普通话语气词功能系统新论
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王 珏
王珏：硕士（江苏师范大学），上海交通大学人文学院教授，主要研究现代汉语语法学，出版有《语言系统内部补偿论》、《现代汉语名词研究》、《汉语生命范畴初论》等语法学专著，发表论文百余篇，主要涉及语法学、词汇学、方言学、音韵学和修辞学等领域。近十年来一直致力于语气词功能系统研究。
Wang, Jue is a professor of Humanity School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He mainly studies modern Chinese grammar and published monographs on modern Chinese grammar such asInternal Compensation Theory of Language System(2000) ,Research on Nouns in Modern Chinese(2001) andPreliminary Study of Chinese Animacy Category(2004) , and has published more than 100 papers, mainly covering the fields of grammar, lexicology, dialectology, phonology and rhetoric, etc. In the past ten years, he has devoted himself to the study of the functional system of tone particles.
提要
本文在已有研究的基础上提出一个普通话语气词的新系统，包括两大部分。第一部分，首先，依据附着对象、迭用顺序、有无、异同和多寡是否影响句子的合语法性和命题这 3 个标准，将语气词聚合系统暂定为 29 个成员。而后，依据附着对象、强制性共现成分、迭用自由度、功能和语法化来源等，将语气词划分为两类 3 个功能子系统。其中述题语气词 26 个，话题语气词 9 个，准话语语气词 6 个。第二部分，分别讨论两类 3 个语气词功能子系统。（一）述题语气词能 2/3 个右向迭用并构成 116 个迭用式，能和句调或疑问标记以不同频次同层或跨层共现关系而构成述题的语气结构——句调/疑问标记语气 (mood)n=1+语气词口气 (tone)n=0≥3，其中句调（或疑问标记）表示语气，述题语气词分别以 4 种基本语气为上位范畴并表示其下位口气，共构成 75 式语气结构，表示 75 种 “语气+口气” 综合值。在这 75 式语气结构里，述题语气词和上位语气之间功能绝对一致的原型语气结构、基本一致的准原型语气结构和不一致的边缘语气结构。据此推论出，不定语气以是非问为上位范畴，建议语气词以祈使为上位范畴，肯定语气词以陈述为上位范畴，惊讶语气词以感叹为上位范畴。进而据此将语气词的功能模式假设为 “±肯定/惊讶及其程度±风格/确信/态度” 。其中，肯定语气词表肯定而有程度、风格差异，惊讶语气词表惊讶而有程度、风格不同，不定语气词表确信而程度、态度有别，建议语气词表态度而有直接、委婉之分。而且，在原型语气结构里，述题语气词分别表示各自的典型口气；在边缘语气结构里，肯定、惊讶语气词有时与非陈述或非感叹语气一起浮现出特定语用效应。（二）话题语气词的功能模式为 “标记/强化话题+标记话题信息类型+交互主观性” 。前者是无标记功能，后两者是有标记功能，从而造成了话题语气词的使用倾向性，有的主要附着现实话题，有的只附着非现实话题。（三）准话语语气词，在句法上附着话题或述题里的列举成分、反复成分，将它们重组为例举语块、描摹语块和呼语语块，然后单独或与话题前标、列举助词一起作话题、述题或其中的句法成分及其成分；语义上，例举语块转指同类所有成员，描摹短语表示长时反复，呼语语块带有情感色彩；韵律上，将松散无序、长短不一、类型各异、多寡不等的成分临时整合为更大语块，以控制在线句子的模块数量。此外， “啊” 还能明示逻辑背景或焦点并具有衬音作用， “来” 能衔接音节组。据此，它们的功能模式可简示为 “句法功能+语义功能+韵律功能±逻辑功能±音乐功能” 。总之，在语气词的新功能系统中，每个语气词都各居其位，各司其职，井然有序。
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new functional system of Mandarin tone particles (usually called “modal particles” ) based on existing research in the academic circle. It includes two parts. In the first part, the system is temporarily set to 29 members according to three criteria: the attachment object; whether it can be used in the right direction; whether there are differences or not and whether the similarities and differences and the number of questions affect the grammaticality and proposition of the sentence. Then, according to the level of attached components, mandatory co-occurrence components, overlapping degree of freedom, function and grammaticalization source, the tone particle is divided into two types and three functional subsystems: 26 tone particles attached to comment, 9 tone particles attached to topic and 6 tone particles attached to quasi-discourse components. In the second part, the form and function of these three kinds of tone particles will be discussed respectively. (1) The tone particles attached to comment can be composed of 2/3 right-handed overlapping layers to form 116 overlapping expressions and can be combined with intonation (or question mark) in different frequencies as well as the same layer or cross-layer co-occurrence relationship to construct “mood structure” for comment – intonation/question mark (mood)n=1 + tone particle (tone)n=0 ≥ 3, where the intonation (or the question mark) indicates mood, and the tone particle indicates lower tones of the 4 basic moods. They divide and work together to construct 75-type mood structures, indicating 75 kinds of “mood + tone” comprehensive values. Among these 75 kinds of mood structures, the prototype mood structure with absolutely consistent function, the quasi prototype mood structure with basically consistent function, and the edge mood structure with inconsistent function are described. It is concluded that the upper category of indefinite mood is the yes-or-no question, the upper category of modal words is imperative, the upper category of positive mood words is statement, and the upper category of surprised mood words is exclamation. Based on this, the functional model of tone particles attached to comment is assumed to be “± affirmation/surprise and its degree ± style/certainty/attitude”. Among them, there are differences