Twenty-five years of idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: has anything changed?
-
Antonio Nouvenne
und
Tiziana Meschi
Abstract
Idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis (ICN) is a disease whose prevalence is rising. Our aim was to assess whether lifestyle indicators and habits of calcium stone formers in Italy have changed over the last 25 years, trying to establish a connection with the diffusion of Internet access. Therefore we examined the database of the Stone Clinic of Parma University Hospital and extracted 1952 (1192 M, 760 F) patients with ICN who underwent a full clinical and laboratory evaluation from 1986 to 2010. Laboratory evaluation included data on urinary 24-h volume, pH, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, uric acid, magnesium, oxalate, and citrate. Patients were split in three groups on a chronological basis, according to official EUROSTAT-ISTAT data of Internet connection among families in Italy: Group 1, pre-Internet era (1986–1998, 853 patients); Group 2, narrow-band era (1999–2004, 467 patients); Group 3, broad-band era (2005–2010, 632 patients). Over the time we found a significant increase in water intake (1.37 vs. 1.78 L in men and 1.21 vs. 1.55 L in women, Group 1 vs. Group 3, p-trend<0.001) and a decrease in urinary sodium and chloride for both genders and calcium and magnesium only for males, while females experienced a slight increase in oxalate excretion. Supersaturation indexes for calcium and uric acid stones dramatically fell for both genders. The percentage of stone formers performing physical activity significantly rise (41% Group 3 vs. 8% Group 1, p<0.001) and we also found a trend of reduction in mean blood pressure. Therefore, the lifestyle of Italian idiopathic calcium stone formers has changed over the last 25 years, and the rising Internet access may have played a great role in driving this change.
We are strongly indebted to Giuseppina Folesani from Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority (INAIL) Research Center at University of Parma for her contribution in the statistical revision of the manuscript.
Conflict of interest statement
Authors’ conflict of interest disclosure: The authors stated that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.
Research funding: None declared.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
References
1. Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG. Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Rev Urol 2010;12:e86–96.Suche in Google Scholar
2. Croppi E, Ferraro PM, Taddei L, Gambaro G. GEA Firenze Study Group. Prevalence of renal stones in an Italian urban population: a general practice-based study. Urol Res 2012;40:517–22.10.1007/s00240-012-0477-zSuche in Google Scholar
3. Lieske JC, Peña de la Vega LS, Slezak JM, Bergstralh EJ, Leibson CL, Ho K-L, et al. Renal stone epidemiology in Rochester, Minnesota: an update. Kid Int 2006;69:760–4.10.1038/sj.ki.5000150Suche in Google Scholar
4. Lotan Y, Buendia Jiménez I, Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, DaudonM, MolinierL, TackI, et al. Primary prevention of nephrolithiasis is cost-effective for a national healthcare system. Br J Urol Int 2012;110:e1060–7.10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11212.xSuche in Google Scholar
5. Meschi T, Nouvenne A, Borghi L. Lifestyle recommendations to reduce the risk of kidney stones. Urol Clin N Am 2011;38: 313–20.10.1016/j.ucl.2011.04.002Suche in Google Scholar
6. Pak CY, Sakhaee K, Crowther C, Brinkley L. Evidence justifying a high fluid intake in treatment of nephrolithiasis. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:36–9.10.7326/0003-4819-93-1-36Suche in Google Scholar
7. Borghi L, Meschi T, Amato F, Briganti A, Novarini A, Giannini A. Urinary volume, water and recurrences in idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: a 5-year randomized prospective study. J Urol 1996;155:839–43.10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66321-3Suche in Google Scholar
8. Qiang W, Ke Z. Water for preventing urinary calculi. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;3:CD004292.Suche in Google Scholar
9. Ferraro PM, Taylor EN, Gambaro G, Curhan GC. Soda and other beverages and the risk of kidney stones. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8:1389–95.10.2215/CJN.11661112Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
10. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N Engl J Med 1993;328:833–8.10.1056/NEJM199303253281203Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
11. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ. Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk of kidney stones in women. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:497–504.10.7326/0003-4819-126-7-199704010-00001Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
12. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow up. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:3225–32.10.1097/01.ASN.0000146012.44570.20Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Knight EL, Stampfer MJ. Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in younger women. Arch Int Med 2004;164:885–91.10.1001/archinte.164.8.885Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
14. Sorensen MD, Kahn AJ, Reiner AP, Tseng TY, Shikany JM, Wallace RB, et al. Impact of nutritional factors on incident kidney stone formation: a report from the WHI OS. J Urol 2012;187:1645–50.10.1016/j.juro.2011.12.077Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
15. Al Zahrani H, Norman RW, Thompson C, Weerasinghe S. The dietary habits of idiopathic calcium stone-formers and normal control subjects. Br J Urol Int 2000;85:616–20.10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00511.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
16. Meschi T, Nouvenne A, Ticinesi A, Prati B, Guerra A, Allegri F, et al. Dietary habits in women with recurrent idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Transl Med 2012;10:63.10.1186/1479-5876-10-63Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
