Abstract
The Old Babylonian Ištar ritual from Mari (FM 3, no. 2) has been the focus of much discussion since its primary edition in 1938 by G. Dossin. This article offers a new analysis of the passage mentioning the balaĝ-deity Ninigizibara, which leads to identifying this balaĝ as a huge upright lyre as tall as a human played by two persons from both sides. Similar musical instruments are known from Anatolia and Egypt. Especially the Egyptian examples, which are attested only for the time of Echnaton, show striking parallels to the musical performance described in the Old Babylonian Ištar ritual. After discussing the possible background of cultural exchange, this article closes with a revaluation and new interpretation of the term balaĝ.
Bibliografie
Black, J. A. (1991): Eme-sal Cult Songs and Prayers, AulaOr. 9, 23–36.Search in Google Scholar
Boehmer, R. M. (1992): Von zwei Musikanten gespielte Leiern. In: H. Otten et al. (ed.), Hittite and other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Sedat Alp (Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi), Ankara, 67–68.Search in Google Scholar
Breyer, F. (2010): Ägypten und Anatolien: Politische, kulturelle und sprachliche Kontakte zwischen dem Niltal und Kleinasien im 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. (Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 63/Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 25), Wien.Search in Google Scholar
Cavigneaux, A. (1998): Sur le balag Uruamma’irabi et le Rituel de Mari, NABU 1998/43.Search in Google Scholar
Cohen, M. E. (1988): The Canonical Lamentations of Ancient Mesopotamia, Vol. 1/I2, Potomac, Maryland.Search in Google Scholar
Cooper, J. S. (1983): The Curse of Agade, Baltimore u. a.Search in Google Scholar
Cooper, J. S. (2006): Genre, Gender, and the Sumerian Lamentation, JCS 58, 39–47.10.5406/j.ctt1xcj26.10Search in Google Scholar
Davies, N. de G. (1905): The Rock Tombs of El Amarna. Part 3: The Tombs of Huya and Ahmes, London.Search in Google Scholar
Davies, N. de G. (1908): The Rock Tombs of El Amarna. Part 6: Tombs of Parennefer, Tutu, and Ay, London.Search in Google Scholar
De Martino, S. (1987): Il lessico musicale ittita II: GIŠ dINANNA = cetra, OrAnt. 26, 171–185. Search in Google Scholar
Dossin, G. (1938): Un rituel de culte d’Ištar provenant de Mari, RA 35, 1–13.Search in Google Scholar
Durand, J.-M./M. Guichard (1997): Les rituel de Mari. In: J.-M. Durand et al. (ed.), Recueil d’études à la mémoire de Marie-Thérèse Barrelet (FM 3 = Mémoires de N.A.B.U. 4), Paris.Search in Google Scholar
Forsyth, N. (1987): The Old Enemy Satan and the Combat Myth, Princeton.10.1515/9780691214603Search in Google Scholar
Franklin, J. C. (2015): The Divine Lyre (Hellenistic Studies 70), Washington DC.Search in Google Scholar
Gabbay, U. (2014a): The Balaĝ Instrument and Its Role in the Cult of Ancient Mesopotamia. In: J. Goodnick Westenholz et al. (ed.), Music in Antiquity: The Near East and the Mediterranean (Yuval 8), Jerusalem, 129–147.10.1515/9783110340297.129Search in Google Scholar
Gabbay, U. (2014b): Pacifying the Hearts of the Gods: Sumerian Emesal Prayers of the First Millennium BC (HES 1), Wiesbaden.Search in Google Scholar
Gelb, I. J. (1975): Homo ludens in Early Mesopotamia (StOr. 46), Helsinki, 43–76. Search in Google Scholar
Green, M. W./H. J. Nissen (1987): Zeichenliste der archaischen Texte aus Uruk (ATU 2 = ADFU 11), Berlin. Search in Google Scholar
Heimpel, W. (1998–2001): Ninigizibara I und II, RlA 9, 382–384. Search in Google Scholar
Heimpel, W. (2015): Balang-Gods, apud J. C. Franklin (2015), 571–632.Search in Google Scholar
Hickmann, H. (1961): Ägypten. Musikgeschichte in Bildern. Band 2 (Musik des Altertums, Lieferung 1), Leipzig.Search in Google Scholar
