Abstract
Students leaving the Japanese secondary education system have typically spent hundreds of hours studying English grammatical structures and memorizing vocabulary lists but relatively little time putting that knowledge to communicative use. This lack of language practice can result in feelings of anxiety when faced with compulsory university courses that focus on speaking skills, such as participating in discussions and debates. This study examines first year Japanese student responses to an end-of-semester survey for a course employing a student-centered approach to developing academic Discussion Skills. The authors analyze students’ comments from an open-ended item on the questionnaire asking for feedback regarding any aspect of the course. The results show that many students reported a journey from initial resistance towards speaking English to feelings of confidence and enjoyment. The features of the course that students identified as lowering this resistance included: the enjoyment that came about through pair and group work with classmates; the cognitive discourse functions that provided scaffolding for taking part in discussion; and the consistent and coherent lesson structure that lowered the cognitive load to allow for more focus on communicating and co-constructing ideas. While this study focuses on the Japanese context, it contributes to knowledge across any language center seeking to help students transition to courses with a greater emphasis on spoken communication.
References
Andrade, Melvin & Kenneth Williams. 2009. Foreign language learning anxiety in Japanese EFL university classes: Physical, emotional, expressive, and verbal reactions. Sophia Junior College Faculty Journal 29. 1–24.Search in Google Scholar
Bordilovskaya, Anna. 2018. Internationalization of higher education in the foreign language curriculum in Japan: A teacher’s perspective on compulsory English discussion course. In Internationalization within higher education: Perspectives from Japan, 57–75. Springer Briefs in Education. Singapore: Springer.10.1007/978-981-10-8255-9_4Search in Google Scholar
Breeze, Ruth & Emma Dafouz. 2017. Constructing complex Cognitive Discourse Functions in higher education: An exploratory study of exam answers in Spanish-and English-medium instruction settings. System 70. 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2017.09.024.Search in Google Scholar
Browne, Charles & Minoru Wada. 1998. Current issues in high school English teaching in Japan: An exploratory survey. Language Culture and Curriculum 11(1). 96–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908319808666543.Search in Google Scholar
Dalton-Puffer, Christiane. 2013. A construct of cognitive discourse functions for conceptualising content-language integration in CLIL and multilingual education. European Journal of Applied Linguistics 1(2). 216–253. https://doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2013-0011.Search in Google Scholar
El-Okda, Mohamed. 2005. A proposed model for EFL teacher involvement in on-going curriculum development. Asian EFL Journal 7(4). 33–49.Search in Google Scholar
Evnitskaya, Natalia & Christiane Dalton-Puffer. 2020. Cognitive discourse functions in CLIL classrooms: Eliciting and analysing students’ oral categorizations in science and history. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2020.1804824.Search in Google Scholar
Ganchev, Ivo. 2020. Top-down or bottom-up? Employing a middle-ground approach in designing a UK academic writing course for advanced Chinese graduates. Journal of Teaching English for Specific and Academic Purposes 8(2). 95–110.10.22190/JTESAP2002095GSearch in Google Scholar
Greer, David. 2000. “The Eyes of Hito”: A Japanese cultural monitor of behavior in the communicative language classroom. JALT Journal 22(1). 183–195.10.37546/JALTJJ22.1-9Search in Google Scholar
Horwitz, Elaine, Michael Horwitz & Joann Cope. 1986. Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal 70(2). 125–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1986.tb05256.x.Search in Google Scholar
Kikuchi, Keita. 2009. Listening to our learners’ voices: What demotivates Japanese high school students? Language Teaching Research 13(4). 453–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168809341520.Search in Google Scholar
Kikuchi, Keita & Charles Browne. 2009. English educational policy for high schools in Japan. RELC Journal 40(2). 172–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688209105865.Search in Google Scholar
MacWhinnie, Steven & Colin Mitchell. 2017. English classroom reforms in Japan: A study of Japanese university EFL student anxiety and motivation. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 2(7). 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-017-0030-2.Search in Google Scholar
Miller, Ted. 1995. Japanese learners’ reactions to communicative English lessons. JALT Journal 17(1). 31–52.Search in Google Scholar
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. 2002. Japanese government policies in education, culture, Sports, science and Technology 2002. Available at: https://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/html/hpac200201/index.html.Search in Google Scholar
Morton, Tom. 2020. Cognitive discourse functions: A bridge between content, literacy and language for teaching and assessment in CLIL. Journal of Innovation and Research in Plurilingual and Pluricultural Education 3(1). 7–17. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/clil.33.Search in Google Scholar
Okada, Reiko. 2015. Thinking in the Japanese classroom. Journal of Modern Education Review 5(11). 1054–1060. https://doi.org/10.15341/jmer(2155-7993)/11.05.2015/004.Search in Google Scholar
