Home A Contrastive Analysis of English and Chinese Intonation Systems: An Auto-Segmental Metrical Framework
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

A Contrastive Analysis of English and Chinese Intonation Systems: An Auto-Segmental Metrical Framework

  • Qingbo Tian

    Qingbo Tian is a lecturer of English at Yuxi Normal University, Yunnan, China and a Ph.D. candidate in applied linguistics at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). His research efforts have focused on English phonetics, phonology, and comparative studies between English and Chinese.

    , Ngee Thai Yap

    Ngee Thai Yap is a professor in the Department of English, Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Her research work focuses on second language speech perception and speech production, language development and language processing of bilingual and plurilingual children and adults.

    EMAIL logo
    , Chwee Fang Ng

    Chwee Fang Ng is a senior lecturer in Chinese linguistics and applied linguistics at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Her research interests encompass comparative linguistics (Chinese and Malay), psycholinguistics, and linguistic typology.

    and Yasir Yahya

    Yasir Yahya is a senior lecturer in applied linguistics at the Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). His research efforts have been on speaking & speech production, L2 vocabulary & grammar, and attention & working memory in language learning.

Published/Copyright: August 29, 2025
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Intonation refers to the use of supra-segmental features to convey pragmatic meanings at the sentence level in a linguistically structured way. The difference in intonation between the native language and a foreign language may influence second language learners’ acquisition of intonation. The purpose of this study is to explore the similarities and differences at the level of phonological representation between English and Chinese intonation systems. This study investigated English and Chinese intonation systems, respectively, from both form and meaning under the Auto-Segmental Metrical framework by referring to previous studies and illustrating examples. The results showed that in terms of form, there were notable differences in the structural elements and their inventories between the intonation systems of English and Chinese. In terms of meaning, assertions were represented by different structural elements in English and Chinese intonation systems; the types of structural elements in English intonation possessed the capability to convey complex and subtle meanings, contrasting with the comparatively simpler nature of Chinese intonation.The results reveal that Chinese EFL learners demonstrate considerable difficulties in the production of the structural elements of English intonation and their combinations due to L1 intonation interference.

About the authors

Qingbo Tian

Qingbo Tian is a lecturer of English at Yuxi Normal University, Yunnan, China and a Ph.D. candidate in applied linguistics at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). His research efforts have focused on English phonetics, phonology, and comparative studies between English and Chinese.

Ngee Thai Yap

Ngee Thai Yap is a professor in the Department of English, Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Her research work focuses on second language speech perception and speech production, language development and language processing of bilingual and plurilingual children and adults.

Chwee Fang Ng

Chwee Fang Ng is a senior lecturer in Chinese linguistics and applied linguistics at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). Her research interests encompass comparative linguistics (Chinese and Malay), psycholinguistics, and linguistic typology.

Yasir Yahya

Yasir Yahya is a senior lecturer in applied linguistics at the Faculty of Modern Languages and Communication, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). His research efforts have been on speaking & speech production, L2 vocabulary & grammar, and attention & working memory in language learning.

References

Albin, A. L. (2015). Typologizing native language influence on intonation in a second language: Three transfer phenomena in Japanese EFL Learners [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Indiana University.Search in Google Scholar

Bartels, C. (1999). The intonation of English statements and questions: A compositional interpretation. Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Beckman, M. E., & Elam, G. A. (1997). Guidelines for ToBI labelling. The Ohio State University Research Foundation. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/679e/bf20d29301e739eaa6781f3fbbcd238d8f2e.pdf%0ASearch in Google Scholar

Beckman, M. E., Hirschberg, J., & Shattuck-Hufnagel, S. (2006). The original ToBI system and the evolution of the ToBI framework. In S.-A. Jun (Ed.), Prosodic typology: The phonology of intonation and phrasing (pp. 230-300). Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249633.003.0002Search in Google Scholar

Beckman, M. E., & Pierrehumbert, J. B. (1986). Intonational structure in Japanese and English. Phonology Yearbook, 3, 255-309. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095267570000066X10.1017/S095267570000066XSearch in Google Scholar

Benrabah, N. (1990). Algerian intonational proficiency in English: An empirical study [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University College London.Search in Google Scholar

