The Entrepreneurial Ecosystem: Actors and Performance in Different Stages of Evolution of Academic Spinoffs

References

Acs, Zoltan J., László Szerb, and Erkko Autio, eds. 2015. “The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index,” In Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index, 39–64. Cham: Springer10.1007/978-3-319-14932-5_4Suche in Google Scholar

Albahari, Albahari, Giuseppe Catalano, and Paolo Landoni. 2013. “Evaluation of National Science Park Systems: A Theoretical Framework and Its Application to the Italian and Spanish Systems.” Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 25 (5): 599–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2013.785508.Suche in Google Scholar

Alvedalen, Janna, and Ron Boschma. 2017. “A Critical Review of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems Research: Towards A Future Research Agenda.” European Planning Studies 25 (6): 887–903. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1299694.Suche in Google Scholar

Ambrosini, Véronique, and Cliff Bowman. 2009. “What are Dynamic Capabilities and are They a Useful Construct in Strategic Management?” International Journal of Management Reviews 11 (1): 29–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2008.00251.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Amin, Ash, and Patrick Cohendet. 2000. “Organisational Learning and Governance through Embedded Practices.” Journal of Management and Governance 4 (1–2): 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009913429932.Suche in Google Scholar

Atuahene–Gima, Kwaku, and Anthony Ko. 2001. “An Empirical Investigation of the Effect of Market Orientation and Entrepreneurship Orientation Alignment on Product Innovation.” Organization Science 12 (1): 54–74. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.12.1.54.10121.Suche in Google Scholar

Autio, Erkko, Martin Kenney, Philippe Mustar, Don Siegel, and Mike Wright. 2014. “Entrepreneurial Innovation: The Importance of Context.” Research Policy 43 (7): 1097–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.01.015.Suche in Google Scholar

Autio, Erkko, Satish Nambisan, Llewellyn D. W. Thomas, and Mike Wright. 2018. “Digital Affordances, Spatial Affordances, and the Genesis of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 12 (1): 72–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/sej.1266.Suche in Google Scholar

Bamford, Charles E., Thomas J. Dean, and Patricia P. McDougall. 2000. “An Examination of the Impact of Initial Founding Conditions and Decisions upon the Performance of New Bank Start–Ups.” Journal of Business Venturing 15 (3): 253–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00011-1.Suche in Google Scholar

Barney, Jay. 1991. “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage.” Journal of Management 17 (1): 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108.Suche in Google Scholar

Bertoni, Fabio, Massimo G. Colombo, and Luca Grilli. 2011. “Venture capital financing and the growth of high-tech start-ups: Disentangling treatment from selection effects.” Research Policy 40 (7): 1028–1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.03.008.10.1016/j.respol.2011.03.008Suche in Google Scholar

Blau, Peter M. 1955. The Dynamics of Bureaucracy: A Study of Interpersonal Relations in Two Government Agencies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Suche in Google Scholar

Blind, Knut, Jakob Edler, Rainer Frietsch, and Ulrich Schmoch. 2006. “Motives to Patent: Empirical Evidence from Germany.” Research Policy 35 (5): 655–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.03.002.Suche in Google Scholar

Bonardo, Damiano, Stefano Paleari, and Silvio Vismara. 2010. “The M&A Dynamics of European Science–Based Entrepreneurial Firms.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 35 (1): 141–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-009-9109-3.Suche in Google Scholar

Breznitz, Shiri M., Paige A. Clayton, Daniela Defazio, and Kimberley R. Isett. 2018. “Have You Been Served? the Impact of University Entrepreneurial Support on Start-ups’ Network Formation.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 43 (2): 343–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9565-0.Suche in Google Scholar

Brush, Candila G., Patricia G. Greene, and Myra M. Hart. 2001. “From Initial Idea to Unique Advantage: The Entrepreneurial Challenge of Constructing a Resource Base.” The Academy of Management Executive 15 (1): 64–78. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2001.4251394.Suche in Google Scholar

Civera, Alice, and Michele Meoli. 2018. “Does university prestige foster the initial growth of academic spin-offs?” Economia e Politica Industriale 45 (2): 111–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40812-017-0072-y.10.1007/s40812-017-0072-ySuche in Google Scholar

