Evaluation of hydrocarbon emissions from heart- and sapwood of Scots pine using a laboratory-scale wood drier
-
Peter Bengtsson
Abstract
The subject of study is the emission of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) during the drying of wood. Heartwood and sapwood from Scots pine were dried at different temperatures (50, 70 and 90°C) in a laboratory kiln.
The sampling method, Solid Phase Microextraction was used to collect the different volatile organic compounds during the drying. The gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer was used to identify and quantify the organic matter. The total hydrocarbons were measured with a flame ionization detector. Primarily, different monoterpenes were released during the drying process. 3-carene and α-pinene were most common and were also analytically quantified. The diterpene, pimaral, was found in an estimated large amount in the later stage of the drying process but was not exactly quantified.
Large differences in both release behavior and total amount of released hydrocarbon between heart- and sapwood were obtained.
Emissions of VOC from heartwood were of a magnitude approximately three times higher than that from sapwood.
References
Ai, J. (1997) Solid Phase Microextraction for Quantitative Analysis in Nonequilibrium Situations. Anal. Chem, 69(6): 1230–1236.10.1021/ac9609541Search in Google Scholar
Broege, M., Aehlig, K., Scheithauer, M. Emissionen aus Schnittholztrocknern. Report. Institut für Holztechnologie, Dresden, Germany, 1996.Search in Google Scholar
Buchholz, K.D., Pawliszyn, J. (1994) Optimization of solid-phase microextraction conditions for determination of phenols. Anal. Chem.66:160–167.10.1021/ac00073a027Search in Google Scholar
Dallons, V.C., Lamb, L.M., Peterson, M.R. (1994) An alternate method for estimating VOC emissions from lumber dry kilns. Am. Inst. of Chem. Engineering, New York, USA. Advances in Forest Products, AIChE Symp. Series. 90(302):19–32.Search in Google Scholar
Ingram Jr., L.L., Shmulsky, R., Dalton, A.T., Taylor, F.W., Templeton, M. C. (2000) The measurement of volatile organic emissions from drying southern pine lumber in a laboratory-scale kiln. Forest Prod. J.50(4):91–94.Search in Google Scholar
Ingram L.L., Taylor, F.W, Templeton, M.C. (1996) Volatile organic compound emissions from southern pine kilns. Drying Pacific Northwest Species for quality markets. Proc. No. 7292. Forest Prod. Soc., Madison, USA. pp. 41–45.Search in Google Scholar
Johannesson, P. Experimental equipment for drying of wood. Reports from Växjö University-Division of Physics no.13, Växjö , Sweden, 2000.Search in Google Scholar
McDonald, A.G., Dare, P.H., Gifford, J.S., Steward, D., Riley, S. (2002) Assessment of air emissions from industrial kiln drying of Pinus radiata wood. Holz Roh-Werkstoff60:181–190.10.1007/s00107-002-0293-1Search in Google Scholar
McDonald, A.G., Wastney, S. (1995) Analysis of volatile emissions from kiln drying of radiata pine. Proc. 8th Int. Symp. on Wood and Pulping Chemistry, Vol. III, Helsinki, Finland. pp. 431–436.Search in Google Scholar
Milota, M.R., Lavery, M.R. (2003) Temperature and humidity effects on emissions of volatile organic compounds from ponderosa pine lumber. Drying Technology21:165–174.10.1081/DRT-120017289Search in Google Scholar
Milota, M.R., Wu, J. (1999) Effect of temperature and humidity on total hydrocarbon emissions from Douglas Fir lumber. Forest Prod. J.49:52–60.Search in Google Scholar
Nussbaum R., Englund, F. (2000) Monoterpenes in Scots pine and Norway spruce and their emission during kiln drying. Holzforschung54:449–456.Search in Google Scholar
Pawliszyn J., Martos, P.A. (1997) Calibration of solid phase microextraction for air analyses based on physical chemical properties of the coating. Anal. Chem.69(2):206–215.Search in Google Scholar
Shmulsky R. (2000a) Influence of lumber dimensions on VOC emissions from kiln-drying loblolly pine lumber. Forest Prod. J.50(3):63–66.Search in Google Scholar