Bi, R., & Chen, H. (2013). 中国英语学习者音调模式的深度研究 [Longitudinal study of tone patterns by Chinese English learners]. Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 1, 50-54.Search in Google Scholar

Bu, Y. (2016). 中国英语学习者语调习得问题研究 [Chinese EFL learners’ problems in their English intonation]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 48(4), 569-582.Search in Google Scholar

Cao, J. (2010). 汉语语调研究中的若干问题 [Several issues in the study of Chinese intonation]. In Report of phonetic research. Laboratory of Phonetics and Speech Science, Institute of Linguistics. http://paslab.phonetics.org.cn/wp-content/files/research_report/2010/2010_01.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Chen, H. (Hu). (2006). English and Chinese intonational phonology: A contrastive study. Henan University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, H. (Hua). (2006). Tone patterns in Chinese EFL learners’ read speech. Modern Foreign Languages, 4, 418-425.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, H. (Hua). (2008). On Chinese EFL Learner’s English intonation patterns. Shanghai Education Press.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, H. (Hua), & Bi, R. (2008). 英语专业学生朗读任务中语音能力的发展模式研究 [English majors’ pronunciation and intonation in read speech: A longitudinal study]. Journal of PLA University of Foreign Languages, 31(4), 43-49.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, M. (2004). Tone sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects. Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Chien, H., & Fon, J. (2019). Are nuclear accents easier to acquire than prenuclear accents? Using peak alignment in advanced Mandarin EFL learners as an example. In S. Calhoun, P. Escudero, M. Tabain, & P. Warren (Eds.), Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences 2019 (pp. 876-880). Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc.Search in Google Scholar

Clark, H. H., & Marshall, C. R. (1981). Definite reference and mutual knowledge. In A. K. Joshi, B. L. Webber, & I. A. Sag (Eds.), Elements of discourse understanding (pp. 10-63). Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Cruttenden, A. (1997). Intonation (second edition). Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139166973Search in Google Scholar

de Leeuw, E., Mennen, I., & Scobbie, J. (2012). Singing a different tune in your native language: First language attrition of prosody. International Journal of Bilingualism, 16(1), 101-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/136700691140557610.1177/1367006911405576Search in Google Scholar

Dennison, H. Y. (2010). Processing implied meaning through contrastive prosody [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of Hawaii.Search in Google Scholar

Du, M., & Yang, J. (2000). The interference of American English intonation patterns on the perception of Mandarin tones by American students. Chinese Teaching in the World, 1, 89-93. https://doi.org/10.13724/j.cnki.ctiw.2000.01.013Search in Google Scholar

Duanmu, S. (2004). Tone and non-tone languages: An alternative to language typology and parameters. Language and Linguistics, 5(4), 891-924.Search in Google Scholar

Flege, J. E. (1995). Second language speech learning theory, findings, and problems. In W. Strange (Ed.), Speech perception and linguistic experience: Issues in cross-language research (pp. 233-276). York Press.Search in Google Scholar

Flege, J. E., & Bohn, O. (2021). The revised speech learning model (SLM-r). In R. Wayland (Ed.), Second language speech learning: Theoretical and empirical progress (pp. 3-83). Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108886901.002Search in Google Scholar

Goldsmith, J. (1976). Autosegmental phonology [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Search in Google Scholar

Grabe, E., Nolan, F., & Farrar, K. J. (1998). IViE-A comparative transcription system for intonational variation in English. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP 1998). https://doi.org/10.21437/ICSLP.1998-58310.21437/ICSLP.1998-583Search in Google Scholar

Graham, C., & Post, B. (2018). Second language acquisition of intonation: Peak alignment in American English. Journal of Phonetics, 66, 1-14.10.1016/j.wocn.2017.08.002Search in Google Scholar

Grice, M. (1995). Leading tones and downstep in English. Phonology, 12(2), 183-233.10.1017/S0952675700002475Search in Google Scholar

Gussenhoven, C. (1983). A semantic analysis of the nuclear tones of English. In C. Gussenhoven (Ed.), On the Grammar and Semantics of Sentence Accents (pp. 193-265). Indiana University Linguistics Club.10.1515/9783110859263Search in Google Scholar

Hagège, C. (1992). Morphological typology. Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 3, 7-8.Search in Google Scholar