Kienast, B. (1978): Die altbabylonischen Briefe und Urkunden aus Kisurra (FAOS 2/1–2), Wiesbaden. Search in Google Scholar
Kilmer, A. D. (1977): Notes on Akkadian uppu. In: M. DeJong Ellis (ed.), Essays on the Ancient Near East in Memory of Jacob Joel Finkelstein (MCAAS 19), Hamden, Conneticut, 129–138.Search in Google Scholar
Kilmer, A. D. (2000): Continuity and Change in the Ancient Mesopotamian Terminology for Music und Musical Instruments. In: E. Hickmann et al. (ed.), Musikarchäologie früher Metallzeiten (Studien zur Musikarchäologie 2 = Orient-Archäologie 7), Rahden (Westfalen), 113–119. Search in Google Scholar
Kilmer, A. D. (2003–2005): Pauke und Trommel. A. In Mesopotamian, RlA 10, 367–371.Search in Google Scholar
Krispijn, Th. J. H. (2002): Musik in Keilschrift: Beiträge zur altorientalischen Musikforschung 2. In: E. Hickmann et al. (ed.), Archäologie früher Klangerzeugung und Tonordnung (Studien zur Musikarchäologie 3 = Orient-Archäologie 10), Rahden (Westfalen), 465–479. Search in Google Scholar
Litke, R. L. (1998): A Reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian God-Lists, AN: dA-nu-um and AN: Anu šá amēli, New Haven. Search in Google Scholar
Löhnert, A. (2009): „Wie die Sonne tritt heraus!“: Eine Klage zum Auszug Enlils mit einer Untersuchung zu Komposition und Tradition sumerischer Klagelieder in altbabylonischer Zeit (AOAT 365), Münster.Search in Google Scholar
Manniche, L. (1974): Ancient Egyptian Musical Instruments (Münchner Ägyptologische Studien 34), München.Search in Google Scholar
Manniche, L. (1978): Symbolic Blindness, Chronique d’Égypte 53, 13–21. 10.1484/J.CDE.2.308456Search in Google Scholar
Manniche, L. (1991): Music and Musicians in Ancient Egypt, London. Search in Google Scholar
Matthiae, P. (1987): Les dernières découvertes d’Ebla en 1983–1986, CRAIBL 131, 135–161. 10.3406/crai.1987.14468Search in Google Scholar
Michalowski, P. (2010): Learning Music: Schooling, Apprenticeship, and Gender in Early Mesopotamia. In: R. Pruzsinszky et al. (ed.), Musiker und Tradierung: Studien zur Rolle von Musikern bei der Verschriftlichung und Tradierung von literarischen Werken (WOO 8), Wien, 199–239.Search in Google Scholar
Mielke, D. P. (2006): Inandiktepe und Sarissa: Ein Beitrag zur Datierung althethitischer Fundkomplexe. In: D. P. Mielke et al. (ed.), Strukturierung und Datierung in der hethitischen Archäologie (Byzaz 4), Istanbul, 251–276. Search in Google Scholar
Mirelman, S. (2014): The Ala-Instrument: Its Identification and Role. In: J. Goodnick Westenholz et al. (ed.), Music in Antiquity: The Near East and the Mediterranean (Yuval 8), Jerusalem, 148–171. 10.1515/9783110340297.148Search in Google Scholar
Moran, W. L. (1992): The Amarna Letters, Baltimore – London. Search in Google Scholar
Özgüç, T. (1998): İnandıktepe: Eski Hitit çağında önemli bir kült merkezi, Ankara. Search in Google Scholar
Pruzsinszky, R. (2009): Mesopotamian Chronology of the 2nd Millennium B.C.: An Introduction to the Textual Evidence and Related Chronological Issues (Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie 56/Contributions to the Chronology of the Eastern Mediterranean 22), Wien. 10.1553/0x0022aa91Search in Google Scholar
Rashid, S. A. (1984): Musikgeschichte in Bildern. Band 2: Musik des Altertums. Lieferung 2: Mesopotamien, Leipzig. Search in Google Scholar
Richter, Th. (2004): Untersuchungen zu den lokalen Panthea Süd- und Mittelbabyloniens in altbabylonischer Zeit, 2. verb. und erw. Auflage (AOAT 257), Münster.Search in Google Scholar
Römer, W. H. Ph. (2004): Die Klage über die Zerstörung von Ur (AOAT 309), Münster.Search in Google Scholar