Sato, Koichi. 2003. Improving our students’ speaking skills: Using selective error correction and group work to reduce anxietyand encourage real communication. Available at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED475518.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Seargeant, Philip. 2019. English in Japan in an era of global uncertainty. In Hayo Reinders, Stephen Ryan & Sachiko Nakamura (eds.), Innovation in language teaching and learning: The case of Japan, 9–22. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-3-030-12567-7_2Search in Google Scholar
Shea, David. 2018. Trying to teach dialogically: The good, the bad, and the misguided. Language Teaching Research 23(6). 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168818768982.Search in Google Scholar
Shimizu, Minoru. 2010. Japanese English education and learning: A history of adapting foreign cultures. Educational Perspectives 43. 5–11.Search in Google Scholar
Tahira, Masumi. 2012. Behind MEXT’s new course of study guidelines. The Language Teacher 36(3). 3–8. https://doi.org/10.37546/jalttlt36.3-1.Search in Google Scholar
Toyama, Michiko & Yoshitaka Yamazaki. 2018. Exploring the components of the foreign language classroom anxiety scale in the context of Japanese undergraduates. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 3(4). 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40862-018-0045-3.Search in Google Scholar
Yonezawa, Akiyoshi. 2010. Much ado about ranking: Why can’t Japanese universities internationalize? Japan Forum 22(1–2). 121–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2010.488948.Search in Google Scholar
Yonezawa, Akiyoshi. 2014. Japan’s challenge of fostering “global human resources”: Policy debates and practices. Japan Labor Review 11(2). 37–52.Search in Google Scholar
Young, Dolly. 1991. Creating a low-anxiety classroom environment: What does language anxiety research suggest? The Modern Language Journal 75(4). 426–439. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1991.tb05378.x.Search in Google Scholar
© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- Empowering learners in their critical, creative and autonomous thinking: from a good language learner to a better world citizen
- Articles
- Podcasting as project-based learning and its effect on the acquisition of linguistic and non-linguistic skills
- Vers une dynamique collaborative d’enseignement/apprentissage au sein de la démarche communic’actionnelle
- A pilot course with project-based learning in an intensive English program
- “My resistance disappeared”: Japanese university learners’ feedback to a student-centered English discussion course
- Critical incidents as a window into simple language management
- Assessing verbal interaction: towards European harmonization. Insights from the co-operation between Spanish and French language exams for Higher Education (CertAcles/CLES)
- Developing a rating scale for integrated assessment of reading-into-writing skills
- The longitudinal development of self-assessment and academic writing: an advanced writing programme
- Self-access learning of English intonation with speech software: examining learners’ perceptions with a focus on their concerns and negative comments
- Non-English major students’ perceptions of aspects of their autonomous language learning
- Identifying ELF programs in Italian University websites: what gaps need to be filled
- General and specialist vocabulary knowledge as predictors of academic success in EMI university programs
- English medium instruction in Higher Education of Afghanistan: students’ perspective
- Development of second language productive skills through CLIL in a Japanese university: a pre-experimental longitudinal study
- Native peers as mediators and experts in language learning in Higher Education
- Activity Report
- Learning languages through virtual exchange: an international university network
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Introduction
- Empowering learners in their critical, creative and autonomous thinking: from a good language learner to a better world citizen
- Articles
- Podcasting as project-based learning and its effect on the acquisition of linguistic and non-linguistic skills
- Vers une dynamique collaborative d’enseignement/apprentissage au sein de la démarche communic’actionnelle
- A pilot course with project-based learning in an intensive English program
- “My resistance disappeared”: Japanese university learners’ feedback to a student-centered English discussion course
- Critical incidents as a window into simple language management
- Assessing verbal interaction: towards European harmonization. Insights from the co-operation between Spanish and French language exams for Higher Education (CertAcles/CLES)
- Developing a rating scale for integrated assessment of reading-into-writing skills
- The longitudinal development of self-assessment and academic writing: an advanced writing programme
- Self-access learning of English intonation with speech software: examining learners’ perceptions with a focus on their concerns and negative comments
- Non-English major students’ perceptions of aspects of their autonomous language learning
- Identifying ELF programs in Italian University websites: what gaps need to be filled
- General and specialist vocabulary knowledge as predictors of academic success in EMI university programs
- English medium instruction in Higher Education of Afghanistan: students’ perspective
- Development of second language productive skills through CLIL in a Japanese university: a pre-experimental longitudinal study
- Native peers as mediators and experts in language learning in Higher Education
- Activity Report
- Learning languages through virtual exchange: an international university network