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The effect of tunable morphology on the potential application of p(acrylic acid-co-2-ethylhexyl acrylate)/silica nanohybrids

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e-Polymers
Aus der Zeitschrift e-Polymers Band 17 Heft 6

Abstract

The present study deals with the one-pot synthesis of acrylate copolymers/silica latexes through the use of simultaneous radical polymerization of acrylic monomers and a silica sol-gel precursor. In presence of 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS) and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), compatibility of acrylate chains to the silica species was improved by the chemical bonds as revealed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated the successful formation of p(acrylic acid-co-2-ethylhexyl acrylate)/silica nanohybrids with core-shell morphology. The nanohybrids have been used to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectra were utilized to investigate the properties of the modified electrode in a 1.0 m KCl solution that contained 1.0 mm K4[Fe(CN)6]/K3[Fe(CN)6], and the interface properties of electrode surfaces. The result showed a dramatic decrease in redox activity as compared to the bare GCE electrode. This revealed a slight increase in electron transfer resistance and the conductivity of the copolymer oligomers and silica species in the hybrid nanostructure. All the electrochemical results illustrated that the p(acrylic acid-co- 2-ethylhexyl acrylate)/silica nanohybrids could immobilize the selective analytes on the electrodes, which had electrochemical catalytic activity. The barrier properties of the hybrid films were also examined via ultraviolet (UV) absorption capacity of the films. It could be concluded that the adsorption capacity was a function of the silica content and uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles in the resultant films.

Keywords: electrochemical properties; hybrid nanoparticle; morphology; one-pot synthesis; p(acrylic acid co- 2-ethylhexyl acrylate)/silica; UV-adsorption capacity

1 Introduction

Nanohybrid coatings, which are also known as organic-inorganic nanocomposite coatings (OINCs), can be appropriately introduced not only by ex situ nanostructure architects such as the blending method but also by in situ sol-gel processes (1). Due to the size of their inorganic phase, which is significantly smaller than the light wavelength, the OINCs have a high transparency. Additionally, the OINCs can take the advantages of the combination between the two different comprising phases; i.e. the combination of rigidity, functionality and durability arising from inorganic phase and softness and processability caused by the organic phase (1), (2).

Regarding the mucoadhesives (3) and pressure-sensitive adhesives (4) as classic examples to emphasize the importance of applying acrylic polymers in the form of copolymers and homopolymers, more attention has been paid to the successful development of high performance polymeric materials. For instance, poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylates) (PEHA) are very important products that are used in many areas from mounting tape manufacturing, to being used as components of kits for treating obesity and reducing absorption of fats in mammals (3), (4). Likewise, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), as a weak polyelectrolyte, is often applied to change the surface properties of inorganic particles that are mainly utilized in dense membrane-based separation processes (5).

The one-pot process is a simultaneous combination of the sol-gel reaction with free radical polymerization of organic monomer(s) containing functional groups to improve the interaction between organic and inorganic phases (6), (7). In the one-pot method, both phases of hybrid particles are generated simultaneously either by forming single individual hybrid particles or beside polymer particles (8), (9), (10), (11). Considering the cost and the environmental effect of a synthesis process, water-based systems are progressively preferred especially in the coating and adhesive industries (12). In recent years, a large number of related published scientific articles and patents have been devoted to the polymer composites produced in the colloidal system, which can become composite films through direct drying.

In this study, a one-pot route is utilized for the production of P(AA-co-EHA)/silica nanohybrids with tunable morphology and electrochemical properties, which was studied by the impacts of various coupling agents and other synthesized parameters. Despite several benefits of the one-pot technique for the production of water-based P(AA-co-EHA)/silica hybrids, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no similar study has been reported with regard to morphological controlling and consequently the change in the electrochemical activity, film-formability and UV absorption capacity of the hybrid nanoparticles.

2 Experimental section

2.1 Materials and synthesis procedure

The reagents that were used for the synthesis of the nanohybrid particles included acrylic acid (Merck), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS, 99%, Merck, Germany), ammonia solution (NH4OH, 32%, Merck, Germany), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%, Merck, Germany), ethanol (EtOH, 96%, Merck, Germany), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, 99.0%, Merck, Germany), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS, purum grade, Merck, Germany), 3- methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS, purum grade, Merck, Germany) and ammonium persulfate (APS, Merck, Germany). The one-pot synthesized P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 hybrid nanoparticle was accomplished according to the following procedure as detailed in our previous work (6) and shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Synthesis of tunable P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles with different coupling agents.
Figure 1:

Synthesis of tunable P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles with different coupling agents.