Clarysse, Bart, and Nathalie Moray. 2004. “A Process Study of Entrepreneurial Team Formation: The Case of A Research–Based Spin–Off.” Journal of Business Venturing 19 (1): 55–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00113-1.Suche in Google Scholar

Clarysse, Bart, Valentina Tartari, and Ammon Salter. 2011. “The Impact of Entrepreneurial Capacity, Experience and Organizational Support on Academic Entrepreneurship.” Research Policy 40 (8): 1084–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.05.010.Suche in Google Scholar

Clarysse, Bart, Mike Wright, Andy Lockett, Philippe Mustar, and Mirjam Knockaert. 2007. “Academic Spin–Offs, Formal Technology Transfer and Capital Raising.” Industrial and Corporate Change 16 (4): 609–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm019.Suche in Google Scholar

Clarysse, Bart, Mike Wright, Andy Lockett, Els Van de Velde, and Ajay Vohora. 2005. “Spinning Out New Ventures: A Typology of Incubation Strategies from European Research Institutions.” Journal of Business Venturing 20 (2): 183–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.004.Suche in Google Scholar

Colombo, Massimo G., and Luca Grilli. 2010. “On Growth Drivers of High–Tech Start–Ups: Exploring the Role of Founders’ Human Capital and Venture Capital.” Journal of Business Venturing 25 (6): 610–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.01.005.Suche in Google Scholar

Coviello, Nicole E., and Martin P. Cox. 2006. “The Resource Dynamics of International New Venture Networks.” Journal of International Entrepreneurship 4 (2–3): 113–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-007-0004-4.Suche in Google Scholar

Degroof, Jean-Jacques, and Edwards B. Roberts. 2004. “Overcoming Weak Entrepreneurial Infrastructures for Academic Spin–Off Ventures.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 29 (3–4): 327–52. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jott.0000034126.23592.23.Suche in Google Scholar

Dess Gregory, G., and Richard B. Robinson. 1984. “Measuring Organizational Performance in the Absence of Objective Measures: The Case of the Privately-Held Firm and Conglomerate Business Unit.” Strategy Management Journal 5 (3): 265–73.10.1002/smj.4250050306Suche in Google Scholar

Dierickx, Ingemar, and Karel Cool. 1989. “Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage.” Management Science 35 (12): 1504–11. https://doi.org/10.2307/2632235.Suche in Google Scholar

Díez–Vial, Isabel, and Marta Fernández–Olmos. 2015. “Knowledge Spillovers in Science and Technology Parks: How Can Firms Benefit Most?” The Journal of Technology Transfer 40 (1): 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-013-9329-4.Suche in Google Scholar

Diez-Vial, Isabel, and Angeles Montoro-Sanchez. 2017. “Research Evolution in Science Parks and Incubators: Foundations and New Trends.” Scientometrics 110 (3): 1243–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-016-2218-5.Suche in Google Scholar

Doblinger, Claudia, Michael Dowling, and Roland Helm. 2016. “An Institutional Perspective of Public Policy and Network Effects in the Renewable Energy Industry: Enablers or Disablers of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Innovation?” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 28 (1–2): 126–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1109004.Suche in Google Scholar

Dubini, Paola. 1989. “The Influence of Motivations and Environment on Business Start-ups: Some Hints for Public Policies.” Journal of Business Venturing 4 (1): 11–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(89)90031-1.Suche in Google Scholar

Dyer, Linda M., and Christopher A. Ross. 2008. “Seeking Advice in a Dynamic and Complex Business Environment: Impact on the Success of Small Firms.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 13 (2): 133–49. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946708000892.Suche in Google Scholar

Feld, Brad. 2012. Startup Communities: Building an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in Your City. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.10.1002/9781119204459Suche in Google Scholar

Fernández-Alles, Mariluz, Carmen Camelo-Ordaz, and Noelia Franco-Leal. 2015. “Key Resources and Actors for the Evolution of Academic Spin-Offs.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 40 (6): 976–1002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-014-9387-2.Suche in Google Scholar