Hirschberg, J. (2006). Pragmatics and intonation. In L. Horn & G. Ward (Eds.), The handbook of pragmatics (pp. 515-537). Basil Blackwell.10.1002/9780470756959.ch23Search in Google Scholar

Hirschberg, J., & Beckman, M. E. (1994). The ToBI annotation conventions. http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~julia/files/conv.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Hirschberg, J., & Ward, G. (1995). The interpretation of the high-rise question contour in English. Journal of Pragmatics, 24, 407-412. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(94)00056-K10.1016/0378-2166(94)00056-KSearch in Google Scholar

Jia, Y. (2009). 普通话焦点的语音实现及音系分析 [Phonetic realization and phonological analysis of focus in standard Chinese] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Nankai University.Search in Google Scholar

Joshi, A. K. (1982). The role of mutual beliefs in question-answer systems. In N. Smith (Ed.), Mutual knowledge (pp. 181-197). Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar

Jun, S.-A., & Foreman, C. (1996). Boundary tones and focus realization in African American English intonations. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 100, Article 2826.10.1121/1.416648Search in Google Scholar

Ladd, D. R. (2008). Intonational phonology (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511808814Search in Google Scholar

Levis, J. M. (2002). Reconsidering low-rising intonation in American English. Applied Linguistics, 23(1), 56-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/23.1.5610.1093/applin/23.1.56Search in Google Scholar

Li, A. (2002). Chinese prosody and prosodic labeling of spontaneous speech. Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2002, Aix-En-Provence, France. April 11-13.10.21437/SpeechProsody.2002-6Search in Google Scholar

Li, A. (2004). Handbook of speech corpus collection and annotation. http://paslab.phonetics.org.cn/wp-content/uploads/admin/Handbook_of_Speech_Corpus_Collection_and_Annotation.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Li, A. (2021). 汉语口语语篇库:建构与标注 [Chinese spoken discourse corpus: Construction and annotation]. Chinese Social Science Publish House.Search in Google Scholar

Li, A., Wan, X., Zhao, C., & Zhu, L. (2020). Phonological and phonetic realization of narrow focus in declarative sentences by Jinan L2 English learners. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Speech Prosody 2020 (pp. 876-880). https://doi.org/10.21437/SpeechProsody.2020-17910.21437/SpeechProsody.2020-179Search in Google Scholar

Li, Z. (2018). 汉语语音习得与教学研究 [Research on Chinese phonetic acquisition and teaching]. Beijing Language and Culture University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Z., & Lin, M. (2018). 对外汉语声调和语调教学中的语音学问题 [Phonetic issues in CFL tone and intonation teaching]. Journal of International Chinese Teaching, 3, 26-36.Search in Google Scholar

Liberman, M. (1975). The intonation system of English. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Search in Google Scholar

Liberman, M., & Prince, A. (1977). On stress and linguistic rhythm. Linguistic Inquiry, 392-404.Search in Google Scholar

Lin, M. (2003). 汉语边界调及其独立作用——兼论汉语语英语语调的共性与个性 [Boundary tone in Chinese and its independent role: On the similarities and differences between Chinese and English intonation]. Proceedings of the 6th National Conference on Modern Phonetics, Tianjin, China. October, 18-20.Search in Google Scholar

Lin, M. (2004). 汉语语调与声调 [Chinese intonation and tone]. Applied Linguistics, 3, 57-67.Search in Google Scholar

Lin, M. (2005). 语调理论与汉语语调——兼谈汉英语调对比 [Intonation theory and Chinese intonation: A contrastive analysis of Chinese and English intonation]. In Report of phonetic research. Laboratory of Phonetics and Speech Science, Institute of Linguistics. http://paslab.phonetics.org.cn/wp-content/files/research_report/2005/2005_01.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Lin, M. (2006). 疑问和陈述语气与边界调 [Interrogative vs. declarative and the boundary tone in Standard Chinese]. Studies of the Chinese Language, 4, 364-376.Search in Google Scholar

