Home Age appropriate reference intervals for eight kidney function and injury markers in infants, children and adolescents
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Age appropriate reference intervals for eight kidney function and injury markers in infants, children and adolescents

  • Tamara van Donge ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Eveline Staub , Andrew Atkinson , Verena Gotta , John van den Anker , Lorenz Risch , Tatjana Welzel and Marc Pfister
Published/Copyright: August 6, 2020
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)
From the journal Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) Volume 59 Issue 2

Abstract

Objectives

The use of kidney function and injury markers for early detection of drug-related glomerular or tubular kidney injury in infants, children and adolescents requires age-specific data on reference intervals in a pediatric healthy population. This study characterizes serum values for eight kidney function and injury markers in healthy infants, children and adolescents.

Methods

A single center prospective observational study was conducted between December 2018 and June 2019. Serum samples from 142 healthy infants, children and adolescents aged between 0 and ≤15 years were collected. Statistical analyses for eight markers (albumin (ALB), β2-microglobulin (B2M), β-trace protein (BTP), creatinine (SCR), cystatin C (CYSC), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), uromodulin (URO)) were performed to obtain reference intervals and associations with age, sex and weight were investigated (Pearson correlation, linear and piecewise regression).

Results

ALB and SCR increased with age (p<0.01), whereas B2M, BTP and KIM-1 values decreased with advancing age (p<0.05) in this healthy pediatric study population. CYSC showed dependency on sex (lower concentration in females) and decreased with age until reaching approximately 1.8 years; thereafter an increase with age was seen. NGAL and URO did not show any age-dependency.

Conclusions

This study provides age appropriate reference intervals for key serum kidney function and injury markers determined in healthy infants, children and adolescents. Such reference intervals facilitate the interpretation of changes in kidney function and injury markers in daily practice, and allow early detection of glomerular and tubular injury in infancy, childhood and adolescence.

Keywords: age-dependency; kidney biomarker; kidney injury; pediatrics; reference intervals
Corresponding author: Tamara van DongePediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research, Universitäts-Kinderspital beider Basel (UKBB)Spitalstr. 33, 4031, Basel, Switzerland, Phone: +41 61 704 12 12, E-mail:

Tamara van Donge and Eveline Staub contributed equally to this work.

Tatjana Welzel and Marc Pfister contributed equally to this work.

Funding source: Eckenstein-Geigy Foundation

Funding source: SwissPedNet

Funding source: SwissPedPha

Acknowledgments

We like to thank all patients and parents, physicians, nurses and other medical staff from the short stay units and the hospital wards together with the Departments of Surgery, Anesthesia, ENT and Orthopedics for facilitating blood sample collections and participant recruitment. Thomas Erlanger (Clinical Trial Unit, Department of Clinical Research) is acknowledged for his assistance concerning the sample size calculation. Additionally, we want to thank Mrs. Hillmann for her assistance regarding the lab measurements. We also like to thank the study nurses from the Ambulatory Study Center for their assistance with participant recruitment and sample preparation.

  1. Research funding: This project has been supported by the Eckenstein-Geigy Foundation and was part of the national SwissPedNet and SwissPedPha consortia. This funding organizations played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data or in the writing of the manuscript.

  2. Author contributions: TVD, ES, JVDA, TW and MP conceived and designed the study. TVD and TW collected the data and were responsible for data management. LR provided the means for the analysis for the samples. TVD, VG and AA performed the statistical analysis. TVD, ES, VG, JVDA, TW and MP contributed to the interpretation of the results. TVD and TW wrote the draft of the manuscript. All authors provided critical feedback and helped shape the research, analysis and manuscript. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  5. Ethical approval: Study protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee (EKNZ BASEC 2016-00884).

References

1. van den Anker, JN, Schwab, M, Kearns, GL. Developmental pharmacokinetics. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011;205:51–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20195-0_2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

2. van Donge, T, Welzel, T, Atkinson, A, van den Anker, J, Pfister, M. Age‐dependent changes of kidney injury biomarkers in pediatrics. J Clin Pharmacol 2019;59:S21–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1487.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

3. den Bakker, E, Gemke, RJ, Bökenkamp, A. Endogenous markers for kidney function in children: a review. Crit Rev Cl Lab Sci 2018;55:163–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2018.1427041.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