Fuster, Elena, Antonio Padilla-Melendez, Nigel Lockett, and Ana R. del-Águila-Obra. 2018. “The Emerging Role of University Spin-Off Companies in Developing Regional Entrepreneurial University Ecosystems: The Case of Andalusia.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 141: 219–31.10.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.020Suche in Google Scholar

Graham, Stuart J.H., and Ted Sichelman. 2008. “Why Do Start-ups Patent.” Berkeley Technology Law Journal 23 (3): 1064–97. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38M111.Suche in Google Scholar

Gübeli, Manuel H., and David Doloreux. 2005. “An Empirical Study of University Spin–Off Development.” European Journal of Innovation Management 8 (3): 269–82. https://doi.org/10.1108/14601060510610153.Suche in Google Scholar

Hayter, Christopher S. 2016. “A Trajectory of Early-Stage Spinoff Success: The Role of Knowledge Intermediaries within an Entrepreneurial University Ecosystem.” Small Business Economics 47 (3): 633–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9756-3.Suche in Google Scholar

Hayter, Christopher S., Andrew J. Nelson, Stephanie Zayed, and Alan C. O’Connor. 2018. “Conceptualizing Academic Entrepreneurship Ecosystems: A Review, Analysis and Extension of the Literature.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 43 (4): 1039–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-018-9657-5.Suche in Google Scholar

Heine, Klaus, and Heike Rindfleisch. 2013. “Organizational Decline: A Synthesis of Insights from Organizational Ecology, Path Dependence and the Resource–Based View.” Journal of Organizational Change Management 26 (1): 8–28. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534811311307888.Suche in Google Scholar

Hellmann, Thomas, and Manju Puri. 2002. “Venture Capital and the Professionalization of Start–Up Firms: Empirical Evidence.” The Journal of Finance 57 (1): 169–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6261.00419.Suche in Google Scholar

Helm, Roland, Oliver Mauroner, and Kendra Pöhlmann. 2018. “Towards a Better Understanding of Performance Measurements: The Case of Research-based Spin-offs.” Review of Managerial Science 12 (1): 135–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-016-0217-9.Suche in Google Scholar

Hirai, Yuri, Toshiya Watanabe, and Atsushi Inuzuka. 2013. “Empirical Analysis of the Effect of Japanese University Spinoffs’ Social Networks on Their Performance.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 80 (6): 1119–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.10.027.Suche in Google Scholar

Hite, Julie M., and William S. Hesterly. 2001. “The Evolution of Firm Networks: From Emergence to Early Growth of the Firm.” Strategic Management Journal 22 (3): 275–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.156.Suche in Google Scholar

Hmieleski, Keith M., and Erin E. Powell. 2018. “The Psychological Foundations of University Science Commercialization: A Review of the Literature and Directions for Future Research.” Academy of Management Perspectives 32 (1): 43–77. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0139.Suche in Google Scholar

Hsu, David H. 2007. “Experienced Entrepreneurial Founders, Organizational Capital, and Venture Capital Funding.” Research Policy 36 (5): 722–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.02.022.Suche in Google Scholar

Huggins, Robert, Hiro Izushi, Daniel Prokop, and Piers Thompson. 2015. “Network Evolution and the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Knowledge Sourcing.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 27 (7–8): 474–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1070538.Suche in Google Scholar

Johnson, Jeff W. 2000. “A Heuristic Method for Estimating the Relative Weight of Predictor Variables in Multiple Regression.” Multivariate Behavioral Research 35 (1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3501_1.Suche in Google Scholar

Johnson, Jeff W., and James M. LeBreton. 2004. “History and Use of Relative Importance Indices in Organizational Research.” Organizational Research Methods 7 (3): 238–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428104266510.Suche in Google Scholar

Knockaert, Mirjam, Mike Wright, Bart Clarysse, and Andy Lockett. 2010. “Agency and Similarity Effects and the VC’s Attitude Towards Academic Spin–Out Investing.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 35 (6): 567–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-009-9138-y.Suche in Google Scholar

Lockett, Andy, Gordon Murray, and Mike Wright. 2002. “Do UK Venture Capitalists Still Have a Bias against Investment in New Technology Firms?” Research Policy 31 (6): 1009–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00174-3.Suche in Google Scholar

