Modelling and impact of the turbulence effect on flash and cumulative 2D active imaging system
-
Olivier Meyer
Abstract
In the topic of 2D active imaging systems, two technologies exist for image acquisition. The flash mode consists of a very short and intense laser shot, associated with a short time integration of the sensor (range of hundreds of nanoseconds). The second is the cumulative mode which consists of the integration of many low level energy laser pulses over a long-time integration of the sensor (range of tens of milliseconds). Cumulative mode systems have existed for a long time in the near infrared band. But for the past few years, new sensors are available in the short wave infrared (SWIR) band. Cumulative mode in the SWIR band can provide 2D active imaging systems with very low risk considering the eye safety aspects. Moreover, with a similar design, cumulative systems can overcome the range of flash systems, thanks to their ability to average turbulence effects over the sensor integration time. So, in this paper we have proposed a scintillation noise comparison for each mode. First, we exposed the two types of available models, a numerical model, used for image generation. Second one, an analytical model, used for a quick evaluation of the design of a 2D active imaging system. Both models were compared, especially in their area of validity. Then for a specific scenario, we estimated the gain in term of range performance between a cumulative and a flash system.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the ISL and its active imaging team for the exchange on sensors and the laser transmitters technologies. The ONERA, DOTA Department for the development of the analytical model and my colleagues from DGA Paris for supporting and funding this work. The ‘IMOTEP team’ of Scalian for IMOTEP development.
References
[1] L. Hespel, Proc. 10191, 1019109 (2017).Search in Google Scholar
[2] E. Jacobs and R. L. Espinola, Proc. 5987, 598703 (2005).Search in Google Scholar
[3] D. Hamoir, C. Grönwall, P. Lutzmann, E. Amselem, S. Barbé, et al. 6th International Symposium on Optronics in Defense and Security (OPTRO, Paris, France, 2014) .Search in Google Scholar
[4] G. Monnier and F. R. Duval, ‘LASUR, an Active Infrared Synthetic Scene Generator’, International Symposium on Optronics, in Defence and Security, (Paris, France, 2010).Search in Google Scholar
[5] G. Monnier, F.-R. Duval and S. Amram, SPIE Remote Sensing 2012 (Edimburg 2012).Search in Google Scholar
[6] G. Monnier, F.-R. Duval and S. Amram, SPIE Remote Sensing 2014.Search in Google Scholar
[7] L. C. Andrews and R. L. Phillips, in ‘Laser Beam Propagation through Random Media’, 2nd edition (Spie Press Book, Orlando, FL, 2005).10.1117/3.626196Search in Google Scholar
[8] C. Robert, J. M. Conan, V. Michau, J. B. Renard, C. Robert, et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 25, 379–393 (2008).10.1364/JOSAA.25.000379Search in Google Scholar
[9] E. Bernard, doctorate in the University of Toulouse, submitted 23 November 2015.Search in Google Scholar
[10] Y. Lutz, E. Bacher and S. Schertzer, Opt. Laser Technol. 96, 1–6 (2017).10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.04.031Search in Google Scholar
[11] J.-M. Poyet, O. Meyer and F. Christnacher, Opt. Lett. 39, 2592–2594 (2014).10.1364/OL.39.002592Search in Google Scholar PubMed
©2019 THOSS Media & De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Cover and Frontmatter
- Views
- Sixty years of advanced imaging at the French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis: from the Cranz-Schardin camera to computational optics
- Community
- Conference Notes
- Topical Issue: Active Imaging
- Editorial
- Active imaging
- Review Article
- Nick-named laser radars
- Research Articles
- Experimental SWIR gated viewing in accumulation mode
- InGaAs APD matrix sensors for SWIR gated viewing
- Modelling and impact of the turbulence effect on flash and cumulative 2D active imaging system
- Laser-based imaging applications in turbid waters
- Review Article
- Reflectors in lighting design
- Research Articles
- A procedure for designing and manufacturing microstructured lenses used in automotive headlamps
- Fabrication of textured substrates for dye-sensitized solar cells using polydimethylsiloxane nanoimprint lithography
- 10.1515/aot-2019-0023
- 10.1515/aot-2018-0072
- 10.1515/aot-2019-0021
- Erratum
- Erratum to: Ultrafast Bessel beams: advanced tools for laser materials processing
Articles in the same Issue
- Cover and Frontmatter
- Views
- Sixty years of advanced imaging at the French-German Research Institute of Saint-Louis: from the Cranz-Schardin camera to computational optics
- Community
- Conference Notes
- Topical Issue: Active Imaging
- Editorial
- Active imaging
- Review Article
- Nick-named laser radars
- Research Articles
- Experimental SWIR gated viewing in accumulation mode
- InGaAs APD matrix sensors for SWIR gated viewing
- Modelling and impact of the turbulence effect on flash and cumulative 2D active imaging system
- Laser-based imaging applications in turbid waters
- Review Article
- Reflectors in lighting design
- Research Articles
- A procedure for designing and manufacturing microstructured lenses used in automotive headlamps
- Fabrication of textured substrates for dye-sensitized solar cells using polydimethylsiloxane nanoimprint lithography
- 10.1515/aot-2019-0023
- 10.1515/aot-2018-0072
- 10.1515/aot-2019-0021
- Erratum
- Erratum to: Ultrafast Bessel beams: advanced tools for laser materials processing