4. van den Anker, JN, de Groot, R, Broerse, HM, Sauer, PJ, van der Heijden, BJ, Hop, WC, et al. Assessment of glomerular filtration rate in preterm infants by serum creatinine: comparison with inulin clearance. Pediatrics 1995;96:1156–8.10.1542/peds.96.6.1156Search in Google Scholar

5. Schwartz, GJ, Munoz, A, Schneider, MF, Mak, RH, Kaskel, F, Warady, BA, et al. New equations to estimate gfr in children with ckd. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:629–37. https://doi.org/10.1681/asn.2008030287.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

6. Schwartz, GJ, Haycock, GB, Edelmann, CM, Spitzer, A. A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in children derived from body length and plasma creatinine. Pediatrics 1976;58:259–63.10.1542/peds.58.2.259Search in Google Scholar

7. Hilderink, JM, van der Linden, N, Kimenai, DM, Litjens, EJ, Klinkenberg, LJ, Aref, BM, et al. Biological variation of creatinine, cystatin c, and egfr over 24 hours. Clin Chem 2018;64:851–60. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2017.282517.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

8. Sharbaf, FG, Farhangi, H, Assadi, F. Prevention of chemotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity in children with cancer. Int J Prev Med 2017;8:76. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_40_17.Search in Google Scholar

9. Donadio, C, Bozzoli, L. Urinary β-trace protein: a unique biomarker to screen early glomerular filtration rate impairment. Medicine 2016;95:e5553. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000005553.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

10. Risch, L, Lhotta, K, Meier, D, Medina-Escobar, P, Nydegger, UE, Risch, M. The serum uromodulin level is associated with kidney function. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014;52:1755–61. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2014-0505.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

11. Rindler, MJ, Naik, S, Li, N, Hoops, T, Peraldi, M. Uromodulin (tamm-horsfall glycoprotein/uromucoid) is a phosphatidylinositol-linked membrane protein. J Biol 1990;265:20784–9.10.1016/S0021-9258(17)45284-7Search in Google Scholar

12. Saeidi, B, Koralkar, R, Griffin, RL, Halloran, B, Ambalavanan, N, Askenazi, DJ. Impact of gestational age, sex, and postnatal age on urine biomarkers in premature neonates. Pediatr Nephrol 2015;30:2037–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3129-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Armangil, D, Yurdakök, M, Canpolat, FE, Korkmaz, A, Yiğit, Ş, Tekinalp, G. Determination of reference values for plasma cystatin c and comparison with creatinine in premature infants. Pediatr Nephrol 2008;23:2081. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-008-0867-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Finney, H, Newman, D, Thakkar, H, Fell, J, Price, C. Reference ranges for plasma cystatin c and creatinine measurements in premature infants, neonates, and older children. Arch Dis Child 2000;82:71–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/adc.82.1.71.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

15. Kornhauser, C, Dubey, L-A, Garay, M-E, Pérez-Luque, E-L, Malacara, J-M, Vargas-Origel, A. Serum and urinary insulin-like growth factor-1 and tumor necrosis factor in neonates with and without acute renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 2002;17:332–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-002-0849-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Bennett, MR, Nehus, E, Haffner, C, Ma, Q, Devarajan, P. Pediatric reference ranges for acute kidney injury biomarkers. Pediatr Nephrol 2015;30:677–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-2989-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

17. Cangemi, G, Storti, S, Cantinotti, M, Fortunato, A, Emdin, M, Bruschettini, M, et al. Reference values for urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (ngal) in pediatric age measured with a fully automated chemiluminescent platform. Clin Chem Lab Med 2013;51:1101–5. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2012-0540.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. McWilliam, SJ, Antoine, DJ, Sabbisetti, V, Pearce, RE, Jorgensen, AL, Lin, Y, et al. Reference intervals for urinary renal injury biomarkers kim-1 and ngal in healthy children. Biomark Med 2014;8:1189–97. https://doi.org/10.2217/bmm.14.36.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

19. Zwiers, AJ, de Wildt, SN, de Rijke, YB, Willemsen, SP, Abdullahi, NS, Tibboel, D, et al. Reference intervals for renal injury biomarkers neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and kidney injury molecule-1 in young infants. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015;53:1279–89. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2014-1020.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Wheeler, DS, Devarajan, P, Ma, Q, Harmon, K, Monaco, M, Cvijanovich, N, et al. Serum neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (ngal) as a marker of acute kidney injury in critically ill children with septic shock. Crit Care Med 2008;36:1297. https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e318169245a.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