Lockett, Andy, Mike Wright, and Stephen Franklin. 2003. “Technology Transfer and Universities’ Spin–Out Strategies.” Small Business Economics 20 (2): 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022220216972.Suche in Google Scholar

Mann, Ronald J., and Thomas W. Sager. 2007. “Patents, Venture Capital, and Software Start-ups.” Research Policy 36 (2): 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.10.002.Suche in Google Scholar

McAdam, Maura, and Susan Marlow. 2008. “A Preliminary Investigation into Networking Activities within the University Incubator.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 14 (4): 219–41. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550810887390.Suche in Google Scholar

Menguc, Bulent, and Seigyoung Auh. 2006. “Creating a Firm-Level Dynamic Capability through Capitalizing on Market Orientation and Innovativeness.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 34 (1): 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070305281090.Suche in Google Scholar

Minguillo, David, Robert Tijssen, and Mike Thelwall. 2015. “Do Science Parks Promote Research and Technology? A Scientometric Analysis of the UK.” Scientometrics 102 (1): 701–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-014-1435-z.Suche in Google Scholar

Miranda, Francisco J., Antonio Chamorro, and Sergio Rubio. 2018. “Re-Thinking University Spin-Off: A Critical Literature Review and A Research Agenda.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 43 (4): 1007–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9647-z.Suche in Google Scholar

Mosey, Simon, and Mike Wright. 2007. “From Human Capital to Social Capital: A Longitudinal Study of Technology–Based Academic Entrepreneurs.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 31 (6): 909–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00203.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Motoyama, Yasuyuki, and Karren Knowlton. 2017. “Examining the Connections within the Startup Ecosystem: A Case Study of St. Louis.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 7 (1): 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2016-0011.Suche in Google Scholar

Munari, Federico, and Laura Toschi. 2011. “Do Venture Capitalists Have a Bias against Investment in Academic Spin–Offs? Evidence from the Micro– And Nanotechnology Sector in the UK.” Industrial and Corporate Change 20 (2): 397–432. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtq053.Suche in Google Scholar

Najmaei, Arash. 2016. “How Do Entrepreneurs Develop Business Models in Small High-tech Ventures? An Exploratory Model from Australian IT Firms.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 6 (3): 297–343. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2014-0037.Suche in Google Scholar

Ndonzuau, Frédéric N., Fabrice Pirnay, and Bernard Surlemont. 2002. “A Stage Model of Academic Spin–Off Creation.” Technovation 22 (5): 281–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(01)00019-0.Suche in Google Scholar

Nicotra, Melita, Marco Romano, Manlio Del Giudice, and Carmela E. Schillaci. 2018. “The Causal Relation between Entrepreneurial Ecosystem and Productive Entrepreneurship: A Measurement Framework.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 43 (3): 640–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-017-9628-2.Suche in Google Scholar

O’Shea, Rory, Thomas J. Allen, Colm O’Gorman, and Frank Roche. 2004. “Universities and Technology Transfer: A Review of Academic Entrepreneurship Literature.” Irish Journal of Management 25 (2): 11–29.Suche in Google Scholar

Ortín, Ángel P., and Herrero F. Vendrell. 2014. “University Spin–Offs Vs. Other NTBFs: Total Factor Productivity Differences at Outset and Evolution.” Technovation 34 (2): 101–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2013.09.006.Suche in Google Scholar

Pérez, Manuela P., and Ángel M. Sánchez. 2003. “The Development of University Spin–Offs: Early Dynamics of Technology Transfer and Networking.” Technovation 23 (10): 823–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4972(02)00034-2.Suche in Google Scholar

Peteraf, Margaret. A. 1993. “The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource–Based View.” Strategic Management Journal 14 (3): 179–91. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250140303.Suche in Google Scholar

Pettersen, Inger B., and Anita E. Tobiassen. 2012. “Are Born Globals Really Born Globals? the Case of Academic Spin–Offs with Long Development Periods.” Journal of International Entrepreneurship 10 (2): 117–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10843-012-0086-5.Suche in Google Scholar

