Abstract
Scaffold-based tissue engineering approaches have been under investigation for more than 30 years now and many different techniques have been developed in order to engineer various tissues of the body. Some of them have been translated from bench to bedside, yet many are still under intensive examination. Biodegradable scaffolds applied in tissue engineering aim to temporarily substitute for the extracellular matrix and its complex biological functions during the regeneration and/or remodelling period, and are subsequently degraded and replaced by new tissue. We herein discuss how knowledge from developmental biology and collective tissue healing biology can be applied to optimise the design of scaffolds that promote fundamental steps in tissue regeneration by creating a suitable microenvironment. The review focuses on the design and fabrication of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, yet also highlights general considerations which apply to scaffolds used in any tissue engineering strategy. We then turn to scaffold manufacturing where a plethora of design and fabrication technologies have been applied to process biomaterials into scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and other applications. Each manufacturing technology has its advantages and disadvantages from a processing, material science and biological point of view. We herein review several additive manufacturing technologies, which in the authors’ opinion currently are most relevant for scaffold-based bone tissue engineering. We also provide a future outlook on Image-guided Tissue Engineering, Additive Tissue Manufacturing and Guided Tissue Regeneration with respect to tissue engineering in general and bone tissue engineering in particular.
The authors acknowledge funding by the German Research Foundation (DFG HE 7074/1-1) and the Australian Research Council (Future Fellowship Program). The authors thank Dr. Arne Berner for providing some of the images used in Figure 2 and Mohit Prashant Chhaya for helping design Figure 3.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Editorial
- Milestones in Biomaterials Research: Special Issue on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the German Society of Biomaterials
- Reviews
- Biomaterials – a history of 7000 years
- Biomaterials for enhancement of bone healing in osteoporotic fractures
- Surface functionalization of biomaterials with tissue-inductive artificial extracellular matrices
- Cell-material interaction
- Biological targeting with nanoparticles: state of the art
- Design and fabrication of scaffold-based tissue engineering
- Special Issue: Nanosafety (Part 2)
- Review
- The bio-nano-interface in predicting nanoparticle fate and behaviour in living organisms: towards grouping and categorising nanomaterials and ensuring nanosafety by design
- Highlights
- Antimicrobial efficacy, cytotoxicity, and ion release of mixed metal (Ag, Cu, Zn, Mg) nanoparticle polymer composite implant material
- Silver and carbon nanoparticles toxicity in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos
- Letter
- Assessing the impact of the physical properties of industrially produced carbon nanotubes on their interaction with human primary macrophages in vitro
Articles in the same Issue
- Masthead
- Masthead
- Editorial
- Milestones in Biomaterials Research: Special Issue on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the German Society of Biomaterials
- Reviews
- Biomaterials – a history of 7000 years
- Biomaterials for enhancement of bone healing in osteoporotic fractures
- Surface functionalization of biomaterials with tissue-inductive artificial extracellular matrices
- Cell-material interaction
- Biological targeting with nanoparticles: state of the art
- Design and fabrication of scaffold-based tissue engineering
- Special Issue: Nanosafety (Part 2)
- Review
- The bio-nano-interface in predicting nanoparticle fate and behaviour in living organisms: towards grouping and categorising nanomaterials and ensuring nanosafety by design
- Highlights
- Antimicrobial efficacy, cytotoxicity, and ion release of mixed metal (Ag, Cu, Zn, Mg) nanoparticle polymer composite implant material
- Silver and carbon nanoparticles toxicity in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus embryos
- Letter
- Assessing the impact of the physical properties of industrially produced carbon nanotubes on their interaction with human primary macrophages in vitro