in the degree and style of affirmation in the list of affirmative tone words, differences in the degree and style of mirativity in the list of mirativity tone words, and differences in the degree and attitude of certainty in the list of uncertain tone words, and there are direct and euphemistic differences in the attitude of suggestion mood. In addition, in the prototype mood structure, the tone particles attached to comment respectively represent their typical tone; in the marginal mood structure, the affirmative and mirativity tone words sometimes appear the special attribute effect together with the non declarative or non exclamatory mood. (2) The function mode of the tone particles attached topic is “mark/strengthen topic + mark topic information type + interactive subjectivity”. The former one is unmarked function, but the latter two lead to the tendency of tone particles attached to topic selection to a certain extent. According to the above, topic mood words can be divided into two types: one is attached to real topic and the other is attached to non-real topic. (3) Quasi discourse tone particles attach parallel elements and repetitive elements in topic or comment, reorganize them into example chunk, description chunk and address chunk, and then they can be used as a topic, a comment, or their syntactic components and its components, either alone or together with topic front markers or enumerating auxiliary words; semantically, example chunk refers to all members of the same kind, description chunk means long-term repetition and address chunk is emotional. In order to control the number of online sentence modules, prosody temporarily integrates the loose and disordered components which are different in length, type and quantity into larger chunks. In addition, “a (啊)” can also express the logical background or focus and has the function of contrast, and “lai (来)” can connect syllable groups. According to this, the functional mode of quasi discourse tone particles can be simplified as “syntactic function + semantic function + prosody function + logical function + musical function”. In a word, in the above new functional systems of the tone particles, each tone particle occupies its own position, performs its own duties and exists in order.
Funding statement: 本研究得到中国国家社会科学学术基金资助，项目名称是 “现代汉语语气词系统研究” ，批准号为 13BYY119。
About the author
王珏：硕士（江苏师范大学），上海交通大学人文学院教授，主要研究现代汉语语法学，出版有《语言系统内部补偿论》、《现代汉语名词研究》、《汉语生命范畴初论》等语法学专著，发表论文百余篇，主要涉及语法学、词汇学、方言学、音韵学和修辞学等领域。近十年来一直致力于语气词功能系统研究。
Wang, Jue is a professor of Humanity School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He mainly studies modern Chinese grammar and published monographs on modern Chinese grammar such as Internal Compensation Theory of Language System(2000), Research on Nouns in Modern Chinese(2001) and Preliminary Study of Chinese Animacy Category(2004), and has published more than 100 papers, mainly covering the fields of grammar, lexicology, dialectology, phonology and rhetoric, etc. In the past ten years, he has devoted himself to the study of the functional system of tone particles.
致谢
本研究在写作与修改过程中，先后得到陈振宇、金立鑫、卢英顺、陆丙甫、罗天华、彭利贞、沈家煊、史有为、吴为善、左思民等先生的热情鼓励和指教，在此一并致以诚挚谢意。尚存错谬，概由作者负责。
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© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Papers in English
- Coarticulation effects of contour tones in second language Chinese
- Topic and subject in Chinese and in the languages of Europe: Comparative remarks and implications for Chinese as a second/foreign language teaching
- How do cross-linguistic similarities and differences affect the mapping of spatial relationships, containment, and support in L2?
- Papers in Chinese
- 普通话语气词功能系统新论
- 汉语语态系统的线性模型及全景式语法教学模式构想
- 文化關聯與中文學習興趣
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Frontmatter
- Papers in English
- Coarticulation effects of contour tones in second language Chinese
- Topic and subject in Chinese and in the languages of Europe: Comparative remarks and implications for Chinese as a second/foreign language teaching
- How do cross-linguistic similarities and differences affect the mapping of spatial relationships, containment, and support in L2?
- Papers in Chinese
- 普通话语气词功能系统新论
- 汉语语态系统的线性模型及全景式语法教学模式构想
- 文化關聯與中文學習興趣