Pitelis, Christos. 2012. “Clusters, Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Co-creation, and Appropriability: A Conceptual Framework.” Industrial and Corporate Change 21 (6): 1359–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dts008.Suche in Google Scholar

Rasmussen, Einar. 2011. “Understanding Academic Entrepreneurship: Exploring the Emergence of University Spin–Off Ventures Using Process Theories.” International Small Business Journal 29 (5): 448–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610385395.Suche in Google Scholar

Rasmussen, Einar. 2018. “The Regional Impacts of University Spin-Offs: In What Ways Do Spin-Offs Contribute to the Region?” Forthcoming, Handbook on Universities and Regional Development, Edward Elgar Publishing.10.4337/9781784715717.00016Suche in Google Scholar

Rasmussen, Einar, Simon Mosey, and Mike Wright. 2015. “The Transformation of Network Ties to Develop Entrepreneurial Competencies for University Spin–Offs.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 27 (7–8): 430–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985626.2015.1070536.Suche in Google Scholar

Rasmussen, Einar, and Mike Wright. 2015. “How Can Universities Facilitate Academic Spin-Offs? An Entrepreneurial Competency Perspective.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 40 (5): 782–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-014-9386-3.Suche in Google Scholar

Reynolds, Paul, and Brenda Miller. 1992. “New Firm Gestation: Conception, Birth, and Implications for Research.” Journal of Business Venturing 7 (5): 405–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9026(92)90016-k.Suche in Google Scholar

Rodríguez-Gulías, María J., David Rodeiro-Pazos, Sara Fernández-López, Christian Corsi, and Antonio Prencipe. 2017. “The Role of Venture Capitalist to Enhance the Growth of Spanish and Italian University Spin-Offs.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 14 (4): 1111–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0489-9.Suche in Google Scholar

Rumelt, Richard. 1984. “Toward a Strategic Theory of the Firm.” In Competitive Strategic Management, edited by R. Lamb, 556–70. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–Hall.Suche in Google Scholar

Sætre, Alf S., Joel Wiggins, Ola T. Atkinson, and Beate K. E. Atkinson. 2009. “University Spin–Offs as Technology Transfer: A Comparative Study among Norway, The United States, and Sweden.” Comparative Technology Transfer and Society 7 (2): 115–45. https://doi.org/10.1353/ctt.0.0036.Suche in Google Scholar

Sahlman, Wiliam A. 1990. “The Structure and Governance of Venture–Capital Organizations.” Journal of Financial Economics 27 (2): 473–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405x(90)90065-8.Suche in Google Scholar

Salvador, Elisa. 2011. “Are Science Parks and Incubators Good ‘Brand Names’ for Spin–Offs? the Case Study of Turin.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 36 (2): 203–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-010-9152-0.Suche in Google Scholar

Scaringella, Laurent, Raymond E. Miles, and Yann Truong. 2017. “Customers’ Involvement and Firm Absorptive Capacity in Radical Innovation: The Case of Technological Spin-offs.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 120: 144–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.01.005.Suche in Google Scholar

Schilke, Oliver. 2014. “On the Contingent Value of Dynamic Capabilities for Competitive Advantage: The Nonlinear Moderating Effect of Environmental Dynamism.” Strategic Management Journal 35 (2): 179–203. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2099.Suche in Google Scholar

Schillo, Sandra R. 2018. “Research-based Spin-Offs as Agents in the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 43 (1): 222–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9484-5.Suche in Google Scholar

Seguí-Mas, Elies, Irene Jiménez-Arribas, and Guillermina Tormo-Carbó. 2018. “Does the Environment Matter? Mapping Academic Knowledge on Entrepreneurial Ecosystems in GEM.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 9 (2). Published Online. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2017-017.Suche in Google Scholar

Shane, Scott. 2004. Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spinoffs and Wealth Creation. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.10.4337/9781843769828Suche in Google Scholar

Shane, Scott, and Toby Stuart. 2002. “Organizational Endowments and the Performance of University Start–Ups.” Management Science 48 (1): 154–70. https://doi.org/10.2307/822690.Suche in Google Scholar

