Where Did Kamalaśīla Compose His Works, and Does It Even Matter? Reflections on the Activities of Indian Scholars in Imperial Tibet

Birgit Kellner

doi:10.1515/asia-2023-0003

Article

Where Did Kamalaśīla Compose His Works, and Does It Even Matter? Reflections on the Activities of Indian Scholars in Imperial Tibet

Birgit Kellner

Published/Copyright: February 28, 2024

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From the journal Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques Volume 77 Issue 1

Abstract

This article reflects on the activities of the Indian Buddhist scholar-monk Kamalaśīla (c. 740–795) in imperial Tibet. Following accounts offered by Tibetan historians of later periods, these activities have so far been understood as more or less limited to Kamalaśīla’s victorious participation in the historically momentous “Great Debate” at Bsam yas monastery against the Chinese Chan master Heshang Moheyan. This article suggests that he also composed altogether seven of his works – and possibly more – while residing in Tibet, and sketches aspects of his intellectual profile on this basis. While remaining focused on Kamalaśīla, the article also raises wider-ranging questions regarding the activities of Indian Buddhist scholars in imperial Tibet against the backdrop of interconnected histories across South, Central and East Asia.

Keywords: Bsam yas debate; Buddhist philosophy; Kamalaśīla; Tibetan intellectual history

Corresponding author: Birgit Kellner, Institute for the Cultural and Intellectual History of Asia, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Wien, Austria, E-mail: birgit.kellner@oeaw.ac.at

Research for this article was conducted within the research project “Rationality, Meditation and Liberation in Indian Buddhism – Kamalaśīla’s Scriptural Commentaries in Context,” supported by the Austrian Science Fund (project no. FWF P32617-G) and hosted by the Institute for the Cultural and Intellectual History of Asia of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Chizuko Yoshimizu offered important comments at the Vienna symposium “Kamalaśīla’s Significance in the Intellectual History of Buddhism” (4–6 March 2022) where this paper was first presented, which led to several revisions and improvements. Unfortunately, owing to practical limitations, not all of her valuable suggestions could be followed. I would also like to thank Pei-Lin Chiou, Hiroko Matsuka and Margherita Serena Saccone for helpful comments and corrections. Cynthia Peck-Kubaczek kindly improved and corrected my English.

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Abbreviations and Primary Sources

AK	Abhidharmakośa (Vasubandhu). See AKBh.
AKBh	Abhidharmakośabhāṣya (Vasubandhu); Pradhan, P. (1967), ed.: Abhidharmakośabhāṣya of Vasubandhu. Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute.
AP	Abhayapaddhatī (Abhayākaragupta); Luo, H. (2010), ed.: Abhayākaragupta’s Abhayapaddhatī: Critically edited and translated by Luo Hong with a preface by Harunaga Isaacson and Alexis Sanderson. Hamburg/Beijing: Asien-Afrika-Institut, Universität Hamburg and China Tibetology Research Center.
APDhṬ	Avikalpa- or Nirvikalpapraveśadhāraṇīṭīkā (Kamalaśīla). Tibetan translation. ’Phags pa rnam par mi rtog par ’jug pa’i gzungs kyi rgya cher ’grel pa, translated by Jinamitra, Dānaśīla and Dpal brtsegs rakṣi ta. D4000 Ji 123r3–145v5, P5501 Ji 146v6–174v1.
BCAP	Bodhicaryāvatārapañjikā (Prajñākaramati). Byang chub kyi spyod pa la ’jug pa’i dka’ ’grel, translated by Gnyan Dharma grags with and Sumatikīrti, revised by Yon tan rgya mtsho. D3872 La 41r7–288r7.
BhK 1	Bhāvanākrama 1 (Kamalaśīla). See Tucci 1958.
BhK 2	Bhāvanākrama 2 (Kamalaśīla). Goshima 1983.
BhK 3	Bhāvanākrama 3 (Kamalaśīla). Tucci, Giuseppe (1971), ed.: Minor Buddhist texts, Part III: third Bhāvanākrama. Roma: IsMEO.
BhK_t 1	Bhāvanākrama 1 (Kamalaśīla). Tibetan translation. Bsgom pa’i rim pa (dang po), translated by Prajñāvarman (Tib. Shes rab go cha) and Ye shes sde. D3915 Ki 22r1–41v7, P5310 A 22r3–45r8.
Cig car	Cig car ’jug pa’i rnam par mi rtog pa’i bsgom don, ascribed to Vimalamitra.
HṬ	Prajñāpāramitāhṛdyayaṭīkā (Kamalaśīla). Tibetan translation. Shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa’i snying po’i ’grel pa, translated by Kumāraśrībhadra and ’Phags pa shes rab. P5221 Ma 330b6–333a6.
KhG	Mkhas pa’i dga’ ston (Dpa’ bo gtsug lag phreng ba). Lokesh Chandra (1962), ed.: Mkhas pa’i dga’ ston of Dpa’ bo gtsug lag (also known as Lho brag chos ’byung) part 4. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture.
MĀ	Madhyamakāloka (Kamalaśīla). Tibetan translation. Dbu ma snang ba, translated by Śīlendrabodhi and Dpal brtsegs [rakṣita]. D3887 Sa 133v4–244r7, P5287 Sa 143r2–275v4.
MA(V)	Madhyamakālaṅkāra(vṛtti) (Śāntarakṣita). Tibetan translation edited in Ichigō 1985.
MAP	Madhyamakālaṅkārapañjikā (Kamalaśīla). Tibetan translation edited in Ichigō 1985.
NPDh	Nirvikalpapraveśadhāṛaṇī, edition in Matsuda 1996.
Rgya gar chos ’byung	Rgya gar chos ’byung of Tāranātha. Anton Schiefner (1868), ed.: Târanâthae de Doctrinae Buddhicae in India Propagatione Narratio. Contextum tibeticum e codicibus petropolitanis edidit Antonius Schiefner. St. Petersburg: Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana.
TSP	Tattvasaṅgrahapañjikā (Kamalaśīla).
VCh	Vajracchedikā
VChṬ	Vajracchedikāṭīkā (Kamalaśīla). Tibetan translation. ’Phags pa shes rab kyi pha rol tu phyin pa rdo rje gcod pa’i rgya cher ’grel pa*, translated by Mañjuśrī, Jinamitra and Ye shes sde. D3817 Ma 204r1–267r7, P5216 Ma 209v4–285v5.
ZLJ	Rao, Zongyi (1983), ed.: “Wang Xi ‘Dunwu dasheng zhengli jue” xushuo bing xiaoji {Preface and Notes to Wang Xi’s “Ratification of the true principle of the Mahāyāna teachings of sudden awakening’}”. In: Lan, Jifu (ed.): Supplement to Chinese Tripiṭaka*, vol. 35. Taipei: Huayu chubanshe, 797a–854a.

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Received: 2023-01-16

Revised: 2023-07-16

Accepted: 2023-08-04

Published Online: 2024-02-28

Published in Print: 2023-03-28

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Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/asia-2023-0003

Keywords for this article

Bsam yas debate; Buddhist philosophy; Kamalaśīla; Tibetan intellectual history