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Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for non-neoplastic lung diseases

  • Alessia Achille , Gabriella Guarnieri and Andrea Vianello ORCID logo EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: November 27, 2024
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Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)
From the journal Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) Volume 63 Issue 5

Abstract

Important advancements have been made in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying acute and chronic lung disorders. But although a wide variety of innovative biomarkers have and are being investigated, they are not largely employed to evaluate non-neoplastic lung diseases. The current work aims to examine the use of Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), a mucin-like glycoprotein predominantly expressed on the surface of type II alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2s), to evaluate the stage, response to treatment, and prognosis in patients with non-neoplastic lung disorders. Data analysis suggests that KL-6 can be utilized as an effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in individuals with interstitial lung disease and as a predictor of clinical outcomes in subjects with SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia. Moreover, KL-6 can be reliably used in routine clinical settings to diagnose and predict the outcome of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation. The optimal cut-off points within the European population should be defined to improve KL-6’s diagnostic efficacy.

Keywords: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; interstitial lung disease; Krebs von den Lungen-6; SARS-CoV-2
Corresponding author: Andrea Vianello, UOC Fisiopatologia Respiratoria, Ospedale-Università di Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2 35128, Padova, Italy, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: The local Institutional Review Board deemed the study exempt from review.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

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Received: 2024-09-15
Accepted: 2024-11-11
Published Online: 2024-11-27
Published in Print: 2025-04-28

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Are the benefits of External Quality Assessment (EQA) recognized beyond the echo chamber?
  4. Reviews
  5. Behind the scenes of EQA – characteristics, capabilities, benefits and assets of external quality assessment (EQA): Part I – EQA in general and EQA programs in particular
  6. Behind the scenes of EQA – characteristics, capabilities, benefits and assets of external quality assessment (EQA): Part II – EQA cycles
  7. Behind the scenes of EQA – characteristics, capabilities, benefits and assets of external quality assessment (EQA): Part III – EQA samples
  8. Behind the scenes of EQA–characteristics, capabilities, benefits and assets of external quality assessment (EQA): Part IV – Benefits for participant laboratories
  9. Behind the scenes of EQA – characteristics, capabilities, benefits and assets of external quality assessment (EQA): Part V – Benefits for stakeholders other than participants
  10. Opinion Papers
  11. Not all biases are created equal: how to deal with bias on laboratory measurements
  12. Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for non-neoplastic lung diseases
  13. General Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
  14. Evaluation of performance in preanalytical phase EQA: can laboratories mitigate common pitfalls?
  15. Point-of-care testing improves care timeliness in the emergency department. A multicenter randomized clinical trial (study POCTUR)
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  29. Letters to the Editor
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  31. Does blood tube filling influence the Athlete Biological Passport variables?
  32. Influence of data visualisations on laboratorians’ acceptance of method comparison studies
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https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2024-1089
Keywords for this article
bronchopulmonary dysplasia; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; interstitial lung disease; Krebs von den Lungen-6; SARS-CoV-2

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Are the benefits of External Quality Assessment (EQA) recognized beyond the echo chamber?
  4. Reviews
  5. Behind the scenes of EQA – characteristics, capabilities, benefits and assets of external quality assessment (EQA): Part I – EQA in general and EQA programs in particular
  6. Behind the scenes of EQA – characteristics, capabilities, benefits and assets of external quality assessment (EQA): Part II – EQA cycles
  7. Behind the scenes of EQA – characteristics, capabilities, benefits and assets of external quality assessment (EQA): Part III – EQA samples
  8. Behind the scenes of EQA–characteristics, capabilities, benefits and assets of external quality assessment (EQA): Part IV – Benefits for participant laboratories
  9. Behind the scenes of EQA – characteristics, capabilities, benefits and assets of external quality assessment (EQA): Part V – Benefits for stakeholders other than participants
  10. Opinion Papers
  11. Not all biases are created equal: how to deal with bias on laboratory measurements
  12. Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for non-neoplastic lung diseases
  13. General Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
  14. Evaluation of performance in preanalytical phase EQA: can laboratories mitigate common pitfalls?
  15. Point-of-care testing improves care timeliness in the emergency department. A multicenter randomized clinical trial (study POCTUR)
  16. The different serum albumin assays influence calcium status in haemodialysis patients: a comparative study against free calcium as a reference method
  17. Measurement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in serum by LC-MS/MS compared to immunoassay reveals inconsistent agreement in paediatric samples
  18. Knowledge among clinical personnel on the impact of hemolysis using blood gas analyzers
  19. Quality indicators for urine sample contamination: can squamous epithelial cells and bacteria count be used to identify properly collected samples?
  20. Reference Values and Biological Variations
  21. Biological variation of cardiac biomarkers in athletes during an entire sport season
  22. Increased specificity of the “GFAP/UCH-L1” mTBI rule-out test by age dependent cut-offs
  23. Cancer Diagnostics
  24. An untargeted metabolomics approach to evaluate enzymatically deconjugated steroids and intact steroid conjugates in urine as diagnostic biomarkers for adrenal tumors
  25. Cardiovascular Diseases
  26. Comparative evaluation of peptide vs. protein-based calibration for quantification of cardiac troponin I using ID-LC-MS/MS
  27. Infectious Diseases
  28. The potential role of leukocytes cell population data (CPD) for diagnosing sepsis in adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit
  29. Letters to the Editor
  30. Concentrations and agreement over 10 years with different assay versions and analyzers for troponin T and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide
  31. Does blood tube filling influence the Athlete Biological Passport variables?
  32. Influence of data visualisations on laboratorians’ acceptance of method comparison studies
  33. An appeal for biological variation estimates in deep immunophenotyping
  34. Serum free light chains reference intervals for the Lebanese population
  35. Applying the likelihood ratio concept in external quality assessment for ANCA
  36. A promising new direct immunoassay for urinary free cortisol determination
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