Soetanto, Danny, and Sarah Jack. 2016. “The Impact of University–Based Incubation Support on the Innovation Strategy of Academic Spin–Offs.” Technovation 50–51: 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2015.11.001.Suche in Google Scholar

Spigel, Ben. 2017. “The Relational Organization of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 41 (1): 49–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12167.Suche in Google Scholar

Spigel, Ben, and Richard Harrison. 2018. “Toward a Process Theory of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 12 (1): 151–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.1268.Suche in Google Scholar

Spilling, Olav R. 1996. “The Entrepreneurial System: On Entrepreneurship in the Context of a Mega-Event.” Journal of Business Research 36 (1): 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(95)00166-2.Suche in Google Scholar

Stam, Erik. 2015. “Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Regional Policy: A Sympathetic Critique.” European Planning Studies 23 (9): 1759–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1061484.Suche in Google Scholar

Stuart, Toby E., and Waverly W. Ding. 2006. “When do scientists become entrepreneurs? The social structural antecedents of commercial activity in the academic life sciences.” American Journal of Sociology 112 (1): 97–144.10.1086/502691Suche in Google Scholar

Sullivan, Diane M., and Matthew R. Marvel. 2011. “Knowledge Acquisition, Network Reliance, and Early–Stage Technology Venture Outcomes.” Journal of Management Studies 48 (6): 1169–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2010.00998.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Van de Ven, Andrew. 1993. “The Development of an Infrastructure for Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Venturing 8 (3): 211–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00120.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Van Geenhuizen, Marina, and Danny P. Soetanto. 2009. “Academic Spin–Offs at Different Ages: A Case Study in Search of Key Obstacles to Growth.” Technovation 29 (10): 671–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2009.05.009.Suche in Google Scholar

Vanaelst, Iris, Bart Clarysse, Mike Wright, Andy Lockett, Nathalie Moray, and Rosette S’Jegers. 2006. “Entrepreneurial Team Development in Academic Spinouts: An Examination of Team Heterogeneity.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (2): 249–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00120.x.Suche in Google Scholar

Vohora, Ajay, Mike Wright, and Andy Lockett. 2004. “Critical Junctures in the Development of University High-Tech Spinout Companies.” Research Policy 33 (1): 147–75. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2003.13793066.Suche in Google Scholar

Walter, Achim, Michael Auer, and Thomas Ritter. 2006. “The Impact of Network Capabilities and Entrepreneurial Orientation on University Spin–Off Performance.” Journal of Business Venturing 21 (4): 541–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.02.005.Suche in Google Scholar

Wernerfelt, Birger. 1989. “The Importance of Focus in Organizational Performance.” American Economic Review 78: 248–51.Suche in Google Scholar

Wiklund, Johan, and Dean Shepherd. 2003. “Knowledge–Based Resources, Entrepreneurial Orientation, and the Performance of Small and Medium-sized Businesses.” Strategic Management Journal 24 (13): 1307–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.360.Suche in Google Scholar

Wright, Mike, Bart Clarysse, Philippe Mustar, and Andy Lockett. 2007. Academic Entrepreneurship in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781847205575Suche in Google Scholar

Wright, Mike, Andy Lockett, Bart Clarysse, and Martin Binks. 2006. “University Spin-Out Companies and Venture Capital.” Research Policy 35 (4): 481–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.01.005.Suche in Google Scholar

Zaheer, Akbar, and Geoffrey G. Bell. 2005. “Benefiting from Network Position: Firm Capabilities, Structural Holes, and Performance.” Strategic Management Journal 26 (9): 809–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.482.Suche in Google Scholar

Zahra, Shaker A., Els Van de Velde, and Barbara Larraneta. 2007. “Knowledge Conversion Capability and the Performance of Corporate and University Spin-Offs.” Industrial and Corporate Change 16 (4): 569–608. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtm018.Suche in Google Scholar

Ziaee Bigdeli, Ali, Feng Li, and Xiaohui Shi. 2016. “Sustainability and Scalability of University Spinouts: A Business Model Perspective.” R&D Management 46 (3): 504–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/radm.12167.Suche in Google Scholar