21. Zwiers, AJ, Cransberg, K, de Rijke, YB, Willemsen, SP, Amerik, C, Tibboel, D, et al. Reference ranges for serum β-trace protein in neonates and children younger than 1 year of age. Clin Chem Lab Med 2014;52:1815–21. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2014-0371.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Ikezumi, Y, Honda, M, Matsuyama, T, Ishikura, K, Hataya, H, Yata, N, et al. Establishment of a normal reference value for serum β2 microglobulin in Japanese children: reevaluation of its clinical usefulness. Clin Exp Nephrol 2013;17:99–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-012-0658-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Shaw, JLV, Binesh Marvasti, T, Colantonio, D, Adeli, K. Pediatric reference intervals: challenges and recent initiatives. Crit Rev Cl Lab Sci 2013;50:37–50. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408363.2013.786673.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

24. Uemura, O, Honda, M, Matsuyama, T, Ishikura, K, Hataya, H, Yata, N, et al. Age, gender, and body length effects on reference serum creatinine levels determined by an enzymatic method in Japanese children: a multicenter study. Clin Exp Nephrol 2011;15:694–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-011-0452-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

25. Schlebusch, H, Liappis, N, Kalina, E, Klein, C. High sensitive crp and creatinine: reference intervals from infancy to childhood: hochsensitives crp und kreatinin: referenzbereiche für neugeborene und kinder. Laboratoriums Medizin 2002;26:341–6. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0477.2002.02071.x.Search in Google Scholar

26. Defining, establishing, and verifying reference intervals in the clinical laboratory; approved guideline, 3rd ed. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute Document C28-A3; 2008.Search in Google Scholar

27. Tukey, JW. Exploratory data analysis. Reading, MA: Adison-Wesley; 1977.Search in Google Scholar

28. Rainsford, KD. Ibuprofen: pharmacology, efficacy and safety. Inflammopharmacology 2009;17:275–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-009-0016-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

29. Bataille, R, Durie, BG, Grenierj, J. Serum beta2 microglobulin and survival duration in multiple myeloma: a simple reliable marker for staging. Br J Haematol 1983;55:439–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.1983.tb02158.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Li, L, Dong, M, Wang, X-G. The implication and significance of beta 2 microglobulin: a conservative multifunctional regulator. Chin Med J 2016;129:448. https://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.176084.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

31. Filler, G, Priem, F, Lepage, N, Sinha, P, Vollmer, I, Clark, H, et al. Β-trace protein, cystatin c, β2-microglobulin, and creatinine compared for detecting impaired glomerular filtration rates in children. Clin Chem 2002;48:729–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/48.5.729.Search in Google Scholar

32. Rödöö, P, Ridefelt, P, Aldrimer, M, Niklasson, F, Gustafsson, J, Hellberg, D. Population-based pediatric reference intervals for hba1c, bilirubin, albumin, crp, myoglobin and serum enzymes. Scan J Clin Lab Inv 2013;73:361–7. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365513.2013.783931.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Weaving, G, Batstone, GF, Jones, RG. Age and sex variation in serum albumin concentration: an observational study. Ann Clin Biochem 2016;53:106–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563215593561.Search in Google Scholar

34. Aulbach, A, Amuzie, C. A comprehensive guide to toxicology in nonclinical drug development. Academic Press, Elsevier; 2017. pp. 447–71.10.1016/B978-0-12-803620-4.00017-7Search in Google Scholar

35. Marmarinos, A, Garoufi, A, Panagoulia, A, Dimou, S, Drakatos, A, Paraskakis, I, et al. Cystatin-c levels in healthy children and adolescents: influence of age, gender, body mass index and blood pressure. Clin Biochem 2016;49:150–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.10.012.Search in Google Scholar

36. Argyropoulos, CP, Chen, SS, Ng, Y-H, Roumelioti, M-E, Shaffi, K, Singh, PP, et al. Rediscovering beta-2 microglobulin as a biomarker across the spectrum of kidney diseases. Front Med 2017;4:73. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2017.00073.Search in Google Scholar

37. Donadio, C, Lucchesi, A, Ardini, M, Donadio, E, Giordani, R. Serum levels of beta-trace protein and glomerular filtration rate—preliminary results. J Pharm Biomed 2003;32:1099–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00215-2.Search in Google Scholar

38. Kjeldsen, L, Johnsen, AH, Sengeløv, H, Borregaard, N. Isolation and primary structure of ngal, a novel protein associated with human neutrophil gelatinase. J Biol 1993;268:10425–32.10.1016/S0021-9258(18)82217-7Search in Google Scholar

39. Rampoldi, L, Scolari, F, Amoroso, A, Ghiggeri, G, Devuyst, O. The rediscovery of uromodulin (tamm–horsfall protein): from tubulointerstitial nephropathy to chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2011;80:338–47. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.134.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Mosteller, R. Simplified calculation of body-surface area. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1098.10.1056/NEJM198710223171717Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Supplementary Material

The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0781).

Received: 2020-04-24
Accepted: 2020-07-24
Published Online: 2020-08-06
Published in Print: 2021-02-23

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Assuring the quality of examinations using faecal immunochemical tests for haemoglobin (FIT)
  4. Review
  5. Capillary electrophoresis based on nucleic acid analysis for diagnosing inherited diseases
  6. Mini Reviews
  7. Negative hair test result after long-term drug use. About a case involving morphine and literature review
  8. Prorenin and active renin levels in paediatrics: a bioanalytical review
  9. Opinion Paper
  10. From therapeutic drug monitoring to total drug monitoring and drug-omics
  11. Perspectives
  12. The internal quality control in the traceability era
  13. Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics
  14. External quality assessment (EQA) and alternative assessment procedures (AAPs) in molecular diagnostics: findings of an international survey
  15. General Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
  16. An evaluation of ten external quality assurance scheme (EQAS) materials for the faecal immunochemical test (FIT) for haemoglobin
  17. Optimizing hepcidin measurement with a proficiency test framework and standardization improvement
  18. Development of a certified reference material for anti-β2-glycoprotein I IgG – commutability studies
  19. Influence of patients’ clinical features at intensive care unit admission on performance of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in predicting acute kidney injury
  20. Efficacy of weekly administration of cholecalciferol on parathyroid hormone in stable kidney-transplanted patients with CKD stage 1–3
  21. Plasma metanephrines and prospective prediction of tumor location, size and mutation type in patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
  22. Emicizumab, the factor VIII mimetic bi-specific monoclonal antibody and its measurement in plasma
  23. Reference Values and Biological Variations
  24. Age appropriate reference intervals for eight kidney function and injury markers in infants, children and adolescents
  25. Cardiovascular Diseases
  26. Comparison of acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel non-responsiveness assessed by light transmittance aggregometry and PFA-100® in patients undergoing neuroendovascular procedures
  27. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) predicts short- and long-term mortality and poor neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients
  28. Non-lactate strong ion difference and cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality
  29. Infectious Diseases
  30. Performance of three automated SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays and relevance of orthogonal testing algorithms
  31. Development, evaluation, and validation of machine learning models for COVID-19 detection based on routine blood tests
  32. Searching for a role of procalcitonin determination in COVID-19: a study on a selected cohort of hospitalized patients
  33. Association of kidney function with effectiveness of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment: a patient-level meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials
  34. Erratum
  35. Corrigendum to: The role of hyperhomocysteinemia as well as folate, vitamin B6 and B12 deficiencies in osteoporosis – a systematic review
  36. Letter to the Editors
  37. Harmonization of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) testing by reporting test result-specific likelihood ratios: position paper
  38. Independent internal quality control (IQC) for faecal immunochemical tests (FIT) for haemoglobin: use of FIT manufacturers’ IQC for other FIT systems
  39. Parallel testing of 241 clinical nasopharyngeal swabs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus on the Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 and the Roche cobas SARS-CoV-2 assays
  40. Sustained SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody levels in nonsevere COVID-19: a population-based study
  41. Evidence for increased circulating procoagulant phospholipids in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and their prognostic role
  42. Complete blood counts and cell population data from Sysmex XN analyser in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection
  43. Macro creatine kinase in an asymptomatic patient: a case report
  44. Implementation of pre-labelled barcode tubes and the GeT-System in a general hospital for the exact documentation of the time of venous blood sample and improvement of sample quality
  45. Determination of free light chains: assay-dependent differences in interpretation
  46. Association between SOX17, Wif-1 and RASSF1A promoter methylation status and response to chemotherapy in patients with metastatic gastric cancer
  47. Effect of two organizational interventions on the frequency of haemoglobin A1c and erythrocyte sedimentation rate testing
  48. Haemoglobin A1c determination from dried blood spots prepared with HemaSpot™ blood collection devices: comparison with fresh capillary blood
  49. Stability of catecholamines in whole blood: influence of time between collection and centrifugation
https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2020-0781
Keywords for this article
age-dependency; kidney biomarker; kidney injury; pediatrics; reference intervals