Lin, M. (2007a). 赵元任汉语语调思想与疑问语调和陈述语调——兼谈语调教学 [Zhao Yuanren’s Chinese intonation thoughts and interrogative intonation and declarative intonation-intonation teaching]. In Report of phonetic research 2007. Laboratory of Phonetics and Speech Science, Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. http://paslab.phonetics.org.cn/wp-content/files/research_report/2007/2007_00.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Lin, M. (2007b). 赵元任语调思想与洋腔洋调之改进 [Zhao Yuanren’s intonation thought and the improvement of foreign accents]. In Report of Phonetic Research 2007. Laboratory of Phonetics and Speech Science, Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. http://paslab.phonetics.org.cn/wp-content/files/research_report/2007/2007_01.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Lin, M. (2011). 汉语焦点重音和功能语气及其特征 [Chinese focus accent and functional tone and their characteristics]. Chinese Character Culture, 6, 10-23.Search in Google Scholar

Lin, M. (2012). 汉语语调实验研究 [Experimental research on Chinese intonation]. Chinese Academy of Social Science.Search in Google Scholar

Lin, M. (2015). 汉英语调的异同和对外汉语语调教学——避免“洋腔洋调”之我见 [Similarities and differences between Chinese and English intonation and the teaching of Chinese intonation to CFL learners: My view on how to avoid a foreign accent]. Journal of International Chinese Teaching, 3, 39-46.Search in Google Scholar

Lin, M., & Li, A. (2016). 英汉语调的相似性与对外汉语语调教学 [The similarity between English and Chinese intonation and its implication to teach Chinese as foreign language]. Chinese Journal of Phonetics, 2, 1-8.Search in Google Scholar

Lin, M., Li, A., & Li, Z. (2020). 汉语语调与对外汉语教学研究 [Chinese Intonation and the teaching of Chinese intonation to CFL learners]. Chinese Academy of Social Science Press.Search in Google Scholar

Lin, M., & Li, Z. (2011). Focus and boundary in Chinese intonation. In Report of Phonetic Research. Laboratory of Phonetics and Speech Science, Institute of Linguistics. http://paslab.phonetics.org.cn/wp-content/files/research_report/2011/2011_05.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Lin, T. (1989). 林焘语言学论文集 [Chinese prosody features and phonetic teaching]. In T. Lin (Ed.), Lin Tao’s essays on linguistics (pp. 208-218). The Commercial Press.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, F. (2009). Intonation systems of Mandarin and English: A functional approach [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of Chicago.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, F., & Xu, Y. (2005). Parallel encoding of focus and interrogative meaning in Mandarin intonation. Phonetica, 62(2-4), 70-87. https://doi.org/10.1159/00009009010.1159/000090090Search in Google Scholar

Meng, X., & Wang, H. (2009). Boundary tone patterns in Chinese English learners’ read speech. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 41(6), 447-451.Search in Google Scholar

Mennen, I. (1999). Second language acquisition of intonation: The case of Dutch near-native speakers of Greek [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Edinburgh.Search in Google Scholar

Mennen, I. (2007). Phonological and phonetic influences in non-native intonation. In J. Trouvain & U. Gut (Eds.), Non-native prosody: Phonetic descriptions and teaching practice (pp. 53-76). Mouton De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110198751.1.53Search in Google Scholar

Mennen, I. (2015). Beyond segments: Towards a L2 intonation learning theory. In E. Delais-Roussarie, Avanzi, M. Sophie, & S. Herment (Eds.), Prosody and language in contact: L2 acquisition, attrition and languages in multilingual situations (pp. 171-188). Springer.10.1007/978-3-662-45168-7_9Search in Google Scholar

Mennen, I., Chen, A., & Karlsson, F. (2010). Characterizing the internal structure of learner intonation and its development over time. In K. Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, M. Wrembel, & M. Kul (Eds.), Proceedings of new sounds 2010 (the 6th international symposium on the acquisition of second language speech) (pp. 319-324). Adam Mickiewicz University.Search in Google Scholar

Mennen, I., Schaeffler, F., & Dickie, C. (2014). Second language acquisition of pitch range in German learners of English. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 36(2), 303-329. https://doi.org/10.1017/S027226311400002310.1017/S0272263114000023Search in Google Scholar

Nunan, D. (2001). Second language teaching and learning. Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.Search in Google Scholar

Peng, S., Chan, M., Tseng, C., Huang, T., Lee, O. J., & Beckman, M. E. (2005). Towards a pan-Mandarin system for prosodic transcription. In S.-A. Jun (Ed.), Prosodic phonology: The phonology of intonation and phrasing (pp. 230-270). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249633.003.000910.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249633.003.0009Search in Google Scholar