The synthesis procedure was started by dissolving various amounts of TEOS in ethanol (1:4 vol%) to accelerate TEOS hydrolysis and condensation reactions (13). Then, a mixture of the residual EtOH, γ-MPS or APTS as a coupling agent, acrylic acid (AA) and 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate monomer (s) (75:25 w:w), CTAB as a surfactant and deionized water were poured into a 500-ml 3-necked round-bottom flask. To control the reaction condition, the pH of the mixture was adjusted to the target value (3.5) by adding either NH4OH (2N) or HCl(2N). The flask was equipped with a reflux condenser. Also, a thermometer and a magnetic stirring bar were inserted into a water bath and heated to 80°C under stirring for 15 min. The mixture was simultaneously purged with nitrogen. After that, TEOS solution was introduced into the flask for a few seconds, under magnetic stirring. Finally, a certain amount of ammonium persulfate aqueous solution (10 gl−1) was charged to the reactor. The polymerization reaction was carried out within 240 min. Table 1 summarizes the synthesis conditions.

Table 1:

Summary of the experimental conditions.

SampleTEOS (mol)NH3 (mol)CTAB (mol)Silane (mol)AA/TEOS (mol ratio)
P(AA-co-EHA)(MPS)-30%SiO210.50.30.12.78
P(AA-co-EHA( (MPS)-40%SiO210.50.30.14.72
P(AA-co-EHA) (APTS)-30%SiO20.50.50.30.12.78
P(AA-co-EHA) (APTS)-40%SiO20.50.50.30.14.72

2.2 Characterization

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements were performed on an LEO 912AB Energy Filter TEM microscope (Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) that operated at 120 kV. The infrared (IR) spectra were recorded on an FT-IR 8400S (Shimadzu, Tokyo, Japan) with KBr pressed pellets. The nanohybrid films absorbance at the ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) range was also obtained on a UV-VIS Spectrophotometer (Spectrod 210, Analytik, Jena, Germany). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) (Zetasizer Nano-ZS, Malvern Instruments Ltd., UK) was used to determine the dynamic diameter and size distribution of the particles. Additionally, an electrochemical system, CompactStat (Ivium Technologies, the Netherlands), was applied for the electrochemical analysis of the nanhybribs-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Thermogravimetric analysis was also performed with a TA Instrument (TGA, Dupont 931, USA).

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Chemical composition of P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 nanohybrids

As can be seen from the FTIR spectra shown in Figure 2, the peak at 1745 cm−1 was absent in comparison with the pure MPS spectra (14), whereas new peaks at 1703 and 1727 cm−1 concomitant of the absorption at 1733 cm−1 in the MPS-comprising nanohybrids appeared, which might be related to the formation of ester groups. Ester bonds resulting from the reaction between carboxylic acid exists in PAA and silanol groups of silica moieties (14). Besides, the bands of the O-H group in PAA/SiO2 hybrids, were broadened with the increase of silica content from 30 to 40 wt% and gradually shifted from 3100 cm−1 to 3150 cm−1, respectively, as shown in Figure 2. This could be attributed to the formation of strong hetero-associated hydrogen bonds between the organic and inorganic species.

Figure 2: FTIR spectra of the P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2hybrid nanoparticles with different coupling agents.
Figure 2:

FTIR spectra of the P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2hybrid nanoparticles with different coupling agents.

In the case of the treated nanohybrids with APTS, the band at 3090 cm−1 shifted to 3399 cm−1 and a new band at 3190 cm−1 appeared, while the single broad band at ~3200 cm−1 disappeared. The coexistence of bands at wave numbers about 3400, 1650 and 1150 cm−1 corresponding to the N-H,-C(=O)-N-H secondary amine bond and the C-N-C secondary amine moiety revealed successful surface modification with amino groups. The formation of the secondary amine bond might be related to the attachment between amine groups and the carboxyl groups (15), (16). Moreover, as it is illustrated by the FTIR spectra, the manifest peaks about 3000–3600 cm−1, 400–500 cm−1 and 1086 cm−1 appeared in the P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 nanocomposite spectrum. This finding indicated the formation of the silica phase (17), (18). However, the perceivable peaks at 1165, 1725, 2850 and 2985 cm−1, which were associated with the characteristic vibration of -COC, C=O, CH2 and CH groups, respectively, confirmed the acrylate copolymer formation. The lack of absorption in the characteristic C=C bond region at 1620 cm−1 would be related to the absence of monomer impurities, too (3).