Sallaberger, W. (1993): Der kultische Kalender der Ur III-Zeit (UAVA 7/1–2), Berlin u. a. 10.1515/9783110889253Search in Google Scholar
Schuol, M. (2004): Hethitische Kultmusik: Eine Untersuchung der Instrumental- und Vokalmusik anhand hethitischer Ritualtexte und von archäologischen Zeugnissen (Orient-Archäologie 14), Berlin.Search in Google Scholar
Sefati, Y. (1998): Love Songs in Sumerian Literature: Critical Edition of the Dumuzi-Inanna Songs (Bar-Ilan Studies in Near Eastern Languages and Culture), Ramat-Gan. Search in Google Scholar
Shehata, D. (2009): Musiker und ihr vokales Repertoire: Untersuchungen zu Inhalt und Organisation von Musikerberufen und Liedgattungen in altbabylonischer Zeit (GBAO 3), Göttingen. 10.17875/gup2009-509Search in Google Scholar
Shehata, D. (2014): Sounds from the Divine: Religious Musical Instruments in the Ancient Near East. In: J. Goodnick Westenholz et al. (ed.), Music in Antiquity: The Near East and the Mediterranean (Yuval 8), Jerusalem, 102–128.10.1515/9783110340297.102Search in Google Scholar
Smith, S. (1965): The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt, Corrected Reprint, Middlesex u. a. Search in Google Scholar
van Lieven, A. (2008): Native and Foreign Elements in the Musical Life of Ancient Egypt. In: A. A. Both et al. (ed.), Herausforderungen und Ziele der Musikarchäologie (Studien zur Musikarchäologie 6 = Orient-Archäologie 22), Rahden (Westfalen), 155–160.Search in Google Scholar
Veldhuis, N. C. (1997/1998): The Sur9-Priest, the Instrument gišAl-gar-sur9, and the Forms and Uses of a Rare Sign, AfO 44–45, 115–128. Search in Google Scholar
Volk, K. (1989): Die Balag-Komposition Úru Àm-ma-ir-ra-bi: Rekonstruktion und Bearbeitung der Tafeln 18 (19′ff.), 19, 20 und 21 der späten, kanonischen Version (FAOS 18), Stuttgart. Search in Google Scholar
Volk, K. (2006): Inanas ‚Tischlein Deck’ Dich‘, BagM 37, 91–116.Search in Google Scholar
Weeden, M. (2011): Hittite Logograms and Hittite Scholarship (StBoT 54), Wiesbaden.Search in Google Scholar
Young, J. G. (1998): Music in the Aegean Bronze Age, Åström.Search in Google Scholar
Zawadzki, S. (2006): Garments of the Gods: Studies on the Textile Industry and the Pantheon of Sippar according to the Texts from the Ebabbar Archive (OBO 218), Fribourg – Göttingen.Search in Google Scholar
Ziegler, N. (2007): Les musiciens et la musique d’après les archives de Mari (FM 9 = Mémoires de N.A.B.U. 10), Paris.Search in Google Scholar
© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Bemerkungen zu Namma und weiteren Wassergottheiten
- Parallel Hurrian and Hittite šumma izbu Omens from Hattuša and Corresponding Akkadian Omens
- A Travelling Lamaštu
- Remarks Concerning the Alleged Solar Eclipse of Muršili II
- The Shadows of a Distant Past
- Deux textes cunéiformes d’une petite collection privée belge
- Hartapu and the Land of Maša
- Eine mannshohe Leier im altbabylonischen Ištar-Ritual aus Mari (FM 3,no. 2)
- A New Join to the Hurro-Akkadian Version of the Weidner God List from Emar (Msk 74.108a + Msk 74.158k)
- Hittite Éḫalentuwa- Revisited
- The munus.meššu.gi and the kin Oracle
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Bemerkungen zu Namma und weiteren Wassergottheiten
- Parallel Hurrian and Hittite šumma izbu Omens from Hattuša and Corresponding Akkadian Omens
- A Travelling Lamaštu
- Remarks Concerning the Alleged Solar Eclipse of Muršili II
- The Shadows of a Distant Past
- Deux textes cunéiformes d’une petite collection privée belge
- Hartapu and the Land of Maša
- Eine mannshohe Leier im altbabylonischen Ištar-Ritual aus Mari (FM 3,no. 2)
- A New Join to the Hurro-Akkadian Version of the Weidner God List from Emar (Msk 74.108a + Msk 74.158k)
- Hittite Éḫalentuwa- Revisited
- The munus.meššu.gi and the kin Oracle