Pierrehumbert, J. B. (1980). The phonology and phonetics of English intonation. MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar

Pierrehumbert, J. B., & Hirschberg, J. (1990). The meaning of intonational contours in the interpretation of discourse. In P. Cohen, J. Morgan, & M. Pollack (Eds.), Intentions in communication (pp. 271-311). MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/3839.003.0016Search in Google Scholar

Qadir, T., & Wang, B. (2013). Parallel realization of focus and interrogative meaning in intonation of Uyghur. Journal of Computer Applications, 33(3), 784-788.10.3724/SP.J.1087.2013.00784Search in Google Scholar

Shi, F. (2020). 试论普通话声调的本调—— 兼谈五度值记调法的性质 [On the essential tones in standard Chinese and on the nature of five-degree method]. International Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 7(1), 140-157.10.1075/ijchl.00008.shiSearch in Google Scholar

Silverman, K., Beckman, M. E., Pitrelli, J., Ostendorf, M., Wightman, C. C., Price, P., Pierrehumbert, J., & Hirschberg, J. B. (1992). TOBI: A standard for labeling English prosody. ICSLP 1992, 867-870. https://doi.org/10.21437/ICSLP.1992-26010.21437/ICSLP.1992-260Search in Google Scholar

Stalnaker, R. (2002). Common ground. Linguistics and Philosophy, 25, 701-721. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:102086791690210.1023/A:1020867916902Search in Google Scholar

Sun, N. (2006). Pitch features of Mandarin tones and boundary tone and their implementation rules [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Chinese Academy of Social Science.Search in Google Scholar

Tang, N. (2003). Studies on Chinese modality adverbs denoting “efined speculation” [Unpublished Master dissertation]. Guangxi Normal University.Search in Google Scholar

Truckenbrodt, H. (2012). Semantics of intonation. In C. Maienborn, K. von Heusinger, & P. Portner (Eds.), Semantics: An international handbook of natural language meaning (pp. 2039-2069). Mouton de Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar

Veilleux, N., Shattuck-Hufnagel, S., & Brugos, A. (2006). Transcribing prosodic structure of spoken utterances with ToBI. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-911-transcribing-prosodic-structure-of-spoken-utterances-with-tobi-january-iap-2006Search in Google Scholar

Wang, H. (2004). 试论汉语的节奏类型——松紧型 [On the metrical type of modern standard Chinese: A type based on looseness]. Language Science, 3(3), 21-28.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, L. (2019). 中国现代语法 [Modern Chinese grammar]. Beijing United Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Ward, G., & Hirschberg, J. (1985). Implicating uncertainty: The pragmatics of fall-rise intonation. Language, 61 (4), 747-776. https://doi.org/10.2307/41448910.2307/414489Search in Google Scholar

Ward, G., & Hirschberg, J. (1986). Reconciling uncertainty with incredulity: A unified account of the L*+H L H% intonational contour. The Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, New York. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED285390.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Wells, J. C. (2006). English intonation: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, J. (2000). 汉语语气表达方式及语气系统的归纳 [Expressive forms of Chinese tones and induction of the tone system]. Journal of Peking University, 37(3), 136-141.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Y. (1999). Effects of tone and focus on the formation and alignment of F0 contours. Journal of Phonetics, 27 (1), 55-105.10.1006/jpho.1999.0086Search in Google Scholar

Yan, Y. (2017). Tag questions in modern Chinese. Shanghai People’s Press.Search in Google Scholar

Yip, M. (2002). Tone. Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139164559Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, P. (2000). Comparison of English and Chinese intonation and the semantic and pragmatic functions of English intonation. Foreign Languages Research, 4, 33-39.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Y. (2002). 赵元任语言学论文集 [Zhao Yuanren’s essays on linguistics]. The Commercial Press.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Y. (2005). 汉语口语语法 [A grammar of spoken Chinese]. The Commercial Press.Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2025-08-29
Published in Print: 2025-08-26

© 2025 BFSU, FLTRP, Walter de Gruyter, Cultural and Education Section British Embassy

Downloaded on 8.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/CJAL-2025-0301/html
Scroll to top button