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Editorial
  3. Assuring the quality of examinations using faecal immunochemical tests for haemoglobin (FIT)
  4. Review
  5. Capillary electrophoresis based on nucleic acid analysis for diagnosing inherited diseases
  6. Mini Reviews
  7. Negative hair test result after long-term drug use. About a case involving morphine and literature review
  8. Prorenin and active renin levels in paediatrics: a bioanalytical review
  9. Opinion Paper
  10. From therapeutic drug monitoring to total drug monitoring and drug-omics
  11. Perspectives
  12. The internal quality control in the traceability era
  13. Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics
  14. External quality assessment (EQA) and alternative assessment procedures (AAPs) in molecular diagnostics: findings of an international survey
  15. General Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
  16. An evaluation of ten external quality assurance scheme (EQAS) materials for the faecal immunochemical test (FIT) for haemoglobin
  17. Optimizing hepcidin measurement with a proficiency test framework and standardization improvement
  18. Development of a certified reference material for anti-β2-glycoprotein I IgG – commutability studies
  19. Influence of patients’ clinical features at intensive care unit admission on performance of cell cycle arrest biomarkers in predicting acute kidney injury
  20. Efficacy of weekly administration of cholecalciferol on parathyroid hormone in stable kidney-transplanted patients with CKD stage 1–3
  21. Plasma metanephrines and prospective prediction of tumor location, size and mutation type in patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
  22. Emicizumab, the factor VIII mimetic bi-specific monoclonal antibody and its measurement in plasma
  23. Reference Values and Biological Variations
  24. Age appropriate reference intervals for eight kidney function and injury markers in infants, children and adolescents
  25. Cardiovascular Diseases
  26. Comparison of acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel non-responsiveness assessed by light transmittance aggregometry and PFA-100® in patients undergoing neuroendovascular procedures
  27. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) predicts short- and long-term mortality and poor neurological outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients
  28. Non-lactate strong ion difference and cardiovascular, cancer and all-cause mortality
  29. Infectious Diseases
  30. Performance of three automated SARS-CoV-2 antibody assays and relevance of orthogonal testing algorithms
  31. Development, evaluation, and validation of machine learning models for COVID-19 detection based on routine blood tests
  32. Searching for a role of procalcitonin determination in COVID-19: a study on a selected cohort of hospitalized patients
  33. Association of kidney function with effectiveness of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment: a patient-level meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials
  34. Erratum
  35. Corrigendum to: The role of hyperhomocysteinemia as well as folate, vitamin B6 and B12 deficiencies in osteoporosis – a systematic review
  36. Letter to the Editors
  37. Harmonization of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) testing by reporting test result-specific likelihood ratios: position paper
  38. Independent internal quality control (IQC) for faecal immunochemical tests (FIT) for haemoglobin: use of FIT manufacturers’ IQC for other FIT systems
  39. Parallel testing of 241 clinical nasopharyngeal swabs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus on the Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2 and the Roche cobas SARS-CoV-2 assays
  40. Sustained SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody levels in nonsevere COVID-19: a population-based study
  41. Evidence for increased circulating procoagulant phospholipids in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and their prognostic role
  42. Complete blood counts and cell population data from Sysmex XN analyser in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection
  43. Macro creatine kinase in an asymptomatic patient: a case report
  44. Implementation of pre-labelled barcode tubes and the GeT-System in a general hospital for the exact documentation of the time of venous blood sample and improvement of sample quality
  45. Determination of free light chains: assay-dependent differences in interpretation
  46. Association between SOX17, Wif-1 and RASSF1A promoter methylation status and response to chemotherapy in patients with metastatic gastric cancer
  47. Effect of two organizational interventions on the frequency of haemoglobin A1c and erythrocyte sedimentation rate testing
  48. Haemoglobin A1c determination from dried blood spots prepared with HemaSpot™ blood collection devices: comparison with fresh capillary blood
  49. Stability of catecholamines in whole blood: influence of time between collection and centrifugation
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 29.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/cclm-2020-0781/html
Scroll to top button