Shmulsky R. (2000b) Influence of drying schedule on VOC emissions from kiln drying loblolly pine lumber. Forest Prod. J.50(4):45–48Search in Google Scholar
Word, D.H., Larson, L.J., Law, R.W. (1998) Preliminary results from laboratory and field studies of total hydrocarbon (VOC) analyzers and discussion of the application of method 25A measurement system to wood product sources. In: Proc. of TAPPI International Environmental Conference and Exhibit, Vancouver, Canada. pp. 965–981.Search in Google Scholar
© Walter de Gruyter
Articles in the same Issue
- Subject Index
- Contents
- Species Index
- Author Index
- Monoethanolamine (MEA) pulping of beech and spruce wood for production of dissolving pulp
- Voltammetric analysis of the bleachability of softwood kraft pulps
- Alkaline degradation of model compounds related to beech xylan
- Effect of UV radiation on the carbonyl distribution in different pulps
- Changes in the lignin-carbohydrate complex in softwood kraft pulp during kraft and oxygen delignification
- Carbohydrate structures in residual lignin-carbohydrate complexes of spruce and pine pulp
- Ozonation of pine kraft lignin in alkaline solution. Part 1: Ozonation, characterization of kraft lignin and its ozonated preparations
- Ozonation of pine kraft lignin in alkaline solution. Part 2: Surface active properties of the ozonated kraft lignins
- Lignin reactions in oxygen delignification catalysed by Mn(II)-substituted molybdovanadophosphate polyanion
- Bioactive phenolic substances in industrially important tree species. Part 2: Knots and stemwood of fir species
- Evaluation of hydrocarbon emissions from heart- and sapwood of Scots pine using a laboratory-scale wood drier
- Effect of pulsating tension-torsion combined loading on fatigue behavior in wood
- Effects of density and microfibril orientation on the vertical variation of low-stiffness wood in radiata pine butt logs
- Determination of the natural durability of larch wood (Larix decidua Mill.) from the Western Italian Alps
- High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of soluble and total oxalate in Ca- and Mg-amended liquid cultures of three wood decay fungi
- Artificial weathering of tropical woods. Part 1: Changes in wettability and Artificial weathering of tropical woods. Part II: Color change
Articles in the same Issue
- Subject Index
- Contents
- Species Index
- Author Index
- Monoethanolamine (MEA) pulping of beech and spruce wood for production of dissolving pulp
- Voltammetric analysis of the bleachability of softwood kraft pulps
- Alkaline degradation of model compounds related to beech xylan
- Effect of UV radiation on the carbonyl distribution in different pulps
- Changes in the lignin-carbohydrate complex in softwood kraft pulp during kraft and oxygen delignification
- Carbohydrate structures in residual lignin-carbohydrate complexes of spruce and pine pulp
- Ozonation of pine kraft lignin in alkaline solution. Part 1: Ozonation, characterization of kraft lignin and its ozonated preparations
- Ozonation of pine kraft lignin in alkaline solution. Part 2: Surface active properties of the ozonated kraft lignins
- Lignin reactions in oxygen delignification catalysed by Mn(II)-substituted molybdovanadophosphate polyanion
- Bioactive phenolic substances in industrially important tree species. Part 2: Knots and stemwood of fir species
- Evaluation of hydrocarbon emissions from heart- and sapwood of Scots pine using a laboratory-scale wood drier
- Effect of pulsating tension-torsion combined loading on fatigue behavior in wood
- Effects of density and microfibril orientation on the vertical variation of low-stiffness wood in radiata pine butt logs
- Determination of the natural durability of larch wood (Larix decidua Mill.) from the Western Italian Alps
- High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of soluble and total oxalate in Ca- and Mg-amended liquid cultures of three wood decay fungi
- Artificial weathering of tropical woods. Part 1: Changes in wettability and Artificial weathering of tropical woods. Part II: Color change