3.2 Morphological study of P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles

As it is revealed by TEM micrographs shown in Figure 3, the formation of the hybrid nanoparticles in the core-shell grain structure was confirmed. Depending on the compatibility between organic and inorganic(s) components and synthesis conditions, a variety of microstructures could be obtained, although a careful scrutiny discloses differences that may come from changing the possible core-shell formation mechanism of the nanohybrid particles (12), (19). In the MPS-comprising nanohybrid, formation may be carried out simultaneously through the polymer deposition in the aqueous solution and seed surface polymerization on the SiO2. Most of the (PAA and EHA) monomers were dispersed into spherical coagulations because of a conceivable aggregation of the hydrophilic AA monomer in ethanol and hydrophobicity of EHA monomer in the aqueous solution. They also composed the droplet-like coagulation, which was stabilized with CTAB and feasibly modified by MPS. Meanwhile, within the formation of silica nanospheres by a sol-gel reaction and formation of a silica core, adsorption of MPS functional groups on their surface could take place. Therefore, the MPS modified-SiO2 had proper interface compatibility with the acrylate coagulation due to organic functional groups (methacryloxy-groups) on MPS-modified SiO2 surface, which might accelerate the possible existence of the acrylate coagulation and modified-SiO2 in the same places. With addition of APS, the sites of their co-existence provided the main places to capture the free radicals and accomplish the seeded polymerization to form the acrylic shell (19). Furthermore, in some studies, the formation mechanism of the nanohybrid particles at the presence of the polymerization-reactive silane (MPS) was considered as an in situ grafting method whereby the dimension of the resultant nanoparticles can be larger than the non-reactive silane (APTS)-containing nanohybrids. This point was also confirmed in the current study as obtained DLS data of the hybrids shown in Figure 4 reveal.

Figure 3: Morphology of P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles. TEM and Cryo-TEM observations of (A) APTS- and (B) MPS-comprising nanohybrids.
Figure 3:

Morphology of P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles. TEM and Cryo-TEM observations of (A) APTS- and (B) MPS-comprising nanohybrids.

Figure 4: Particle size distribution histograms (left) and dynamic light scattering data (right) of the P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 nanohybrids with different coupling agents.
Figure 4:

Particle size distribution histograms (left) and dynamic light scattering data (right) of the P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 nanohybrids with different coupling agents.

According to the literature (12), (20) the most common morphology of APTS-comprising nanohybrids, in the heterocoagulation mode is the raspberry-shaped morphology, which is the simplest approach among the suggested method for nanohybrid particle synthesis. Taking the formation of the individual coagulation with organic and inorganic natures into consideration, through a spontaneous phenomenon resulting from the Browning motion, the two coagulation could react together (12). The electrostatic interactions of the organic APTS functional groups with the acrylate coagulation and the APTS-modified silica spheres (with amine groups of APTS) could be considered as a driving force. It could also be allowed for the capacity of the copolymer fusion due to their significantly Tg difference leading to the formation of the shell-like shape during the synthesis process. The fusion would be viewed as a local reaction as the hydrophobic EHA monomers tended to localize near the surface of silica during the copolymerization with the hydrophilic oligomers (21).

Irrespective of the results, as the elemental analyses obtained by a field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) line scan illustrated in Figure 5, reaching its maximum content of silica near the center of the nanostructures, could establish the formation of a core-shell nanosphere with a silica-rich core and an acrylate copolymer-reach shell.

Figure 5: FE-SEM observations of (A) APTS- and (B) MPS-comprising nanohybrids.
Figure 5:

FE-SEM observations of (A) APTS- and (B) MPS-comprising nanohybrids.

3.3 Properties of P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 nanohybrids

3.3.1 UV-barrier capacity

The UV absorbance of a pristine film and hybrid films containing the different amount (30 and 40 wt%) of SiO2 is shown in Figure 6. Although both hybrid films presented a substantially higher UV absorption than the blank one, the absorption capacity of the acrylate copolymer/SiO2 hybrid was higher and particularly above 250 nm, which was relatively appealing for UV blocking properties (22). As Figure 6 reveals, the UV blocking capacity of the nanohybrid films depended on the silica content and dispersion uniformity of the nanospheres. The previous work (23) indicated that MPS was better than APTS for dispersion of modified silica species in acrylate systems. Additionally, in the case of MPS-comprising nanohybrids, the appearance of a new UV absorbance at ~350 nm might be related to the extension of conjugation between the acryloxy groups resulting from polymerization activity of MPS (23). It should be mentioned that if the area under the curves is considered as a measure to compare the UV-durability of the nanohybrids; in addition to the above-mentioned parameters such as silica content and dispersion uniformity of the nanoparticles, the nature of silane is also important due to the control of the nanostructure as the TEM results show in Figure 3. In fact, any significant aggregation or clustering would inevitably lead to substantial light scattering and the loss of optical clarity, while all the nanohybrids films had a transmittance of more than 50% above 600 nm indicating that the results of the present study confirm the previous findings (24), (25).

Figure 6: UV/visible spectra of a P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 films containing two different coupling agents.
Figure 6:

UV/visible spectra of a P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 films containing two different coupling agents.

3.3.2 Electrochemical properties

The electrochemical experiment runs were at room temperature using an electrochemical system (CompactStat, Ivium Technologies, the Netherlands) equipped by a Faraday cage. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were performed in a conventional three-electrode electrochemical cell. The test cell contained a platinum wire electrode as the counter electrode, a KCl-saturated Hg/Hg2Cl2 electrode as the reference electrode and a nanohybrid-modified GCE as the working electrode that was immersed in 1.0 m KCl aqueous solution containing 1.0 mm K4[Fe(CN)6]/K3[Fe(CN)6]. The reproducibility of the measurements was checked by repeating all the tests three times.

To prepare the modified GCE (3 mm diameter) by P(AA-co-EHA)/silica nanohybrides, the GC electrode was grinded with 2500-grit emery paper and was polished to a mirror-like surface with 0.05–1 μm alumina slurries followed by the deep rinse with distilled water. Then, the electrodes were ultrasonicated in ethanol and distilled water to obtain a clear and clean surface and dried at room temperature. Finally, the P(AA-co-EHA)/silica-modified electrode was fabricated by drop-casting of a certain amount of P(AA-co-EHA)/silica solution (0.01 g in 3 ml ethanol) on GCE and dried at room temperature. The modified electrode was directly used in the electrochemical tests as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7: The fabrication of modified-GC electrode for electrochemical test.
Figure 7:

The fabrication of modified-GC electrode for electrochemical test.

The reason for using ferri/ferrocyanide was that the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple response could be interpreted as a conductivity of the prepared electrodes (26). As shown in Figure 8, the CV shapes including a pair of redox peaks of [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 were reshaped from peak to the plateau. Currents were decreased by 1.87 times and Ep was increased by a factor of 21.5 when compared to bare GCE. The results revealed that the P(AA-co-EHA)/silica core-shell on the electrodes provided a barrier to electron transfer and blocked the electrochemical reactions on the electrode surface, which might be caused by the relatively weak conductivity of the inorganic and organic species (27). The remarkable decrease in peak currents would be attributed to the abundant silanol groups with negative charge, which could repulse and restrict the diffusion of the negatively charged [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 towards the electrode surface. This decrease can also be related to the negative charge repulsion force between the ionized groups such as COO− in MPS-contaning nanohybrids and [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4. However, due to promotion of an electrostatic interaction, the COO− groups not only provided good stability but also enabled the interaction with the amine functional groups in APTS-contaning nanohybrids and obviously increased the redox peaks (28), (29), (30). These results showed the significant effect of nanostructured building architectures on charge transfer (27), (30).

Figure 8: Cyclic voltammograms of 1 mm [Fe(CN)6]−3,−4 in a 1.0 m KCl aqueous solution recorded at the bare GCE and the different P(AA-co-EHA)/silica-modified electrodes. Scan rate: 25 mV s−1.
Figure 8:

Cyclic voltammograms of 1 mm [Fe(CN)6]−3,−4 in a 1.0 m KCl aqueous solution recorded at the bare GCE and the different P(AA-co-EHA)/silica-modified electrodes. Scan rate: 25 mV s−1.

EIS as one of the most powerful nondestructive tools is widely used to evaluate the performance of the modified electrode and study the interface properties of the electrode surfaces. The interpretation of the obtained EIS spectra can be made by numeric fitting and the use of equivalent circuits depicted in Figure 9B and Zsimp Win software (version 3.21). As shown in Figure 9A the Nyquist plot for the bare GCE exhibited a very small semicircle. This finding suggests a low [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 transfer resistance. As the data in Table 2 indicate, the modification of P(AA-co-EHA)/silica nanohybrids on the bare GCE surface dramatically increased the [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 transfer resistance values (Rc). This reveals poor electron transfer ability of the nanohybrids. The resistance value of P(AA-co-EHA)/silica-modified electrodes containing APTS and lower silica content, decreased obviously when compared to that of the modified electrodes comprising MPS with a higher amount of SiO2. These findings are in agreement with the results from CVs tests. The Bode and phase diagrams of the modified electrode had two peaks and inflection points, so that two capacitive responses and resistances could be considered. Hence, in the quantitative interpretation of the EIS results, the Cc and RC are capacitance and resistance of the P(AA-co-EHA)/silica nanohybrid on the GCE. The Cdl and Rct represent the capacitance of the double layer and the resistance of the [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 transfer process, respectively. But the bare GCE Bode and phase diagrams showed one peak and inflection points. Therefore, the electrode impedance data were described by a capacitance (Cdl), resistance (Rct) and diffusion element, Warburg (W). The fitted results for the P(AA-co-EHA)/silica nanohybrids on the GCE and the bare GC electrode has been listed in Table 2. Figure 10A reveals that all the modified electrodes show much higher impedance values at low frequencies than the bare one. This may be ascribed to the blocking effect negatively charged [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 diffuses towards the electrode surface as mentioned in the CVs data. An increase of about 18° in phase angles of the time constant at a high frequency indicates that electrolyte and water probably have not penetrated through the nanohybrid layers on the electrode. The results are in correspond with the impedance, CV, Bode data and the pervious findings reviewed in the literature about the organic-inorganic nanohybrid electrochemical properties (19), (31). According to the electrochemical results, the deprivation in redox activity reveals that electrostatic repulsion, elaborate morphology and the weakened double layer serve as obstacles for [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 transferring to the electrode surface. The condition may be appropriate for applying the negatively charged nanohybrid modifiers in electrochemical catalytic activation for instance, selective determination of dopamine in the presence of ascorbic acid (28).

Figure 9: (A) A Nyquist plot that corresponded to P(AA-co-EHA)/silica-modified and bare GCE in 1 mm [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 in a 1.0 m KCl aqueous solution and (B) equivalent circuit of P(AA-co-EHA)/silica-modified (upper) and bare (bottom) GCE.
Figure 9:

(A) A Nyquist plot that corresponded to P(AA-co-EHA)/silica-modified and bare GCE in 1 mm [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 in a 1.0 m KCl aqueous solution and (B) equivalent circuit of P(AA-co-EHA)/silica-modified (upper) and bare (bottom) GCE.

Table 2:

The P(AA-co-EHA)/silica nanohybrid (Rc) and electron-transfer (Rct) resistance and other electrical parameters for different electrodes calculated by electrical equivalent circuit.

SamplesEIS results
Equivalent circuitRS (Ω cm2)CC (1/Ω cm2)n1RC (Ω cm2)Cdl (1/Ω cm2)n2Rct (Ω cm2)w (1/Ω cm2)χ2
BareR(Q(RW))81.38–––9.5×10−40.441.9×1041.3×10−71.3×10−3
P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 (MPS1)aR(Q(R(QR)))74.251.7×10−40.45531.15.9×10−60.701.6×104–5.6×10−4
P(AA-co- EHA)/SiO2 (APTS1)R(Q(R(QR)))62.391.0×10−50.57121.92.5×10−50.571.4×104–6.0×10−4
P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 (APTS2)R(Q(R(QR)))93.616.6×10−50.5625869.4×10−613.4×103–2.8×10−4
P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 (MPS2)R(Q(R(QR)))85.441.8×10−40.5626719.3×10−50.992.4×103–3.7×10−4

  1. a1 and 2 represent the 30 and 40% silica contents in the nanohybrids.

Figure 10: (A) EIS Bode modulus (hollow symbols) and phase angle (solid symbols) plots obtained for modified and bare GC electrodes during immersion in 1 mm [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 in a 1.0 m KCl aqueous solution, (B) bar graph plotted for the comparison of the impedance values of the P(AA-co-EHA)/silica-modified and bare GC electrodes at the lowest frequency.
Figure 10:

(A) EIS Bode modulus (hollow symbols) and phase angle (solid symbols) plots obtained for modified and bare GC electrodes during immersion in 1 mm [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 in a 1.0 m KCl aqueous solution, (B) bar graph plotted for the comparison of the impedance values of the P(AA-co-EHA)/silica-modified and bare GC electrodes at the lowest frequency.

3.3.3 Thermal properties

To investigate the thermal properties of P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles TGA analysis (Dupont 931, USA) was carried out at a heating rate of 10°/min and at a temperature range of 100–600°C. As it is revealed by the TGA thermograms, Figure 11, the weight loss value of P(AA-co-EHA)/40%SiO2 hybrid MPS coupling agent is lower than that of PAA(APTS)-silica hybrid, which are ~58 and 60% in air, respectively. The interaction force between copolymer and silica species is changed from ester bonds to the secondary amine bonds (based on the FTIR results) when the two different silanes are used as coupling agents for the preparation of the hybrid nanocomposites (17). Moreover, the (maximum) decomposition temperatures of the PAA(MPS)-silica nanohybrids increased in comparison with PAA(APTS)-silica, and the decomposition rates gradually declined. Thus, it seems that the results obtained from the TGA observation are also due to the morphology diversity of nanohybrids.

Figure 11: TGA analysis of P(AA-co-EHA)/40%SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles synthesized by different coupling agents.
Figure 11:

TGA analysis of P(AA-co-EHA)/40%SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles synthesized by different coupling agents.

4 Conclusion

A practical one-pot process was proposed to prepare efficiently P(AA-co-EHA)/silica hybrid nanoparticles by consecutive polycondensation and free radical polymerization of the inorganic and organic precursors. The resulting P(AA-co-EHA)/SiO2 nanoparticles had different structures, thermal stability and UV absorbance capacity, which could be easily regulated by changing the coupling agent nature as an effective parameter. Furthermore, as the electrochemical results showed, the nanohybrids synthesized by this method with tunable morphology, strong polymer/silica interactions and film-formability that are regarded as functional thin films/coatings have potential applications such as electrochemical catalytic activity.

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Received: 2017-2-27
Accepted: 2017-5-21
Published Online: 2017-8-3
Published in Print: 2017-10-26

©2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. In this Issue
  3. Full length articles
  4. Polylactic acid biocomposites: approaches to a completely green flame retarded polymer
  5. Influence of reactive POSS and DDP on thermal stability and flame retardance of UPR nanocomposites
  6. The effect of tunable morphology on the potential application of p(acrylic acid-co-2-ethylhexyl acrylate)/silica nanohybrids
  7. Electrosynthesis and analysis of the electrochemical properties of a composite material: polyterthiophene + titanium oxide
  8. Effect of organoclay on structure, morphology, thermal behavior and coating performance of Jatropha oil based polyesteramide
  9. Improving the thermoelectric power factor of PEDOT:PSS films by a simple two-step post-treatment method
  10. Poly(AN-co-PEGMA)/hBN/NaClO4 composite electrolytes for sodium ion battery
  11. Glass fiber reinforced rigid polyurethane foam: synthesis and characterization
  12. Synthesis and characteristics of novel azo-based diblock copolymers and their self-assembly behavior via solvents and thermal annealing
https://doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2017-0041
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
electrochemical properties; hybrid nanoparticle; morphology; one-pot synthesis; p(acrylic acid co- 2-ethylhexyl acrylate)/silica; UV-adsorption capacity
Creative Commons
BY-NC-ND 3.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Frontmatter
  2. In this Issue
  3. Full length articles
  4. Polylactic acid biocomposites: approaches to a completely green flame retarded polymer
  5. Influence of reactive POSS and DDP on thermal stability and flame retardance of UPR nanocomposites
  6. The effect of tunable morphology on the potential application of p(acrylic acid-co-2-ethylhexyl acrylate)/silica nanohybrids
  7. Electrosynthesis and analysis of the electrochemical properties of a composite material: polyterthiophene + titanium oxide
  8. Effect of organoclay on structure, morphology, thermal behavior and coating performance of Jatropha oil based polyesteramide
  9. Improving the thermoelectric power factor of PEDOT:PSS films by a simple two-step post-treatment method
  10. Poly(AN-co-PEGMA)/hBN/NaClO4 composite electrolytes for sodium ion battery
  11. Glass fiber reinforced rigid polyurethane foam: synthesis and characterization
  12. Synthesis and characteristics of novel azo-based diblock copolymers and their self-assembly behavior via solvents and thermal annealing
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