17. Borghi L, Schianchi T, Meschi T, Guerra A, Allegri F, Maggiore U, et al. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med 2002;346:77–84.10.1056/NEJMoa010369Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
18. Meschi T, Maggiore U, Fiaccadori E, Schianchi T, Bosi S, Adorni G, et al. The effects of fruits and vegetables on urinary stone risk factors. Kid Int 2004;66:2402–10.10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.66029.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
19. Nouvenne A, Meschi T, Prati B, Guerra A, Allegri F, Vezzoli G, et al. Effects of a low-salt diet on idiopathic hypercalciuria in calcium-oxalate stone formers: a 3-mo randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:565–70.10.3945/ajcn.2009.28614Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
20. Taylor EN, Fung TT, Curhan GC. DASH-style diet associates with reduced risk for kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:2253–9.10.1681/ASN.2009030276Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
21. Eisner BH, Eisenberg ML, Stoller ML. Relationship between body mass index and quantitative 24-hour urine chemistries in patients with nephrolithiasis. J Urol 2010;75:1289–93.10.1016/j.urology.2009.09.024Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
22. Al-Hayek S, Schwen ZR, Jackman SV, Averch TD. The impact of obesity on urine composition and nephrolithiasis management. J Endourol 2013;27:379–83.10.1089/end.2012.0275Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
23. Nouvenne A, Meschi T, Guerra A, Allegri F, Prati B, Borghi L. Dietary treatment of nephrolithiasis. Clin Case Min Bone Metab 2008;5:135–41.Suche in Google Scholar
24. World Health Organization. Reducing salt intake in populations: report of a WHO forum and technical meeting. 5–7 October 2006, Paris, France. Geneva: WHO, 2007.Suche in Google Scholar
25. Trotter MI, Morgan DW. Patients’ use of the Internet for health related matters: a study of Internet usage in 2000 and 2006. Health Inf J 2008;14:175–81.10.1177/1081180X08092828Suche in Google Scholar
26. Eurostat-Istat report. Available from: http://www.istat.it. Accessed on 13 June, 2013.Suche in Google Scholar
27. Breyer BN, Sen S, Aaronson DS, Stoller ML, Erickson BA, Eisenberg ML. Use of Google Insights for search to track seasonal and geographic kidney stone incidence in the United States. Urology 2011;78:267–71.10.1016/j.urology.2011.01.010Suche in Google Scholar
28. Willard SD, Nguyen MM. Internet search trend analysis tools can provide real-time data on kidney stone disease in the United States. Urology 2013;81:37–42.10.1016/j.urology.2011.04.024Suche in Google Scholar
29. Traver MA, Passman CM, LeRoy T, Passmore L, Assimos DG. Is the Internet a reliable source for dietary recommendations for stone formers? J Endourol 2009;23:715–7.10.1089/end.2008.0490Suche in Google Scholar
30. Sood A, Sarangi S, Pandey A, Murugiah K. YouTube as a source of information on kidney stone disease. Urology 2011;77:558–63.10.1016/j.urology.2010.07.536Suche in Google Scholar
31. Boot CR, Meijman FJ. The public and the Internet: multifaceted drives for seeking health information. Health Inf J 2010;16: 145–56.10.1177/1460458210364786Suche in Google Scholar
32. Parks JH, Goldfischer ER, Coe FL. Changes in urine volume accomplished by physicians treating nephrolithiasis. J Urol 2003;169:863–6.10.1097/01.ju.0000044922.22478.32Suche in Google Scholar
33. Stoller ML, Chi T, Eisner BH, Shami G, Gentle DL. Changes in urinary stone risk factors in hypocitraturic calcium oxalate stone formers treated with dietary sodium supplementation. J Urol 2009;181:1140–4.10.1016/j.juro.2008.11.020Suche in Google Scholar
34. Kotchen TA, Cowley AW Jr., Frohlich ED. Salt in health and disease – A delicate balance. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1229–37.10.1056/NEJMra1212606Suche in Google Scholar
35. Kohl HW III, Craig CL, Lambert EV, Inoue S, Alkandari JR, Leetongin G, et al. The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health. Lancet 2012;380:294–305.10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60898-8Suche in Google Scholar
36. Straub M, Hautmann RE. Developments in stone prevention. Curr Opin Urol 2005;15:119–26.10.1097/01.mou.0000160627.36236.6bSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
37. Rendina D, De Filippo G, De Pascale F, Zampa G, Muscariello R, De Palma D, et al. The changing profile of patients with calcium nephrolithiasis: a comparison of two patient series observed 25 years apart. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013 Apr 17. [Epub ahead of print].10.1093/ndt/gft076Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
38. Borghi L, Nouvenne A, Meschi T. Probiotics and dietary manipulations in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: two sides of the same coin? Kid Int 2010;78:1063–5.10.1038/ki.2010.345Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
39. Nguyen QV, Kalin A, Drouve U, Casez JP, Jaeger P. Sensitivity to meat protein intake and hyperoxaluria in idiopathic calcium stone formers. Kid Int 2001;59:2273–81.10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00744.xSuche in Google Scholar PubMed
40. de O G Mendonça C, Martini LA, Baxmann AC, Nishiura JL, Cuppari L, Sigulem DM, et al. Effects of an oxalate load on urinary oxalate excretion in calcium stone formers. J Ren Nutr 2003;13:39–46.10.1053/jren.2003.50002Suche in Google Scholar PubMed
41. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Mount DB, Curhan GC. DASH-style diet and 24-hour urine composition. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:2315–22.10.2215/CJN.04420510Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
©2014 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Editorial
- Point of care testing: evolving scenarios and innovative perspectives
- Review
- Point-of-care testing: where is the evidence? A systematic survey
- Mini Review
- Vulnerability of point-of-care test reagents and instruments to environmental stresses: implications for health professionals and developers
- Opinion Paper
- Twenty-five years of idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: has anything changed?
- Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics
- Optimizing the purification and analysis of miRNAs from urinary exosomes
- General Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
- Extensive study of human insulin immunoassays: promises and pitfalls for insulin analogue detection and quantification
- Absorptive chemistry based extraction for LC-MS/MS analysis of small molecule analytes from biological fluids – an application for 25-hydroxyvitamin D
- Evaluation of 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 cross-reactivity in the Roche Elecsys Vitamin D Total protein binding assay
- Quantification of linezolid in serum by LC-MS/MS using semi-automated sample preparation and isotope dilution internal standardization
- Comparison of two immunoassays for measurement of faecal calprotectin in detection of inflammatory bowel disease: (pre)-analytical and diagnostic performance characteristics
- Reference Values and Biological Variations
- Reference change values to assess changes in concentrations of biomarkers of exposure in individuals participating in a cigarette-switching study
- Reference values of fetal serum β2-microglobulin in the Chinese: evaluation of its clinical usefulness
- Cancer Diagnostics
- Gut neuroendocrine tumor blood qPCR fingerprint assay: characteristics and reproducibility
- Androgen deprivation decreases prostate specific antigen in the absence of tumor: implications for interpretation of PSA results
- Radioimmunoassay of free plasma metanephrines for the diagnosis of catecholamine-producing tumors
- Infectious Diseases
- Plasma endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1) in management of community-acquired pneumonia
- A soluble form of the macrophage-related mannose receptor (MR/CD206) is present in human serum and elevated in critical illness
- Letters to the Editor
- Evaluation of a JAK2 V617F quantitative PCR to monitor residual disease post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for myeloproliferative neoplasms
- Is magnetic resonance imaging really innocent?
- Clinical sample stability and measurement uncertainty
- A specific and sensitive activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)-based factor VIII inhibitor screening assay
- Evaluating the inappropriateness of repeated laboratory testing in a teaching hospital of South Italy
- Could kidney glomerular filtration impairment represent the “Achilles heel” of HE4 serum marker? A possible further implication
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Editorial
- Point of care testing: evolving scenarios and innovative perspectives
- Review
- Point-of-care testing: where is the evidence? A systematic survey
- Mini Review
- Vulnerability of point-of-care test reagents and instruments to environmental stresses: implications for health professionals and developers
- Opinion Paper
- Twenty-five years of idiopathic calcium nephrolithiasis: has anything changed?
- Genetics and Molecular Diagnostics
- Optimizing the purification and analysis of miRNAs from urinary exosomes
- General Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
- Extensive study of human insulin immunoassays: promises and pitfalls for insulin analogue detection and quantification
- Absorptive chemistry based extraction for LC-MS/MS analysis of small molecule analytes from biological fluids – an application for 25-hydroxyvitamin D
- Evaluation of 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 cross-reactivity in the Roche Elecsys Vitamin D Total protein binding assay
- Quantification of linezolid in serum by LC-MS/MS using semi-automated sample preparation and isotope dilution internal standardization
- Comparison of two immunoassays for measurement of faecal calprotectin in detection of inflammatory bowel disease: (pre)-analytical and diagnostic performance characteristics
- Reference Values and Biological Variations
- Reference change values to assess changes in concentrations of biomarkers of exposure in individuals participating in a cigarette-switching study
- Reference values of fetal serum β2-microglobulin in the Chinese: evaluation of its clinical usefulness
- Cancer Diagnostics
- Gut neuroendocrine tumor blood qPCR fingerprint assay: characteristics and reproducibility
- Androgen deprivation decreases prostate specific antigen in the absence of tumor: implications for interpretation of PSA results
- Radioimmunoassay of free plasma metanephrines for the diagnosis of catecholamine-producing tumors
- Infectious Diseases
- Plasma endothelial cell-specific molecule-1 (ESM-1) in management of community-acquired pneumonia
- A soluble form of the macrophage-related mannose receptor (MR/CD206) is present in human serum and elevated in critical illness
- Letters to the Editor
- Evaluation of a JAK2 V617F quantitative PCR to monitor residual disease post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for myeloproliferative neoplasms
- Is magnetic resonance imaging really innocent?
- Clinical sample stability and measurement uncertainty
- A specific and sensitive activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)-based factor VIII inhibitor screening assay
- Evaluating the inappropriateness of repeated laboratory testing in a teaching hospital of South Italy
- Could kidney glomerular filtration impairment represent the “Achilles heel” of HE4 serum marker? A possible further implication
