879301800101.Suche in Google Scholar

Krueger, N. F., and A. L. Carsrud. 1993. “Entrepreneurial Intentions: Applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 5 (4): 315–30, https://doi.org/10.1080/08985629300000020.Suche in Google Scholar

Krueger, N. F., M. D. Reilly, and A. L. Carsrud. 2000. “Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions.” Journal of Business Venturing 15 (5): 411–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9026(98)00033-0.Suche in Google Scholar

Mahto, R. V., and W. C. McDowell. 2018. “Entrepreneurial Motivation: A Non-Entrepreneur’s Journey to Become an Entrepreneur.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 14 (3): 513–26, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-018-0513-8.Suche in Google Scholar

Marvel, M. R., A. Griffin, J. Hebda, and B. Vojak. 2007. “Examining the Technical Corporate Entrepreneurs’ Motivation: Voices from the Field.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31 (5): 753–68, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00198.x.Suche in Google Scholar

McMullen, J. S., D. R. Bagby, and L. E. Palich. 2008. “Economic Freedom and the Motivation to Engage in Entrepreneurial Action.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 32 (5): 875–95, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00260.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Meyer, J. P., and L. Herscovitch. 2001. “Commitment in the Workplace: Toward a General Model.” Human Resource Management Review 11 (3): 299–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-4822(00)00053-x.Suche in Google Scholar

Miller, T. L., M. G. Grimes, J. S. McMullen, and T. J. Vogus. 2012. “Venturing for Others with Heart and Head: How Compassion Encourages Social Entrepreneurship.” Academy of Management Review 37 (4): 616–40, https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0456.Suche in Google Scholar

Mosey, S., and M. Wright. 2007. “From Human Capital to Social Capital: A Longitudinal Study of Technology-Based Academic Entrepreneurs.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31 (6): 909–35, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00203.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Munshaw, S., S. H. Lee, P. H. Phan, and K. A. Marr. 2019. “The Influence of Human Capital and Perceived University Support on Patent Applications of Biomedical Investigators.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 44 (4): 1216–35, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9649-5.Suche in Google Scholar

Reynolds, P. D. 1997. “Who Starts New Firms? – Preliminary Explorations of Firms-in-Gestation.” Small Business Economics 9 (5): 449–62, https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1007935726528.10.1023/A:1007935726528Suche in Google Scholar

Ryan, R. M., and E. L. Deci. 2000. “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions.” Contemporary Educational Psychology 25 (1): 54–67, https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020.Suche in Google Scholar

Schlaegel, C., and M. Koenig. 2014. “Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intent: A Meta‐Analytic Test and Integration of Competing Models.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2 (38): 291–332, https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12087.Suche in Google Scholar

Shane, S., E. A. Locke, and C. J. Collins. 2003. “Entrepreneurial Motivation.” Human Resource Management Review 13 (2): 257–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1053-4822(03)00017-2.Suche in Google Scholar

Shinnar, R. S., D. K. Hsu, B. C. Powell, and H. Zhou. 2018. “Entrepreneurial Intentions and Start-Ups: Are Women or Men More Likely to Enact Their Intentions?” International Small Business Journal 36 (1): 60–80, https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242617704277.Suche in Google Scholar

Shirokova, G., O. Osiyevskyy, and K. Bogatyreva. 2016. “Exploring the Intention–Behavior Link in Student Entrepreneurship: Moderating Effects of Individual and Environmental Characteristics.” European Management Journal 34 (4): 386–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2015.12.007.Suche in Google Scholar

Sieger, P., M. Gruber, E. Fauchart, and T. Zellweger. 2016. “Measuring the Social Identity of Entrepreneurs: Scale Development and International Validation.” Journal of Business Venturing 31 (5): 542–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.07.001.Suche in Google Scholar

Tkachev, A., and L. Kolvereid. 1999. “Self-employment Intentions Among Russian Students.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 11 (3): 269–80, https://doi.org/10.1080/089856299283209.Suche in Google Scholar

Van Gelderen, M., T. Kautonen, and M. Fink. 2015. “From Entrepreneurial Intentions to Actions: Self-Control and Action-Related Doubt, Fear, and Aversion.” Journal of Business Venturing 30 (5): 655–73, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.01.003.Suche in Google Scholar

Van Gelderen, M., T. Kautonen, J. Wincent, and M. Biniari. 2018. “Implementation Intentions in the Entrepreneurial Process: Concept, Empirical Findings, and Research Agenda.” Small Business Economics 51 (4): 923–41, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9971-6.Suche in Google Scholar

Weiss, J., T. Anisimova, and G. Shirokova. 2019. “The Translation of Entrepreneurial Intention into Start-Up Behaviour: The Moderating Role of Regional Social Capital.” International Small Business Journal 37 (5): 473–501, https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242619831170.Suche in Google Scholar

Yamini, R., D. Soloveva, and X. Peng. 2022. “What Inspires Social Entrepreneurship? The Role of Prosocial Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, and Gender in Forming Social Entrepreneurial Intention.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 12 (2): 71–105, https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2019-0129.10.1515/erj-2019-0129Suche in Google Scholar

Received: 2020-10-14
Accepted: 2021-06-01
Published Online: 2021-06-22

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Heruntergeladen am 17.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/erj-2020-0474/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen