Prenatal diagnosis of Holt-Oram syndrome
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Virginia Foreste
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Carla Riccardi
Abstract
Objectives
To detect common congenital disorders in Holt-Oram syndrome.
Case presentation
We present a case of a 32 years old primigravida pregnant woman affected by Holt-Oram syndrome referred to our institution for second trimester routine anatomy scan. The ultrasound reported a bilateral aplasia radii, slightly curved ulna and bilateral twisted hand with four digital rays. A significant enlargement of the right atrium without tricuspid regurgitation was also detected. The patient refused the amniocentesis and the postnatal evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of Holt-Oram syndrome.
Conclusions
Holt-Oram syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic condition. It is characterized by abnormalities in the bones of the upper limb and congenital heart malformation. The mutation can be inherited, but most cases result from a new mutation in patients without family history of the disorder.
Introduction
Holt-Oram syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic condition. It is characterized by abnormalities in the bones of the upper limb and congenital heart malformation [1]. The only gene known to be associated with Holt-Oram syndrome is the TBX5 gene. A TBX5 gene mutation has been identified in approximately 74% of individuals affected with Holt-Oram syndrome [2]. Currently, there are more than 70 known mutations in the TBX5 gene that cause Holt-Oram syndrome [3]. The mutation can be inherited, but most cases result from a new mutation in patients without family history of the disorder.
Here we present a case of prenatal diagnosis of Holt-Oram syndrome in a pregnant woman affected by the disease.
Case presentation
A 32 year old primigravida pregnant woman affected by Holt-Oram syndrome was referred to our institution for second trimester routine anatomy scan. She had a positive family history of Holt-Oram syndrome involving her mother and her sister (Figure 1). In all family members affected, the only clinical evidence of the syndrome regards the upper limb defects, with a carpal bone malformation and agenesis of the thumb. The ultrasound reported a bilateral aplasia radii, slightly curved ulna and bilateral twisted hand with four digital rays (Figure 2). A significant enlargement of the right atrium without tricuspid regurgitation was also detected (Figure 3). The patient refused the amniocentesis and decided to carry on with the pregnancy. At the time of follow-up ultrasound at 30 weeks, the right atrial enlargement was confirmed without tricuspid insufficiency or other cardiac malformations. The patient underwent emergent cesarean delivery at 40 weeks of gestation because of fetal bradycardia during labor. A male infant was delivered with a birth weight of 3,110 g and APGAR score of 9 and 9 at 1′ and 5′ min. Postnatal evaluation confirmed the severe radii hypoplasia, slightly curved ulna and agenesis of the first ray (Figure 4). Neonatal echocardiography ducted the right atrial enlargement noticing also an atrial and two little ventricular septal defects not detected prenatally. The genetic analysis was also performed, and TBX5 mutation was detected.
Family tree showing the autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.
Ultrasonographic images of fetal upper limb defects at 18 weeks of gestation.
(A) Twisted fetal hand. (B) Curved ulna and radio aplasia.
Enlargement of the right atrium.
Upper limb defects at time of birth.
Discussion
Holt-Oram syndrome is a heart-hand syndrome characterized by abnormalities of the upper limbs and shoulder girdle associated with a congenital heart lesion [4]. It is an autosomal dominant genetic disease with complete penetrance, described for the first time in 1960 by Mary Holt and Samuel Oram [5]. The estimated frequency of Holt-Oram syndrome is 1/100,000 births. It is due to mutations in the TBX3 and TBX5 genes on chromosome 12q2 [3]. The skeletal abnormalities affect the upper limbs from phocomelia (10% of cases) to minor restriction of movement of the thumbs, elbows or shoulder [6]. The defects may be unilateral or bilateral, however radius is always affected. In majority of cases the disturbances are observed on the left side of the body [6]. The most common cardiac anomaly is secundum atrial septal defects, but also ventricular septal defects and conduction abnormalities are frequently found [4]. More severe cardiac abnormalities have been also described, including left heart hypoplasia, coarctation of the aorta, or conotruncal defects such as tetralogy of Fallot, common arterial trunk, double outlet right ventricle [7, 8].
Prenatal diagnosis can be performed even before 14th week of pregnancy and should not cause problems, especially if major limb reductions are present [9]. This condition can appeared in the first trimester with increased nuchal translucency thickness [10]. It is important that when cardiovascular and upper limb defects are detected, other syndromes such as chromosomal defects (trisomy 13, trisomy 18 and the l3q-syndrome), the TAR syndrome, Fanconi aplastic anemia (both autosomal recessive diseases) and sporadic cases of the V A TER association must be excluded [9]. In the second trimester, the use of 3D sonography allowed depiction of the upper limb anomalies very clearly [10].
In summary, Holt-Oram syndrome may be suspected when upper-extremity malformations involving radial, thenar or carpal bones, coexist with congenital heart malformations. In our case the only heart malformation detected was a right atrial enlargement. Thus, when such a finding is detected in a fetus, an accurate control of the upper limbs is necessary and a genetic test for Holt-Oram syndrome should be discussed with parents. Prenatal diagnosis of the syndrome allows to plan in advance all the necessary treatments at the time of birth.
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Research funding: None declared.
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Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
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Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.
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Ethical approval: The local Institutional Review Board deemed the study exempt from review.
References
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© 2022 Virginia Foreste et al., published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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- Case Reports – Obstetrics
- Chagasic heart failure in a pregnant woman in a non-endemic area: case report and long-term follow-up
- A rare but troublesome complication of cesarean section: the uterocutaneous fistula. Report of two cases and review of literature
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